Definitions

Question 1

What is a open reading frame

Answer 1

A region of a genome that codes for a protein

Question 2

What is a single nucleotide polymorphism

Answer 2

substitution mutations at single sites (affects one nucloetide)

Question 3

What is a haplotype

Answer 3

A group of closely-linked genes that tend to be inherited as a block

Question 4

What is CRISPR/Cas

Answer 4

A defense mechanism against viral infection in prokaryotes, developed as a powerful laboratory tool for genome editing used in eukaryotes, including humans

Question 5

What is a read length

Answer 5

The number of consecutive nucleotides determined in a single sequence determination

Question 6

What is a contig

Answer 6

The result of merging the sequence of fragments to form a long connected region

Question 7

What is a sequence assembly

Answer 7

Aligning and merging fragments from a longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence

Question 8

What is a sequence coverage

Answer 8

It is the number of reads that include a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence

Question 9

Single-end read

Answer 9

Sequencing DNA from only one end

Question 10

Paired-end read

Answer 10

Sequencing DNA fragments from both ends

Question 11

De novo sequencing

Answer 11

Determining the complete sequence of the first genome from a species

Question 12

Re-sequencing

Answer 12

determining the genomic variations of a sample in relation to a common reference sequence

Question 13

Exome sequencing

Answer 13

A genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding genes in a genome

Question 14

Gene duplication

Answer 14

A major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. It can be defined as any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene

Question 15

Gene divergence

Answer 15

The process in which 2 or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes through time, often after reproductive isolation

Question 16

What are pseudogenes

Answer 16

DNA sequences similar to functional genes but have been inactivated by mutations, some have developed new functions

Question 17

What are processed pseudogenes

Answer 17

a result of the process of retrotransposition in which a portion of mRNA is spontaneously reverse transcribed back into DNA and inserted into chromosomal DNA.

Question 18

Post-transcriptional modifications

Answer 18

the process in eukaryotic cells where primary transcript RNA is converted into mature RNA (5’ capping, polyadenylation, splicing)

Question 19

Post-translational modifications

Answer 19

The covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis

Question 20

Alternative splicing

Answer 20

A process that creates proteins containing amino acid sequences encoded by different combinations of exons of genes

Question 21

RNA editing

Answer 21

Alteration of the nucleotide sequence of mRNA in between transcription and translation

Question 22

What are transposons

Answer 22

DNA sequences that can change positions within a genome

Question 23

What are retrotransposons

Answer 23

Self-amplifying sequences in genomes derived from reverse transcription

Question 24

Priori Method

Answer 24

Seek to recognize sequence patterns within expressed gees ad the regions flanking them.

Question 25

Been there seen that method

Answer 25

Recognize regions corresponding to previously known genes, from the similarity of their translated amino acid sequences to known proteins in another species