Definition of Anemia

Question 1

Perform the vital physiologic function
of oxygen delivery to tissues

Answer 1

Red Blood Cells

Question 2

Has the remarkable capacity to bind oxygen in the lungs and release it appropriately in tissues

Answer 2

Hemoglobin

Question 3

The term anemia is derived from the greek word _____ which means _____

Answer 3

anaima, “without blood”

Question 4

A decrease in hemoglobin concentration or number of RBCs results in decrease oxygen delivery to tissue, resulting in _____________

Answer 4

Tissue Hypoxia

Question 5

What is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood?

Answer 5

Anemia

Question 6

Anemia can arise if there is ______________ or he hemoglobin has impaired function.

Answer 6

insufficient hemoglobin

Question 7

Derived from large pools of healthy individuals

Answer 7

reference intervals

Question 8

They are listed according to age and sex, but race, environmental, and laboratory factors can also influence the values.

Answer 8

Hematologic reference intervals

Question 9

Two important components in making a clinical diagnosis of anemia

Answer 9

History and physical examination

Question 10

Two classic symptoms associated with anemia

Answer 10

Fatigue and shortness of breath

Question 11

Iron deficiency can lead to an interesting symptom of anemia called _____

Answer 11

pica

Question 12

Patients with pica have cravings for _________

Answer 12

unusual substances such as ice (pagophagia), cornstarch, or clay

Question 13

What are the three certain features that should be evaluated closely during the physical examination to provide clues to hematologic disorders?

Answer 13

Skin (for petechiae)
Eyes (for pallor, jaundice, and hemorrhage)
Mouth (for mucosal bleeding)

Question 14

It is important for the assessment of anemia, because it may be due to increased RBC destruction, which suggests a hemolytic component to the anemia.

Answer 14

Jaundice

Question 15

Patients experiencing a rapid fall in hemoglobin concentration typically have ________

Answer 15

Tachycardia (fast heart rate)

Question 16

If the anemia is long-standing, the heart rate of patients is ________ because of the body’s ability to compensate for the anemia

Answer 16

normal

Question 17

It may case pallor of conjunctivae and nail beds but may not produce clinical symptoms if the onset of anemia is slow

Answer 17

Moderate anemia

Question 18

Depending on the patient’s age and cardiovascular state, symptoms such as _______, _______, ________, __________, and __________ can occur.

Answer 18

dyspnea, vertigo, headache, muscle weakness, and lethargy

Question 19

It usually produces tachycardia, hypotension, and other symptoms of volume loss.

Answer 19

Severe anemia

Question 20

The severity of anemia is gauged by _________, ___________, and ____________.

Answer 20

degree of reduction in hemoglobin, cardiopulmonary adaptation, and the rapidity of progression of the anemia

Question 21

In cases of severe blood loss, such as in trauma, blood volume decreases and hypotension develops, resulting in ______________

Answer 21

decreased blood supply to the brain and heart

Question 22

A sympathetic overdrive as an immediate adaptation results in _________________

Answer 22

increasing heart rate, respiratory rate, and cardiac output

Question 23

In severe anemia, blood is preferentially shunted to organs that are ___________

Answer 23

key to survival, including the brain, muscle, and heart

Question 24

Tissue hypoxia triggers an increase in ___________ that shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right

Answer 24

RBC 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Question 25

What are the two body responses to acute (sudden) loss of blood that occur within minutes to hours?

Answer 25

1. Increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, and cardiac output, which increases the flow of oxygenated blood.
2. Redistribution of blood flow from skin to essential organs (brain, heart, muscles)

Question 26

What are the two body responses to slowly developing anemia that occur over days to weeks?

Answer 26

1. Increase in erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate which decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen and allows more oxygen release to tissues.
2. Increase in erythropoietin production by kidneys, which increases erythropoiesis and promotes release of more red blood cells into circulation

Question 27

Reduced oxygen delivery to tissues caused by _________________ elicits an increase in erythropoietin secretion by the kidneys

Answer 27

reduced hemoglobin concentration

Question 28

It stimulates the erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, which leads to the release of more RBCs into the circulation.

Answer 28

Erythropoietin

Question 29

What is the life span of an RBC in circulation?

Answer 29

about 120 days

Question 30

Approximate how many percent each of RBCs are removed from circulation because of senescence in a healthy individual?

Answer 30

1%

Question 31

__________________ cells differentiate into erythroid precursor cells, and the ______________ releases release reticulocytes (immature anucleated RBCs) that mature into RBCs in the peripheral circulation

Answer 31

hematopoietic stem cells, bone marrow

Question 32

Nutritional factors such as ______, __________, and _______ are required to have adequate RBC production.

Answer 32

iron, vitamin B12, and folate

Question 33

Aside from requiring several nutritional factors to have adequate RBC production, ________________ must also function normally.

Answer 33

Globin (polypeptide chain) synthesis

Question 34

In conditions with excessive bleeding or hemolysis, the bone marrow must __________________

Answer 34

increase RBC production to compensate for the increased RBC loss

Question 35

The maintenance of a stable hemoglobin concentration requires the production of _____________ in sufficient numbers to replace the amount lost.

Answer 35

functionally normal RBCs