definition of major things in H & N

Question 1

Larynx

Answer 1

The larynx is the upper expanded part of the lower respiratory
tract, which is modified for producing voice, hence it is also
called voice box/organ of phonation. It acts as a sphincter at
the inlet of lower respiratory tract to protect the trachea and
the bronchial tree from entry of any material other than the
air. If this protective role is deranged, laryngeal incompetence
results, and food and fluid may be aspirated into trachea.
Further, the upward and downward movements of the larynx
help in swallowing.
The functions of larynx include the following:
1. Phonation.
2. Respiration.
3. Protection.
4. Deglutition.

Question 2

opening of sinuses on the lateral wall of nose

Answer 2

Sphenoethmoidal recess -Opening of the sphenoidal air sinus
Superior meatus -Opening of the posterior ethmoidal air sinuses
Middle meatus
• On bulla - Opening of the middle ethmoidal air sinuses
• In hiatus semilunaris
– Anterior part - Opening of the frontal air sinus
– Middle part - Opening of the anterior ethmoidal air sinuses
– Posterior part -Opening of the maxillary air sinus
Inferior meatus- - Opening of the nasolacrimal duct (in the anterior part of meatus)

Question 3

capsule of thyroid gland

Answer 3

covering - outer true capsule, inner false capsule
true capsule is peripheral condensation of fibrous stroma
flase capsule - splitting of pre tracheal fascia

Question 4

why thyroid gland moves with deglutition

Answer 4

The thyroid gland and all thyroid swelling move with the swallowing/deglutition because the thyroid is attached to the cartilage of the larynx by the suspensory ligament of Berry. Ligament of Berry also prevents the thyroid gland from sinking into the mediastinum.

Question 5

classification of chromosomes

Answer 5

metacentric : p arm and q arm equal in length
sub metacentric : chromosome with centromere a little away from the centre
acrocentric : chrosmosome with centromere towards one end
telocentric - with only one arm

Question 6

numerical anomalies in chromosomal abberations

Answer 6

monosomy - turners syndrome xo absence of y chromosome -> female with ovarian dysgenesis 
short stature
webbing of neck 
a low hairline
no secondary sexual characters
broad chest 
infertility obvio

Question 7

numerical anomalies in chromosomal abberations

Answer 7

monosomy - turners syndrome xo absence of y chromosome -> female with ovarian dysgenesis 
short stature
webbing of neck 
a low hairline
no secondary sexual characters
broad chest 
infertility obvio

Question 8

trisomy

Answer 8

trisomy of 21st chromosome - downs syndrome non dysfunction 
47 XY or 47 XX 
mental retardation 
round face 
almond shaped eyes
slanting palpebral fissure
low set of ears
low bridge of nose
small chin
macroglossia