Definition and pathophysiology of conditions Flashcards
What is Asthma
It is a reversible respiratory condition that is define by, airway inflammation, bronchospasm, mucosal plugging and mucosal oedema.
Explain the pathophysiology of Asthma
Asthma can be trigger two different ways. An exposure to an allergen (for atopic asthma) or caused by a mechanism like exercises (asthma non-atopic). Atopic: Is trigger by a hypersensitivity to an allergen which lead to beta cells producing antibodies (IgE) and mast cell degranulation
Non-atopic: Is trigger by a mechanism e.g. exercises but not fully understood but include some element of (IgE)
In both cause inflammatory mediators released mast cells
During asthma patients experiences with bronchial smooth muscle spasm, increased capillary permeability, oedema formation, increase production of mucous, impaired muco-ciliary function, thickening of airway walls and increased contractile response of bronchial smooth muscle.
What is COPD
COPD is an umbrella term which is made up of two conditions; Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis. It is progressive, irreversible condition with diminished inspiratory and
expiratory capacity due to obstruction of airways and decreased airflow
Explain the pathophysiology of Emphysema
It is progressive disease which result in loss of lung elasticity and abnormal enlargements of the air space distal to the terminal bronchioles (more space between alveoli sac).
Explain the pathophysiology of Chronic bronchitis.
It happens by inflammation of the major and small airways, which is caused by oedema and hyperplasia of the submucosal glands (increase production of in normal tissue/organ) this leads to excess mucous secretion. Bronchi obstruction lead to reduce airflow distal to the bronchi (Alveoli)
What is Acute Pulmonary oedema
It is an accumulation of fluid in a intratissue space. This most commonly occur in the lung when the alveoli fill with fluid.
Explain the pathophysiology of Cardiogenic APO
It is caused by an underlying cardiac issue. It lead to an increase in hydrostatic pressure (from an increase in pulmonary pressure) which force more fluid out of the capillaries. This increase in hydrostatic pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure (remains the same) which pull fluid back into the vascular system, and overwhelms the lymph drainage. This lead to a build up of fluid in the intratissue in the lung. The fluid in the intratissue reduce the concentration of surfactant (as surfactant remains the same which the amount of fluid has increase) which helps keep the alveoli open, this make the alveoli more prone to collapse during exhalation. This requires greater pressure to open the alveoli during inhalation.
Explain the pathophysiology of Non-Cardiogenic APO
Non cardiogenic cause include; Sepsis, burns, eclampsia (Seizure that occur during pregnancy or shortly after giving birth), high altitude, and toxic inhalation (smoke). Often in Non cardiogenic APO the capillary membrane has been damaged this causes an increase in permanent ability which leads to more fluid in the enter tissue space, protein also leaks into the intratissue which lead to more fluid being pulled into the intratissue vias osmosis.
What is Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is an acute reversible life threatening systemic allergic reaction
Explain the pathophysiology of
