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HOSA Forensic Science > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of pathology

A

study of disease

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2
Q

definition of pathologist

A

medical diagnostician (doctor’’s doctor) determines patient’s diagnosis

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3
Q

definition of anatomic pathology

A

science of analyzing tissue structure from a wide variety of specimens (biopsies and autopsy)

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4
Q

definition of cytopathology

A

(cylo=cell) subspecialty of anatomic pathology, but microscopic diagnosis is made by examination of individual cells (collected through procedures from fluids and tissues)

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5
Q

definition of clinical pathology

A

involves the analysis and interpretation of chemical, hormonal, and biochemical components of body fluids to determine whether a disease is present

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6
Q

definition of microbiology

A

involves testing and diagnosis of material to determine which infectious organism (bacteria, fungus, virus, parasite) is infecting or infesting the patient

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7
Q

definition of hematopathology

A

(blood) focuses on diagnosis of disease of blood and blood forming organs

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8
Q

definition of neuropathologist

A

diseases of nervous system

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9
Q

definition of dermapathology

A

diseases of skin

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10
Q

forensic pathology

A

main diagnosis effort is to determine cause of death and how death occurred

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11
Q

definition of toxicologist

A

examines samples of tissues obtained during autopsy to determine what drugs (legal and illegal) or poisons are in the body as well as location and quantity

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12
Q

definition of hoximate cause of death

A

initial incident of art that set into motion, person’s death (proximate cause of death must be identified)

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13
Q

definition of immediate cause of death

A

thing that caused death (nothing leading up to event); aka mechanism of death

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14
Q

definition of autopsy

A

meticulously performed procedure that is much more extensive

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15
Q

definition of an external autopsy

A

head-to-toe inspection of body (hair, tattoos, color of eyes, etc.); pictures are taken often with a ruler

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16
Q

definition of an internal autopsy

A

(men have a Y-shaped incision; women have a T-shaped incision); organs are removed and dissected; pleural cavities are examined for blood and fluid and tumors; pericardium is removed; pulmonary blood vessels are examined; heart valves are examined and measured; all organs are removed and dissected; contents of stomach are noted; a tend of autopsy samples of blood, urine, kidney, liver, brain, bile and gastric contents are collected and saved for toxicological exam

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17
Q

definition of anoxic

A

caused by the loss of RBC’s; death from asphyxia/anoxic occur when breathing is stopped

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18
Q

definition of smothering

A

due to mechanical obstruction of the upper airway by an object

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19
Q

definition of strangulation

A

outside of the neck is constricted; leads abrasion-like marks on skin; petechial hemorrhages on face and conjunctiva of the inner eyelids are often associated with strangulation and smothering

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20
Q

definition of petechial hemorrhages

A

discrete bleeding points about the size of a pin that result from bleeding of capillaries; environmental causes include drowning, sometimes monoxide poisoning; drowning has several phases and can be identified if body has H2O in not only lungs but also stomach

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21
Q

definition of blunt

A

force injuries; usually caused by an object staking the body; usually cause contusions of the soft tissues (bruise); lacerations can be left if force is great enough; can also be seen in internal organs/in broken bones

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22
Q

definition of defense wound

A

usually one or more cuts or slashes found on the arms, hands, fingers, shows signs of a struggle

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23
Q

definition of a hesitation wound

A

one of the parallel directed, superficial cuts found o wrists or neck of the deceased mark by the person him or herself; penetrating injuries, such as bullets, knives, and other objects; electrical injuries; thermal injuries, exposure to heat, cold, and fire

24
Q

definition of arson

A

fires that are intentionally set; being struck by lightning leaves a tree mark pattern on skin

25
Q

definition of chain of custody

A

tracking system used to know who handled evidence

26
Q

definition of mortis

A

dependent on internal temperature of person; dependent on physical condition of dead

27
Q

definition of cadaveric spasm

A

where muscles contract forcibly at moment of death

28
Q

definition of late signs of death

A

by this time all early signs are gone; body starts a decomposition autolysis process (self “digestive”); end result is that all soft tissues eventually disappear and becomes skeletonized

29
Q

definition of mummification

A

black leather appearance; skin shrines and dries

30
Q

definition of adipocere

A

fat tissue turns waxy; happens for bodies found in H2O; these T changes also occur inside the body; may occur in body exposed to air over the course of one year (depends on temperature); insects that infest the body speed up skeletonization of body

31
Q

definition of forensic entomologist

A

(entom=insect) can determine postmortem internal based on type of stage of insect larvae present

32
Q

definition of presumptive identification

A

determined identity by drivers license, passport, etc. (not enough need positive identification)

33
Q

definition of positive identification

A

usually occurs when a friend, relative views body and confirms identity; if body is decomposed forensic odontologist can examine and x-ray teeth of deceased or DNA or forensic anthropologist (bones)

34
Q

definition of serial killer

A

murderers who commit homicides with multiple victims

35
Q

definition of spree killers

A

person who kills victims inn a shot period of time

36
Q

definition of mass murderers

A

person who kills group of people simultaneously

37
Q

definition of forensic toxicologist

A

analyze blood and tissues to determine the presence or absence of poisons and drugs

38
Q

definition of forensic odontologist

A

identify the deceased and evaluate any bite marks that may be present

39
Q

definition of forensic anthropologist

A

evaluate skeletal remains

40
Q

definition of forensic entomologist/biologist

A

evaluate flora and fauna to determine time and place of death

41
Q

definition of forensic psychiatrist and psychologist

A

evaluate the accused person, identify behavioral profiles of victim and/or subject

42
Q

definition of presumptive testing of bloodstain evidence

A

determines whether or not evidence is actually blood; many of these bloodstain tests use a specific recant that interacts with hemoglobin; produces either a light/color change

43
Q

definition of Kastle-Meyer blood screening test

A

evidence stain is swabbed and sprayed with ethanol and then sprayed with a pH indicator that reacts with hemoglobin

44
Q

definition of Luminol testing of blood evidence

A

luminal uses process of chemiluminescence using chemicals to create a light reaction; luminal reacts with hemoglobin and produces a blue green light

45
Q

definition of semen

A

semifluid mixture of cells, enzymes and other organic/inorganic material

46
Q

definition of spermatozoon

A

sperm cell

47
Q

definition of drip stains/patterns

A

caused by force of gravity only, also includes drip traits and flow patterns

48
Q

definition of stains/patterns

A

blood contaminated objects contacting a surface; created when a wet, bloody surface contacts another surface; recognizable image of all or a portion of the original surface may be observed in the pattern; transfer bloodstain can be further subdivided into: contact bleeding, swipes of wipes; spatter patterns (impact, cast off, etc.) = liquid blood, internally or externally, subjected to a force greater than gravity; blood spatter patterns created when an exposed blood source is subjected to an action or force greater than gravity; size, shape, and number of resultant blood stains will depend generally on the amount of force applied to the liquid blood

49
Q

definition of directionality of bloodstains

A

when droplet impacts a surface at a perpendicular (90 degree) angle the resulting bloodstain will appear circular; when a blood droplet impacts a surface at less than a 90 degree angle, the resulting bloodstain will ave an elongated or elliptical appearance; in addition, the droplet will identify the direction of travel

50
Q

definition of forensic anthropology

A

specialize in the research, application of techniques used to determine age at death, sex, population, affinity, stature, abnormalities/pathology; anthropology can be useful in mass murder cases; can show premortem events, taphonomy, perpetrator behavior

51
Q

definition of determination of gender

A

gender determination is difficult in round individuals because the bones haven’t developed yet; males are usually bigger than females: bones are larger, areas devoted to muscle attachment are larger and more rigged; ethnicity can affect how one’s skeleton looks; pelvic area is reliable for telling gender; female: wide and shallow (short); male: bigger mastoid process, brow ridges

52
Q

definition of age

A

can be determined by knowing whether or not epiphyses have fused and which haven’t; bones grow, fuse together as you get older; after the age of 20, bones are done growing and age must be determined by degenerate changes in the body; pubis symphysis, 4th rib, skull (sutures)

53
Q

definition of ancestry

A

look for skeletal features that occur more commonly in certain races: Asian, European, African

54
Q

definition of stature

A

a person’s normal height; measure legs and arms and put measurements in a formula

55
Q

definition of individual characteristics

A

genetic or nutritional disorders, diseases and infractions or heated fractures can distinguish individuals

56
Q

definition of osteogenesis imperfecta

A

brittle bone disease; can show antemortem medial records

HOSA Forensic Science (1 decks)

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