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definitions Flashcards

1
Q

copies the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus, and carries the instructions to the cytoplasm.

A

mRNA

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2
Q

Helps form ribosomes, the organelle where proteins are assembled.

A

rRNA

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3
Q

Brings amino acids to ribosome, where they are joined together to form proteins.

A

tRNA

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4
Q

The addition of nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand.

A

Elongation

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5
Q

The beginning of transcription occurs when mRNA polymerase binds to the promoter of a gene

A

Initiation

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6
Q

Ending of transcription and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses as stop sequence in the gene.

A

Termination

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7
Q

Group of three nitrogen bases in RNA or DNA that is the genetic code word for a single amino acid or for a star or stop signal

A

Codons

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8
Q

The three-base frame that divides the base into codon

A

Reading frame

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9
Q

Structure found in all cells that is the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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10
Q

Nonliving aspect of the enviroment such as sunlight and water

A

Abiotic factors

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11
Q

Are the living aspects of the environment. They consist of other organisms, including members of the same and different species.

A

Biotic factors

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12
Q

Two species within the same area coexist and adapt by developing different specializations

A

Character displacement

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13
Q

Is a relationship between two species, or individuals of the same species that strive the same resources in the same place

A

Competition

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14
Q

Is an organism that must eat or consume other organisms to optain energy and nutrients.

A

Consumer

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15
Q

Branch of biology that is the study of how living things interact with each other and with their environment

A

Ecology

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16
Q

Role that a particular species plays in the ecosystem, including all the ways that the species interacts with the biotic and abiotic factors in the ecosystem

A

Niche

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17
Q

All the organisms of the same species that live in the same area

A

Population

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18
Q

Type of organism that uses light energy or chemical energy to make food for itself and others.

A

Producers

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19
Q

Aquatic biome such as pond, lake, stream or river in which the water contains little or no salt.

A

Freshwater biome

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20
Q

Predator species that plays a special role in its community because changes in its population affect the populations of many other species in the community

A

Keystone species

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21
Q

Interaction between two organisms of unlike species: one organism acts as predator that captures and feeds on the other organism wich is the prey

A

Predator-prey relationship

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22
Q

A situation in which a species completely dies out and no members remain

A

Extinction

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23
Q

The relationship between organisms between different species that strive for the same resources in the same place

A

Interspecific relationship

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24
Q

The relationship between organism of the same species that strive for the same resources in the same place

A

Intrapecific relationship

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25
Q

Close relationship between two species in which at least one specie benefits

A

Symbiosis

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26
Q

Type of species that first colonized a disturbed area

A

Pioneer species

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27
Q

Change in the numbers and types of species that live in a community that occurs in an area that has never before been colonized by organisms and lacks soil.

A

Primary succession

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28
Q

Change in the numbers and types of species that live in a community that occurs in an area that has soil and was previously colonized but has been disturbed

A

Secondary succession

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29
Q

Bar graph that represents the number of individuals of each sex and age in a population

A

Population pyramid

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30
Q

Movement of individuals out of a population

A

Emigration

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31
Q

Movement of individuals into a population

A

Immigration

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32
Q

Regular movement of individuals or population each year during certain seasons, usually to find food, mates or resources

A

Migration

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33
Q

Organism that makes its own food

A

Autotrophs

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34
Q

Type of organism that obtains food by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or other organic wastes into its various organic wastes into its various components including nutrients that can be used by other organisms

A

Decomposers

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35
Q

Organism that can get food by consuming other organism

A

Heterotrophs

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36
Q

Type of decomposer that consume dead animals.

A

Scavengers

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37
Q

All the living things in a given area together with the physical and chemical factors of the nonliving enviroment

A

Ecosystem

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38
Q

Total mass of organisms at a given trophic level in a food chain or web.

A

Biomass

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39
Q

An organism’s feeding position in a food chain

A

Trophic level

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40
Q

The evaporation that occurs from the land surface along with transpiration

A

Evapotranspiration

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41
Q

Release of water vapor into the atmosphere from stomata in the leaves of plants

A

Transpiration

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42
Q

Process of changing nitrogen gas to nitrates that is carried out by nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil or the roots of legumes

A

Nitrogen fixation

43
Q

Variety of life within a particular habitat, often measured by the number of different species.

A

Biodiversity

44
Q

An area with similar climate that includes similar communities of plants and animals

45
Q

Average weather in an area over a long period of time

46
Q

Group of similar land based ecosystem such as tropical rainforests temperate grasslands of tundras

A

Terrestrial biomes

47
Q

Area in a body of water that is deeper than 200m where sunlight doesn’t penetrate to allow photosynthesis to take place

A

Aphotic zone

48
Q

Water based biome or group of similar water based ecosystems includes freshwater or marine biomes

A

Aquatic biomes

49
Q

Aquatic biome in the salt water of the ocean.

A

Marine biomes

50
Q

Area in a body of water that extends to a maximum depth of 200m and where enough sunlight penetrates to allow photysnthesis to take place

A

Photic zones

51
Q

Largest population size of a species that can be supported by the environment

A

Carryinc Capacity

52
Q

Monomer of a protein

A

Amino acids

53
Q

Individuals that dont have the genetic disorder themselves but they carry the mutant allele that can pass to their offspring

54
Q

dna to rna to ptotein

A

central dogma of molecular biology

55
Q

observations by Chargaff that concentrations of the four nucleotide bases differ over species a=t c+g

A

Chargaff’s rules

56
Q

Relationship between two alleles for the same gene in which both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heteroygote

A

Codominance

57
Q

Double-stranded nucleic acid that stores genetic information also known as deoxyribonucleic acid

58
Q

Double spiral shape of the DNA molecule

A

Double helix

59
Q

Universal code of the three-base codons that encodes the genetic information for the amino acid sequence of protein

A

Genetic code

60
Q

All of the hereditary information encoded in the DNA of the species

61
Q

Organims that inherits two different alleles for a given gene aka heterozygous

A

Heterozygote

62
Q

International science project that sequenced all 3 billion base pairs of the human genome

A

Human genome project

63
Q

Relatiobnship between the alleles for a gene in which one alleles is only partly dominant to the other allele so an intermediate phenotype results

A

Incomplete dominance

64
Q

A change in the sequence of bases in DNA

65
Q

Organic compounds such as DNA and RNA that is made of monomers called nucleotides

A

Nucleic acid

66
Q

Monomer of nucleic acids 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base

A

Nucleotide

67
Q

Characteristic or trait controlled by more than one gene each of which may have two ore more alleles

A

Polygenic traits

68
Q

Process in which cells make proteins includes transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein)

A

Protein synthesis

69
Q

Single stranded nucleic acid that helps make proteins

70
Q

Process in which genetic information in DNA are copied to form a complementary strand of mRNA

A

Transcription

71
Q

Containing a gene transferred from another organism

A

Transgenic

72
Q

Process in which the genetic code in mRNA is rode, one at the time, to make protein

A

Translation

73
Q

Traits controlled by a gene located in the X chromosomes

A

X-linked traits

74
Q

Energy-requiring movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration

A

Active transport

75
Q

Any of the alternative forms of a gene that occurs at a specific place on a chromosome

76
Q

High energy moleculoe that contains energy that cells can use

77
Q

Basic unit of life

78
Q

Double-layer of phospholipids that forms a boundary between the cell and the sorrounding enviroment and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell

A

Cell membrane

79
Q

Process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present

A

Cellular respiration

80
Q

Organelle composed of numerous membranes that are used to convert solar energy into chemical energy contains chrolophyll

A

Chloroplast

81
Q

Long, continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information

A

Chromosome

82
Q

Cell that has two copies of each chromosonme one from the egg and one from the sperm

83
Q

Allele that is expressed when two different alleles are present in a organism’s genotype

84
Q

Interconnected network of thinm, folded membranes that produce, process, and distributes proteinbs

85
Q

Protein that catalyzes chemical reactions for organisms

86
Q

Sex cell eg or sperm

87
Q

Specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein

88
Q

Cell that has only one copy of the chromosome

89
Q

Regulation and maintenance of constant internal conditions in a organism

A

Homeostasis

90
Q

Proposed explanation or answer to a scientific question

A

Hypothesis

91
Q

Form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into a haploid cell important in forming gametes for sexual reproduction

92
Q

Bean shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its owns ribosomes and dna

A

Mitochondria

93
Q

process by which a cell divides nucleous and organelles

94
Q

Molecular subunit of a polymer

95
Q

Organelle composed of a double membrane that stores DNA

96
Q

Any individual living thing

97
Q

Measurement of acidity

98
Q

Process in which light energy is converted into chemical energy produce sugar and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide

A

photosynthesis

99
Q

Larger carbon based molecules formed by monomers

100
Q

Model for predecting all posible genotypes resulting from a cross or mating

A

Punnet square

101
Q

Allele that is not expressed unless two copies are present in a organism’s genotype

102
Q

Conditions or qualify of allowing some but not all materials to cross a barrier or membrane

A

Selective permebility

103
Q

Group or organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce a fertile offspring

unit test vocab (1 decks)

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