Definitions Flashcards
What is an aneurysm?
An abnormal localised dilatation of a blood vessel more than 1.5 x its normal diameter
Define neoplasm
Abnormal mass of tissue in which growth is uncoordinated, exceeds that of normal tissue, and persists after cessation of stimulus
Leukoplakia
A white patch or plaque on oral mucosa that cannot be removed by rubbing. These are not painful, irregularly shaped, and slightly raised.
Hypersensitivity reaction
Exaggerated response of host immune response to a particular stimulus. Usually require pre sensitisation, cell mediated or humoral reactions, and undesirable tissue damage is present.
Sepsis
life threatening organ dysfunction in response to dysregulated host responses to infection. Organ dysfunction defined as 2 or ore points on sofa score which is associated with an in-hospital mortality greater than 10%.
Septic shock
subset of sepsis in which particularly profound circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities are associated with a greater risk of mortality than with sepsis alone. Patients with septic shock can be clinically identified by a vasopressor requirement to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 65 mm Hg or greater and serum lactate level greater than 2 mmol/L (>18 mg/dL) in the absence of hypovolemia. This combination is associated with hospital mortality rates greater than 40%.
quickSOFA (qSOFA) criteria
respiratory rate of 22/min or greater, altered mentation, or systolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg or less.
Tumour markers
are substances, usually proteins, produced by the body in response to cancer growth or by cancer tissue itself that provides information about a cancer
Hamartoma
Tumour like malformation composed of a disorganised arrangement of different amounts of tissue found at that site. Under normal growth controls
Metaplasia
reversible replacement of 1 fully differentiated cell type with another
Dysplasia
is a reversible, abnormal growth of cells and differentiation. This is
characterised by increased nuclear size, increased mitosis and pleomorphism
Without the ability to invade the BM and metastasise
adenocarcinoma
A malignant tumour arising from glandular structures in epithelial cells
Adenoma, carcinoma sequence
Theadenoma-carcinoma sequencerefers to a stepwise pattern of mutational activation of oncogenes (e.g.K-ras) and inactivation oftumour suppressor genes(e.g.p53) that results in cancer.
- Initial mutation in APC gene, then KRAS and DCC, then finally in p53
Disinfectant
reduces number of transmissible organisms
Sterilisation
kills all microorganisms including bacterial, viruses, etc
Gynacomastia
proliferation of benign male glandular breast tissue
Carcinoma
Malignant tumour of epithelial tissue
Sarcoma
malignant tumour of connective tissue
Metastases
survival and growth of cells that have migrated from a malignant tumour to a site distal to the primary tumour
Atrophy
Decrease in size of organ or tissue due to reduction in cell size or number
Apoptosis
organised cell death characterised by auto-digestion of cells with no associated inflammation
Sensitivity
True positive rate/ the number of people who have the disease that yeild a positive result
Specificity
True negative rate: the number of people who do not have the disease that yield a negative results
Abscess
A collection of pus surrounded by granulation or fibrous tissue
Pus
Collection of neutrophils and dead or dying organisms
Cyst v pseudocyst
An abnormal membranous sac which can contain gas, liquid, semisolid contents lined by epithelium. Pseudocysts are not lined by epithelium.
Stoma
Surgical opening into a hollow viscus
Acute inflammation
body’s stereotypical response to tissue injury characterised by : heat, swelling, pain, redness
Stages of acute inflammation
- Vaso constriction
- Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
- Migration of neutrophils through vessel walls
- Phagocytosis
- Resolution or progression to chronic inflammation
Complement cascade
- Component of innate immune system
- Cascade of proteins which result in the formation of MAC
3 main pathways it can be activated
- Classical: antigen, antibody
- Alternative: c3 in contact with microorganisms
- Mannose binding lectin pathway
Sinus
A blind ending sac lined by granulation tissue which communicated with an epithelial surface
Chronic inflammation
prolonged inflammatory response with simultaneous tissue healing and tissue destruction. Defined by the cell types present: macrophages, neutrophils, plasma cells.
granuloma
collection of epitheliod macrophages
Risk factors for breast cancer
Non modifiable:
Increasing Age, family history, genetic conditions (brca, lynch syndrome), nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause
Modifiable:
Obesity, smoking, alcohol intake , HRT,
What are BRCA 1 and 2 mutations?
Tumour supressor genes.
BRCA 1 - on chromosome 17, increased liklihood of breast and ovarian cancer. 80% chance of breast ca if positive.
BRCA 2 - chromosome 13, associated with pancreatic cancer & malignant melanoma, lower chance of survival
ARDS
A clinical syndrome comprising of non cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and acute respiratory failure.
Leads to hypoxaemia and reduced lung compliance refractory to oxygen therapy.
Criteria for admission to ITU
- Patient requiring or likely to require advanced respiratory support (endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation).
- Patients requiring support for 2 or more failing organ systems: - Respiratory: Ventilation, CPAP.
- Renal: Hemodialysis.
- Cardiac: Inotropic support.
- Neurological: ICP monitoring. - Patient requiring 1:1 nursing care.
- Post op following operations (Cardiac)
Indications for a surgical airway
Failed intubation
Laryngeal fracture
Upper airway obstruction due to trauma, swelling, haemorrhage
Max fax trauma
Shelf life of RBC
35 days
