definitions

Question 1

restriction enzymes function

Answer 1

is a protein isolated from bacteria that splices DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, creating DNA fragments with a known sequence at the end

Question 2

where do restriction enzymes come from

Answer 2

naturally occurring in bacterium/being able to restrict viruses

Question 3

what is a palindrome

Answer 3

same forwards and backwards on both strands of DNA

Question 4

why is a palindrome important to restriction enzymes

Answer 4

allows enzyme to know where to cut, can recognize sequence on both strands, and insures that both strands are cut

Question 5

what are sticky ends

Answer 5

when another type of restriction enzyme cuts a DNA sequence to create two uneven ends that connect back to one another easily (puts fragments together easy)

Question 6

what are blunt ends

Answer 6

when a certain restriction enzyme separates a DNA sequence to create two ends of DNA which are equal on both sides (keeps fragments together)

Question 7

DNA ligase function

Answer 7

attaches and rejoins DNA bases with complementary bases

Question 8

recombinant DNA (DNA has been recombined)

Answer 8

fabricated by combining different parts of an organism into one (DNA that has been cut and pasted)

Question 9

gel electrophoresis

Answer 9

separates large DNA fragments from small DNA fragments

Question 10

why do DNA fragments travel through the gel

Answer 10

DNA is negative, when the machine is turned on the positive magnets pull the fragments through the gel

Question 11

speed of small fragments

Answer 11

travel through gel faster because there is less of it

Question 12

speed of large fragments

Answer 12

travel through gel slower because there is more of it

Question 13

why do we have size standards

Answer 13

to compare the lengths of the fragments (measured in base pairs)

Question 14

transforming bacteria

Answer 14

putting plasmid into bacteria

Question 15

ways of transforming bacteria

Answer 15

shock, poison, cook

Question 16

steps of cloning a gene

Answer 16

1. cut plasmid and gene of interest
2. mix plasmid and gene of interest
3. dna ligase seals them
4. transform (shock, poison, cook)
5. it replicates during cell division

Question 17

polymerase chain reaction

Answer 17

A PCR is a method that allows DNA copies to be made!!
It uses a thermal cycler (PCR Machine)

Question 18

why do we use PCR

Answer 18

allows us to create/duplicate DNA strands relatively easily compared to other methods.

Question 19

steps of PCR

Answer 19

1. heat: denature-creates two strands
2. build dna: annealing- primers add or “attach” a short piece of single stranded complementary DNA to both ends of the original DNA strand.
3. taq polymerase adds free floating nucleotides to each strand,

Question 20

function of primers

Answer 20

they prepare or “prime” the site where taq polymerase can start working. This also ensures that either sides of the target region are copied on the Template DNA.

Question 21

function of taq polymerase

Answer 21

adds free floating nucleotides to each strand

Question 22

function of dna sequencing

Answer 22

tells us the sequence of the strands

Question 23

genetic engineering

Answer 23

cutting and pasting dna

Question 24

how can genetic engineering make GMO’s

Answer 24

-viral vectors
-gene gun

Question 25

viral vector

Answer 25

transfers gene to modify cell tissue virus delivers DNA straight to chromosomes

Question 26

gene gun

Answer 26

delivering genetic material into plants

Question 27

how can plasmids and viruses be used as vectors

Answer 27

plasmids: can be placed in prokaryotes
virus: can deliver recombinant dna in eukaryotes

Question 28

application for GMO

Answer 28

-bacteria that can make human insulin and covid vaccine (bacteria makes covid protein)
-eukaryotic gmo: enviro pig that poops clean
-recombinant plasmid into vector: dna can get into a host cell (cell makes holes bc of stress)
recombinant virus into vector: delivers dna

Question 29

gene therapy

Answer 29

treats/cures genetic disease

Question 30

reproductive cloning

Answer 30

creation of a genetically identical organism

Question 31

therapeutic cloning

Answer 31

source of embryonic stem cells

Question 32

somatic(body) cell nuclear transfer

Answer 32

nucleus from somatic cell is transferred to enucleated oocyte

Question 33

(copy gene of interest) gene of interest

Answer 33

you can make copies/get the protein

Question 34

(copy gene of interest) origin of replication

Answer 34

the plasmid is going to get copied

Question 35

(copy gene of interest) antibiotic resistance gene

Answer 35

bacteria who have the plasmid will live

Question 36

(make the protein) promoter sequence

Answer 36

transcription starts

Question 37

(make the sequence) terminator sequence

Answer 37

transcription stops

Question 38

multiple cloning sequence

Answer 38

allows DNA sequence to be inserted without messing up the plasmid

Question 39

T7 pro

Answer 39

regulates gene expression of recombinant proteins