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Food Technology > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

accuracy

A

level to which a measurement,
calculation, or specification conforms to the
correct value or a standard

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2
Q

activation energy

A

minimum level of energy
for a substance to be activated to react
chemically

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3
Q

active ingredient

A

substance/s present in a
plant that is biologically active and it can be
extracted for medicinal purposes

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4
Q

aim

A

purpose of the investigation

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5
Q

average speed

A

total distance travelled over

time

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6
Q

bias

A

when personal opinion affects how a

person weighs the validity of evidence

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7
Q

binary star

A

a pair of stars in orbit around

each other

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8
Q

bioprospecting

A

conducting tests to
determine whether an organism could be
used to manufacture a product

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9
Q

biopsy

A

taking samples of tissue from a
patient and testing these samples in a
laboratory; this technique is commonly
used to test if cells are cancerous

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10
Q

Boyle’s law

A

the product of the volume and
the pressures for a fixed mass of a gas at
constant temperature, is constant

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11
Q

calibrated

A

to have correlated the readings
of an instrument against that of a known
standard to ensure the accuracy of the
instrument

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12
Q

capture-recapture

A

a method to estimate
the population size by trapping them in
a small area, releasing them and then
extrapolating the total population

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13
Q

carcinogen

A

a chemical known to cause

cancer

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14
Q

catalysts

A

chemicals that increase the
reaction rate by lowering the activation
energy

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15
Q

causation

A

where a change in one variable
affects the other variable; also referred to as
cause and effect

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16
Q

Charles’ law

A

for a constant volume of gas
in a sealed container, the temperature of the
gas is directly proportional to its pressure

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17
Q

chronic

A

an illness that continually reappears or is experienced for a long time

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18
Q

circumference

A

the distance around a circle

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19
Q

confidence interval

A

a value, with an
associated margin of error, that indicates
the range in which a random sample from
the population is likely to fall into for a given
measure or treatment

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20
Q

confidence level

A

expressed as a percentage
likelihood that a repeated investigation on a
random sample will produce a comparable
result

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21
Q

conflict of interest

A

a situation in which
two parties or groups have incompatible
objectives. If such parties have an unequal
balance of power, then one party may use
their power for personal benefit

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22
Q

contradiction

A

a statement or depiction
that is inconsistent and does not adhere to
logic when compared to one or more other
statements or depictions

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23
Q

control

A

experimental set-up where the

independent variable is not applied

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24
Q

control group

A

the group in an investigation
that is used as a benchmark in comparison
to a second group that receives a prescribed
treatment

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25
Q

controlled variable

A

factor that is
kept constant during the experiment/
investigation

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26
Q

convenience sampling

A

a sample that is
used in an investigation primarily because it
is the most readily available sample that the
investigator can access

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27
Q

correlation

A

connection between two or
more things, or a measure of how things are
related

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28
Q

data

A

numerical or observational facts

collected together as evidence for analysis

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29
Q

data collection

A

gathering of qualitative or
quantitative measurements for the purpose
of statistical analysis

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30
Q

data logger

A

electronic or digital device that
records data either with a sensor or digital
aid

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31
Q

denatured

A

an enzyme that has been altered

by heat, acidity or some other effect

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32
Q

dependent variable

A

factor measured in the

investigation

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33
Q

double-blind trials

A

an experimental
technique in which neither the participants
nor the researcher in contact with them are
aware of who is receiving the treatment and
who gets the control

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34
Q

ecological

A

relating to the interactions of

species within an environment

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35
Q

efficacy

A

the ability of a product or process

to produce a desired result

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36
Q

element

A

primary constituent of matter that

can undergo chemical reactions

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37
Q

empirical data

A

information collected by
observations or measurements during an
investigation

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38
Q

enzymes

A

catalysts that assist biochemical

reactions in organisms

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39
Q

error

A

measure of the estimated difference
between the observed or calculated value of
a quantity and its true value

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40
Q

estimation

A

a rough calculation of the value

of something

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41
Q

ethical

A

whether what is being done

conforms to good standards of behaviour

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42
Q

ethics

A

rules established by social systems

that govern ‘right’ and ‘wrong’

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43
Q

evaluation

A

make a judgement based on

evidence

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44
Q

extrapolation

A

extension from a range of
plotted data to infer new values from the
known ones

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45
Q

fertiliser

A

a substance added to soil to aid in

plant growth

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46
Q

fieldwork

A

investigation conducted outside

the laboratory

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47
Q

friction

A

a force of resistance when two

surfaces rub against each other

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48
Q

gas

A

a fluid state of matter that fill all parts
of a given container because the particles
move freely

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49
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

gastrointestinal tract

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50
Q

germline gene therapy

A

the process where
DNA is transferred to the cells that produce
reproductive cells

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51
Q

halo effect

A

a psychological phenomenon
where a person is perceived more favourably
because of an initial positive perception of
that person

52
Q

hypothesis

A

educated guess tested through
experimentation to answer the inquiry
question; states the relationship between
the independent and dependent variables

53
Q

ideology

A

a set of beliefs and ideas, both
conscious and unconscious, that an
individual or group of individuals, have in
relation to the way the world works. Also
referred to as a worldview

54
Q

incentive

A

a structure or thing that
encourages and motivates someone to
behave in a given manner

55
Q

incubation period

A

the period of time
between initial exposure to an infection and
the appearance of symptoms

56
Q

independent variable

A

factor deliberately
changed during an investigation to obtain
data

57
Q

innate bias

A 
the tendency for an individual 
to draw a flawed inference because of the 
assumptions and experiences that have 
influenced them and the mental ‘short 
cuts’ the brain makes when making an 
observation
58
Q

inquiry question

A

driving force of the

research; can be investigated scientifically

59
Q

insecticide resistance

A

a microevolutionary process whereby insect
populations become increasingly resistant
to the effects of an insecticide

60
Q

interpolation

A

estimating new data points

within the range of data points

61
Q

justification

A

support an argument

62
Q

Large Hadron Collider

A

particle accelerator
that propels subatomic particles (hadrons)
at high speed

63
Q

line of best fit

A

trendline that best fits the
plotted data, it goes through the centre of
the plotted data

64
Q

log book

A

journal taken during the
investigation where all data, observations,
results, inquiries and conclusions are
registered

65
Q

lymphocytes

A

a white blood cell with a

single, round nucleus

66
Q

mean

A

a central tendency within the range
of a data set, calculated by adding all the
values in a data set and dividing by the
number of values

67
Q

median

A

the central value within the range
of a data set; a value that is generally
determined by having an equal number of
values from the data set on each side. (larger
data samples and group frequencies make
this calculation more complex)

68
Q

medicinal plant

A

a plant with
pharmaceutical properties possessing an
active ingredient that can be extracted for
medicinal purposes

69
Q

method

A

experimental steps to follow to
collect data and test the hypothesis of an
investigation

70
Q

methodology

A

a way of going about an

investigation

71
Q

mode

A

the most common value recorded

within the range of a data set

72
Q

model

A

two- or three-dimensional
representation or description of a process,
system or idea

73
Q

moral

A

a judgement about whether what is

being done is good or bad

74
Q

nuclear fission

A

a nuclear reaction where

energy is released from splitting atoms

75
Q

observer-expectancy effect

A

an effect in
which an individual making a judgement on
the presented data is inadvertently biased
by their own preconceptions of the subject
to be judged

76
Q

open access

A

a journal that allows scientific
researchers to pay to have their paper
published a class of open-access journals
that solicit money, often from inexperienced
research scientists that want to get their
paper published, but do not enforce the
recognised cross-checking processes such
as peer review to ensure scientific rigour

77
Q

peer review

A

process in which experts
review and critique the work and research of
others in the same field

78
Q

peptic ulcer

A

a break in the tissue of the
digestive system, mainly in the stomach,
that causes pain, among other symptoms

79
Q

pharmacological

A

the characteristics and
properties of a drug that make it medically
effective

80
Q

pitch

A

a property of sound waves; highfrequency sounds have a high pitch, while a
lower-frequency sound has a low pitch

81
Q

placebo

A

a medicine or procedure that has

no therapeutic effect

82
Q

post-publication peer review

A

a process
of peer review that is done after the
publication of the research paper that
utilises the flexibility of online media

83
Q

primary data

A

data you have collected

yourself

84
Q

pseudoscience

A

a practice that portrays
itself as a science, often through complex
terminology and processes but does not
meet the criteria for contributing to the
greater knowledge and/ or burden of
evidence for science

85
Q

publish or perish

A

a phenomenon in
academic disciplines where academics need
to regularly publish or risk losing research
funding or their job

86
Q

quadrat

A

a process by which a small area is
examined to estimate the population of a
species within a larger area

87
Q

qualitative data

A

descriptive data collected
as evidence during an investigation (e.g.
images, observational sentences)

88
Q

quantitative data

A

numerical values
collected as evidence during an
investigation (e.g. calculations are usually
part of the analysis, not data collection
measurements)

89
Q

radar

A

an acronym for RAdio Detection And
Ranging (or RAdio Direction And Ranging),
which is a system used to detect the
presence of objects over long distances

90
Q

radiant heat

A

heat transfered by

electromagnetic waves

91
Q

reaction rate

A

speed at which a chemical

reaction occurs

92
Q

red/blue shift

A

when spectral lines move
towards the red or blue end of the visible
spectrum

93
Q

reliability

A

extent to which an observation
and/or measurement can be repeated
under the same circumstances and produce
similar results

94
Q

replicable

A

able to be repeated

95
Q

reproducibility crisis

A

a phenomenon
where the number of research papers being
published cannot be reasonably crosschecked by reproducing the investigation
and/ or that insufficient replication is being
done before publication

96
Q

reputable

A

to be seen as well respected and

trusted

97
Q

respiration

A

process by which organisms

produce energy

98
Q

retracted

A

the removal of a published paper/
book by the journal editors as a result of
misconduct, such as fraud

99
Q

risk assessment

A

evaluation of the risks of

an investigation

100
Q

safety hazard

A

expected risk during an

investigation

101
Q

sample bias

A

is the tendency to under or
over represent a particular group within the
sample population

102
Q

sample size

A

number of observations or

replications in an experiment

103
Q

scientific investigation

A

an organised

approach to solving a scientific question

104
Q

scientific theory

A

an explanation of an

aspect of the world that can be tested

105
Q

secondary data

A

data collected by other

people and published

106
Q

species

A

group of living organisms with

similar characteristics that can interbreed

107
Q

spectral pattern

A

when light is viewed
through a spectrograph, the parts of the
spectrum have distinct spectral lines that
represent the various chemical elements

108
Q

summer solstice

A

longest day of the year;

that is, when the most amount of sun is seen

109
Q

stereotyping

A

the process of classifying
someone (or something) on the basis of
superficial characteristics and attributing
generalisations to all individuals that fit
within the bounds of that classification

110
Q

summer solstice

A

longest day of the year;

that is, when the most amount of sun is seen

111
Q

survivor selection

A

a research phenomenon
where not all participants who begin a
longitudinal study complete it. For this
reason, incomplete data on participants is
removed to maintain the integrity of the
study

112
Q

technology

A

practically applying knowledge
to create a device for practical purposes in
any area of research

113
Q

terminology

A

the specialised terms and
words used within a particular field or
profession that have a technical definition
within this context

114
Q

tissue culture

A

a group of living cells grown

under laboratory conditions

115
Q

treatment

A

variation of the independent

variable

116
Q

true

A

a depiction of a phenomena that

conforms to or reflects reality

117
Q

true value

A

measurement with no errors

118
Q

uncertainty

A

interval (±) around the

measured value compared to the true value

119
Q

vaccine

A 
a weakened form of an antigen 
(or a synthetic substitute) that initiates 
an immune response to stimulate the 
production of antibodies and provide 
immunity to the targeted disease
120
Q

valid

A

extent to which a report or
investigation contains accurate data,
inferences and conclusions

121
Q

variable

A

measurable factor that can be
changed or maintained in an experiment/
investigation

122
Q

vector

A

an organism that transmits a disease

from one organism to another

123
Q

vested interest

A

a situation where a person
or group would benefit from influencing
circumstances to favour their position

124
Q

voltage

A

force pushing electrons around the

circuit

125
Q

voluntary response samples

A

a sample
(most commonly of people) that is
investigated because they are willing to take
part in the investigation

Food Technology (5 decks)

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