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ENVS3020 Air Quality and Pollution > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Pollution

A

the introduction by man into the environment of substances or energy liable to cause hazard to human health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structure or amenity or interference with legitimate use of the environment

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2
Q

anthropogenic

A

pollution arising from human activities

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3
Q

biogenic

A

pollution from natural origins- such as animals or plants

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4
Q

wildfire

A

uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside area

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5
Q

quasi-natural hazards

A

hazards that are caused by anthropogenic activities as well as being natural features.
such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and tropical storms.

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6
Q

relative humidity

A

ratio of actual to saturated vapour pressure, often expressed as a percentage

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7
Q

mixing ratio in atmospheric chemistry

A

ratio of the amount of the substance of concern in a given volume to the amount of all constituents of air in that volume.

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8
Q

relationship between volume mixing ratio and mass per unit volume

A

ugm-3 - ppb x molecular weight/molar volume (litres).
22.4= volume in litres occupied by one mole of gas at one atmosphere of pressure
T= absolute temperature (k)
P= atmospheric pressure (MB or Torr)

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9
Q

molar volume equation

A

22.4 x T/273 x 1013/P

22.4= volume in litres occupied by one mole of gas at one atmosphere of pressure 
T= absolute temperature (k) 
P= atmospheric pressure (MB or Torr)
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10
Q

primary pollutants

A

those which are emitted directly into the atmosphere.

example: CO comes directly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in motor vehicles

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11
Q

secondary pollutants

A

formed in the air as a result of chemical reactions with other pollutants and atmospheric gases

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12
Q

natural pollutants

A

air pollutants from natural processes- such as volcanic eruptions, sand storms, lightning and forest fires

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13
Q

examples of man-made pollutants

A

coal mining, domestic and industrial solvent use, natural gas leakage

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14
Q

point sources

A

large, geographically-concentration emitters whose emission rates are large enough to be significant by themselves even if no other sources are present- such as coal fired power stations

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15
Q

area sources

A

collections of small geographically, dispersed emitters that are not significant individually, but are important collectively, such as residential and commercial areas.

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16
Q

line sources

A

a collection of relatively small sources that are distributed roughly uniformly along a line, such as a motorway or industries along a major river, a main road, or railway line.

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17
Q

emissions inventories

A

systematic compilation of detailed information on pollutant emissions in a given area

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18
Q

emission factors

A

is a number that represents the relationship between the mass of a given pollutant emitted from a particular source and the given amount of raw material processes.
activity rate x emission factor = emission rate

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19
Q

acute symptoms

A

immediate symptoms

eg- eye, nose and throat irritation, aching lungs, wheezeing, coughing, nausea.

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20
Q

chronic effects

A

long term

examples: heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, genotoxic effects (leukaemia, lymphonas, lung cancer)

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21
Q

ODS

A

ozone depleting substances

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22
Q

CFCs

A

chloroflurocarbons

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23
Q

HCFCs

A

hydrochlorofluorocarbons

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24
Q

sick building syndrome

A

of occupants of building expereince various aliments and illnesses characterised by headaches, respiratory problems etc- the building is described as having sick building syndrome.

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25
Q

emissions map

A

emissions of pollutants given in the form of UK maps. these maps give emissions of various pollutants on a 1x1km resolution.

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26
Q

data warehouse

A

emissions data is made available in numerous formats through a database. this allows extraction of overview summary tables.

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27
Q

time-series plot

A

a set of ordered observations taken over time which may be plotted as a graph and analysed for the identification of trends and other factors such as daily or seasonal variations

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28
Q

DAs

A

Devolved Administrations

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29
Q

emission standards

A

many national and international authorities issue legislative standards that aim to control the emissions of pollutants from source.

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30
Q

air quality standard

A

a pollutant concentration that is regarded as acceptable - the concentration of a pollutant in the air that is unlikely to cause any significant detrimental effects on human health or the environment.

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31
Q

limit values in air quality standards

A

mandatory values and should not be exceeded anywhere, being designed to improve the protection of human health

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32
Q

guide values in air quality standards

A

intended to serve as long-term precautions for health and the environment.

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33
Q

ambient concentration

A

the normal level of concentration of pollutant on an average day

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34
Q

devolved administrations

A

power generation dominating and emissions falling rapidly across the time series

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35
Q

VOC

A

volatile organic compounds

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36
Q

NMVOC

A

non-methane volatile organic compounds

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37
Q

PAHs

A

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, usually particulate-associated

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38
Q

THC

A

total hydrocarbons

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39
Q

EPAQS

A

Expert Panel in Air Quality Standards

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40
Q

aldehydes

A

general formula of RHC=O, with R being an organic stem. they are volatile and present as gases in urban air.

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41
Q

free radical

A

an atom or group of atoms possessing an odd (unpaired) electron.

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42
Q

ketone

A

C=O functional group, but different formular with 2 R groups.

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43
Q

alcohols

A

-OH functional group

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44
Q

heterocycles

A

organic compounds that contain rings possessing atoms other than carbon and hydrogen.

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45
Q

TOMPS

A

toxic organic micropollutants

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46
Q

PAN

A

peroxyacetyl nitrate

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47
Q

particles

A

aggregations of matter (either solid or liquid), which are larger than individual molecules. the size is expressed as diameter.

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48
Q

SPM

A

suspended particulate matter

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49
Q

suspended particulate matter

A

a general term embracing all airborne particles

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50
Q

Aerosol

A

a suspension of particles in a gas. these can be liquid or solid. they are classified by regional type - eg, marine, urban, desert etc.

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51
Q

PM10

A

particles that are able to pass through a size selective inlet with a 50% efficiency cut off at 10um aerodynamic diameter.

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52
Q

aerodynamic diameter

A

unit density spherical particles with the same aerodynamic properties

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53
Q

inhalable particles

A

particles which can enter the human nose or mouth during normal breathing

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54
Q

respirable particles

A

those inhalable particles that are able to penetrate to the unciliated regions of the deep lung (alveolar region).

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55
Q

smoke

A

suspended particulate air pollutant with a diameter of less than 15 um, arising from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
two types- dark smoke and gravimetric smoke

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56
Q

dark smoke

A

measures by reflectance

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57
Q

gravimetric smoke (or TSP)

A

measured in terms of mass

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58
Q

AD

A

aerodynamic diameter

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59
Q

nuclei mode

A

particles formed by the condensation from the gaseous phase, as a result of recent combustion. short lifetime

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60
Q

accumulation mode

A

particles formed by the coagulation of particles from the nuclei mode and condensation on existing material. have a lifetime of days

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61
Q

coarse particle mode

A

generally produced by mechanical processes, such as comminution. they are few in number and have a very short atmospheric lifetimes.

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62
Q

dry deposition

A

this is the continuous transfer of particles (and gases) by impaction, sedimentation (removal by gravity) and Brownian motion

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63
Q

Brownian motion

A

erratic movement due to the movement of air molecules

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64
Q

deposition velocity

A

calculates the rate of dry deposition.

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65
Q

wet deposition

A

transport of particles and gases to the earth;s surface in aqueous form.

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66
Q

rain-in or in-cloud scavenging

A

the main route for wet deposition, particles are included in the developing water droplet in a cloud

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67
Q

wash-out, or below-cloud scavenging

A

less efficient removal process whereby particles are scavenged by precipitating droplets

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68
Q

primary particulate matter

A

that whcih is emitted directly to the atmosphere from a combustion source

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69
Q

coarse particles

A

arise from the re-suspension of soils and dist, sea spray and construction activity

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70
Q

secondary particulate matter

A

forms within the atmosphere from the condensation of vapours or by the chemcial reaction of gases of natural or anthropogenic origin

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71
Q

PEC

A

particulate elemental carbon

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72
Q

particulate elemental carbon

A

derived from combustion processes, it is the black component of smoke responsible for the soiling of materials and the absorption of light.

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73
Q

soil-derived minerals

A

due to the re-suspension of the earth’s surface.

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74
Q

particle mass concentrations

A

the mass of particles per unit volume of air

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75
Q

particle number density

A

the number of particles per unit volume of air

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76
Q

respiratory particles

A

those finer than 10um

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77
Q

LA-IPPC

A

Local Authority Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

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78
Q

BAT

A

best available techniques

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79
Q

network design

A

design parameters for monitoring networks

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80
Q

quality assurance and quality control

A

procedures and systems applied to activities within a programme such that the overall programme meets defined and appropriate standards with a stated level of confidence.

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81
Q

automatic networks

A

produce hourly pollutant concentrations, with the data being collected remotely from the monitoring site via a modern link

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82
Q

non-automatic networks

A

measures pollutants less frequently. daily, weekly or monthly. samples are collected by some physical means. the samples are then subjected to chemcial analysis before the final pollutants concentrations are determined

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83
Q

hot-spots

A

source monitoring, focusing only on areas with high pollution levels

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84
Q

source monitoring

A

focusing just on hotspots

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85
Q

background or baseline monitoring

A

designed to assess the exposure of the general population or ecosystem to key pollutants

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86
Q

data validation

A

rapid initial screening of the data to identify or remove data that is clearly incorrect

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87
Q

data ratification

A

performed by independent QA units

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88
Q

UKEAP

A

Eutrophying and acidifying pollutants

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89
Q

biological monitoring

A

bacteriological measurements

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90
Q

physical measurements

A

measurement of airbourne particle concentrations using filter papers or light obscuration

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91
Q

chemical analysis

A

spectroscopic methods

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92
Q

DOAS

A

Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy

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93
Q

FEAT

A

fuel efficiency automobile tests

94
Q

ESP

A

electrostatic precipitation

95
Q

TEOM

A

Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance

96
Q

AURN

A

automatic urban and rural network

97
Q

dispersion models

A

detailed understanding of physical, chemical and fluid dynamical processes in the atmosphere

98
Q

receptor models

A

which are based on the relationships between a data set of measured concentrations at the recep

99
Q

receptor models

A

which are based on the relationships between a data set of measured concentrations at the receptor and the data set of emissions that might affect those concentrations

100
Q

stochastic models

A

based on semi-empirical statistic relationships between the pollutant concentration and any factors that might affect them

101
Q

compartment or box model

A

inputs and outputs from a defined volume of the atmosphere are used to calculate the mean concentration within taht volume.

102
Q

coriolis effect

A

deflection from its path, as a result of the earths rotation

103
Q

LaGrange models

A

class of distribution model derived from statistic diffusion theory

104
Q

diffusion

A

process by which different substances mix as a result of random motions

105
Q

wind

A

the movement of air parallel to the earth’s surface caused by differences in atmospheric pressure and the earth’s rotation

106
Q

macroscale

A

~1000km, or days

107
Q

mesoscale

A

~10s-100s of km, or hours

108
Q

microscale

A

less than 1km, or minutes

109
Q

turbulence

A

the motion of wind within time-scales smaller than the averaging time used to determine the mean wind speed and direction

110
Q

CFD

A

Computational Fluid Dynamics

111
Q

Computational Fluid Dynamics

A

powerful technique for calculating the movement of fluids

112
Q

troposphere

A

inner layer of the atmosphere

113
Q

stratosphere

A

atmosphere’s second layer, just above the troposphere and below the mesosphere

114
Q

photon

A

the packet (or quantum) of energy in which light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, are emitted.

115
Q

photosynthesis

A

process by which green plants trap light energy and use it to drive a series of chemcial reactions that lead to the formation of carbohydrates

116
Q

ground state

A

molecular orbitals for an organic molecule

117
Q

excited state

A

when one or more electrons are not in the lowest energy orbitals

118
Q

EES

A

electronic excited state

119
Q

HOMO and LUMO

A

highest and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

120
Q

photodissociation/ photolysis/photodecomposition

A

a chemical process whereby a single molecule or compound splits into two or more smaller products, which may be capable of recombining to form the reactants

121
Q

photo-ionisation

A

process wehreby radiation knocks electrons from atoms, leaving ions in its path

122
Q

new product formation

A

when a free radical reacts with a compounds or molecule in the atmosphere, a new product may be formed

123
Q

intramolecular re-arrangement

A

when a new electronic state is produced

124
Q

intermolecular energy transfer

A

when the absorbed energy is transferred to another molecule

125
Q

quenching

A

molecule in an excited state interacts with a chemically unreactive molecule, to which it transfers its energy. the electronic energy is converted into vibrational and rotational energy

126
Q

luminescence

A

general term that describes any process in which energy is emitted from a material at a different wavelength from that at which it was absorbed

127
Q

fluorescence

A

short-lived luminescence

128
Q

phosphorescence

A

long-lived luminescence

129
Q

triboluminescence

A

very rare type of luminescence

130
Q

allotropy

A

property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms.

131
Q

free radical

A

any atom or group of atoms that has an odd number of electrons

132
Q

chromophore

A

parts of a molecule (atom or group of atoms) responsible for its colour. the colour arises when a molecule absorbs specific wavelengths of visible light and transmits or reflects others.

133
Q

PAN

A

peroxyacetyl nitrate

134
Q

LGA

A

Local Government Association, which establishes that the parties will cooperate to encourage ambitious GHG reduction targets.

135
Q

noise

A

“unwanted sound”, which can cause irritation and stress.

136
Q

occupational noise

A

noise experienced at work

137
Q

neighbour noise

A

noise from inside and outside peoples homes

138
Q

environmental (ambient) noise

A

noise arising from transport and industry

139
Q

NPSE

A

Noise Policy Statement for England

140
Q

NAZ

A

Noise Abatement Zone

141
Q

photochemistry

A

branch of chemistry that is concerned with the chemical effects of light

142
Q

quantum yield

A

the number of times a specific event occurs per photon absorbed by the system

143
Q

positive lapse rate

A

when the tempearture decreases with elevation in meteorology

144
Q

glare

A

excessive brightness which causes visual discomfort. high levels of glare can decrease visibility

145
Q

clutter

A

bright, confusing and excessive groupings of light sources, commonly found in over-lit urban areas. the proliferation of clutter contributes to skyglow, trespass and glare.

146
Q

BPM approach

A

best practical means

147
Q

BATNEEC approach

A

Best Available Technique Not Entailing Excessive Cost

148
Q

photo-stationary state

A

the equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic irradiation.

149
Q

enhancing dispersion

A

improving the dispersion of an emission which lowers the pollutant concentrations to which living beings are exposed within an acceptable threshold

150
Q

pollution prevention by process change

A

involves the modification of the production process in order to reduce emissions

151
Q

intervention

A

“downstream pollution control”. it is a technical premise to remove or destroy sufficient contaminants from the gas stream through chemical or mechanical processes.

152
Q

LCA

A

Life cycle assessment

153
Q

MFA

A

Material Flow Analysis

154
Q

fuel desulphurisation

A

the removal of sulphur from fuel

155
Q

fuel switching

A

a change from fuels with a high sulphur content to those with a lower S content

156
Q

fuel blending

A

blending fuels with a higher and lower S content to produce a medium-level S fuel.

157
Q

FBC

A

Fluidised Bed Combustion

158
Q

Fluidised Bed Combustion

A

finely ground limestone is mixed with coal and burnt in suspension

159
Q

LIMB

A

Limestone Injection in Multi-Stage Burners

160
Q

Limestone Injection in Multi-Stage Burners

A

finely ground limestone is injected with the hot gases into a special burner

161
Q

FGD

A

Flue-Gas Desulphurisation

162
Q

Flue-Gas Desulphurisation

A

technique used to remove SO2 from flue gases. burn the fuel and treat the plant’s exhaust gas.

163
Q

electrostatic precipitators

A

this is a control technology for atmospheric pollution, utilising electrostatic forces that are more powerful than both gravity or centrifugal force

164
Q

IPC

A

Integrated Pollution Control

165
Q

IPCC

A

Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change

166
Q

BPM

A

Best Practicable Means

167
Q

SIPs

A

State Implementation Plans

168
Q

HAP

A

Hazardous Air Pollutants

169
Q

BREF

A

BAT Reference Documents

170
Q

EURO 6

A

light duty vehicle standards for light passenger and commercial vehicles

171
Q

IED

A

Directive on Industrial Emissions

172
Q

Green Infrastructure

A

network of trees, parks, gardens, found in the urban areas which provide a variety of environmental, social and economic benefits.

173
Q

Lean waste gas

A

unnecessary use of resources or a substance released to the air, water, or land that could harm human health or the environment

174
Q

pre-combustion technique

A

involve some modification of furnace design and/or fuel treatment.
refers to removing CO2 from fossil fuels before combustion is completed.

175
Q

regenerative process

A

alkaline absorbent liquor is used to react with the flue gases and form a sulphurated product that may be separated off for further treatment/disposal

176
Q

Wellman-Lord Process

A

this is a process that recovers SO2.

it is a regenerable process to remove SO2 from flue gas without creating a throwaway sludge product.

177
Q

magnetic susceptibility

A

where the iron pyrites, which has a relatively high magnetic susceptibility, may be separated from the carbonaceous material using high magnetic fields

178
Q

centrifugal force

A

a force which separates heavier particles from lighter gas molecules. the force of the spinning causes the particles to move to the end of the collector.

179
Q

cyclone

A

circular collector

180
Q

venturi scrubber

A

designed to effectively use the energy from a high-velocity inlet gas stream to atomize the liquid being used to scrub the gas stream.

181
Q

baghouse filter

A

air pollution control device and dust collector that removes particulates or gas released from commercial processes out of the air.

182
Q

fine particles

A

atmospheric aerosol particles, are particles suspended in the air that are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter.

183
Q

air quality management area

A

AQMA, means that, within that area, the levels of a certian pollutant are above those requried by legislaiton for health reasons.

184
Q

Scope 3 Emissions

A

are the result of activities from assets not owned or controlled by the reporting organisation, but that the organisation indirectly imapcts in its value chain.

185
Q

radiative forcing

A

is the change in energy flux in the atmosphere caused by natural or anthropogenic factors of climate change as measured by watts/metres squared. it is used to quantify and compare the external drivers of change to earths energy balance.

186
Q

ionosphere

A

this is the ionised part of the earth’s upper atmosphere. it includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesophere and exosphere.

187
Q

density

A

where the coal is crushed and placed in a liquid, and the iron pyrites are removed from the lower density coal through a process of very fine grading

188
Q

resistivity

A

where the iron pyrites, which have a relatively low resistivity, may be separated from the carbonaceous material using electrostatic separation

189
Q

attitude

A

an individuals organised, stable and usually strongly held view about an issue

190
Q

environmental education

A

organised efforts to teach how natural environments function and how human beings can manage behaviours and ecosystems to live sustainably

191
Q

ISB Model

A

Infrastructure, service, behaviour

192
Q

Edutainment

A

media designed to educate through entertainment

193
Q

affect

A

an individual’s feelings about performing an action, positive or negative

194
Q

agency

A

an individuals sense that they can carry out an action successfully and that thier action will assist in the achievement of an expected outcome

195
Q

behavioural intention

A

a measure of the strength of an individual’s attention to perform a specific behaviour

196
Q

cognition

A

an individuals positive or negative thoughts and beliefs associated with a particular object or system

197
Q

habitat and routine

A

an individuals behaviour that occurs automatically

198
Q

personal norms

A

self-expectations for behaviour, backed by anticipation of self-enhancement or self-deprecation

199
Q

self-identity

A

the extent to which performing a specific behaviour is an important component of an individuals self-concept

200
Q

situational factors

A

location, logistics, barriers, infrastructure, service, awareness

201
Q

social norms

A

sets of beliefs regarding what other people are doing or what they approve of doing

202
Q

values

A

an individuals guiding principles; broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of actions or outcomes

203
Q

public good

A

perfectly non-rival in consumption and non-excludable. they satisfy conditions to some extent, but not perfectly

204
Q

free rider

A

someone who enjoys the benefits of a good without paying for it

205
Q

non-excludable

A

non-paying consumers cannot be prevented from accessing a good

206
Q

non-rivalrous

A

a good whose consumptions by one consumer does not prevent simultaneous consumption by other consumers

207
Q

Tbilisi Declaration

A

1977 declaration, goals of environmental education

208
Q

edutainment

A

form of entertainment designed to educate as well as to amuse

209
Q

attitude

A

organised and strongly held views of salient issues

210
Q

behaviour

A

the action or reaction of someone or something under specified circumstances

211
Q

opinions

A

subjective statement or thought about an issue or topic, the result of emotion or interpretation of facts

212
Q

belief

A

a psychological state in whcih an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true

213
Q

what does ISB stand for? and what does each of them mean?

A

infrastructure, service, behaviour

infrastructure: built environment, products and objects
service: systems, providers and enablers
behaviour: relates to people.

214
Q

what is Planck’s Equation?

A

E = hv = = hc

215
Q

RPK

A

Revenue Passenger KM

216
Q

SECA

A

sulphur emission control areas

217
Q

top down approach

A

uses global fuel use data to calculate overall bunker fuel consumption, then uses statistics on fuel types and engine types to attribute emissions

218
Q

bottom-up approach

A

uses real fleet statistics, engine characterisation and fuel use to estimate the emissions taking into account assumed activity data

this is harder and relies on more data

219
Q

UNCLOS

A

united nations convention on the laws of the sea

220
Q

IMO

A

the international maritime organisation

221
Q

MEPC

A

marine environment protection committee

222
Q

CBDR

A

common by differentiated responsibility

223
Q

closed loop scrubbers

A

scrubbing SOx with large quantities of seawater, with a consequent release of wash water to the sea.

224
Q

open loop scrubber

A

acidic seawater is continuously discharged into the marine enviornment, and a smaller amount of water is released

225
Q

ECR

A

Exhaust Gas Recirculation

226
Q

EEDI

A

energy efficiency design index

227
Q

SEEMP

A

ship energy efficiency management plan

228
Q

LNG

A

liquefied natural gas

229
Q

GESAMP

A

group of experts on scientific aspects if marine environmental protection

230
Q

ICAO

A

International civil aviation organisation

ENVS3020 Air Quality and Pollution (12 decks)

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