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definition Flashcards

1
Q

Abscess

A

Localised collection of pus enclosed within granulation tissue

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2
Q

Pus

A

Mixture of solid and liquid phase
solid - live/dead leukocytes, bacteria, dead tissue cells and fibrin meshwork
liquid - exudates, immunoglobulin, complement, clotting factors, inflammatory mediators

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3
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excessive production of growth hormone in an adult body

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4
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Adrenocortical insufficiency due to destruction of adrenal cortex
can be primary vs iatrogenic

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5
Q

HIV

A

RNA virus with reverse transcriptase

CD4 receptors

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6
Q

Amyloidosis - definition

A

Disease caused by accumulation of amyloid

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7
Q

Amyloid

A

a type of protein that cannot be broken down by the body
Congo red stain - apple green birefringence under polarised light
beta pleated sheet structure

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8
Q

Aneurysm

A

Abnormal dilatation of vessel which is 1.5 times of the original size
Failure of structural protein - elastin

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9
Q

Apoptosis

A

degradation of a cell to balance mitosis in regulating the size/function or to eliminate damaged/abnormal DNA
ACTIVE PROCESS, with no inflammation

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10
Q

Ascites

A

Abnormal free fluid in the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Lipid accumulation into the blood vessel wall in the intima

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12
Q

Definition of atrophy

A

Process in which there is degeneration and reduction in size of an organ or tissue

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13
Q

Definition of aplasia

A

failure in development of an organ/tissue to attain its proper size/function

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14
Q

Definition of agenesis

A

complete failure of an organ/tissue to develop

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15
Q

Rosving’s sign

A

Palpation of LIF causes more pain in RIF than LIF

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16
Q

Obturator sign

A

Flexion and internal rotation of right hip leads to pain

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17
Q

Starling equation

A

Hydrostatic vs oncotic forces in the movement of fluid across capillary membranes

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18
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour arising from glandular cell

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19
Q

Neoplasm

A

Abnormal mass of tissue, with uncoordinated growth, exceeds that of normal tissue and persists after cessation of its stimulus

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20
Q

Cyst

A

Abnormal membranous sac containing gas, liquid or semisolid substance
Pseudocyst lacks epithelial/endothelial cel

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21
Q

Sinus

A

Blind ended tract lined by granulation tissue/epithelium

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22
Q

stoma

A

Surgical opening into a hollow viscus

temporal vs permanent

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23
Q

Diverticula

A

Abnormal outpouching of hollow viscus into surrounding tissue

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24
Q

Clot

A

solid material formed from blood product which is stationary

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25
Thrombus
solid material formed from blood product in flowing blood
26
Embolus
an abnormal mass of undissolved material that is carried in the bloodstream from one place to another
27
Necrosis
abnormal tissue death during life | accompanied with inflammation
28
hypersensitivity reaction
exaggerated response of host immune system to a particular stimulus undesirable tissue damage follows development of humeral or cell mediated immunity
29
tumour marker
substance which can be found in the circulation of a patient with neoplasm
30
Polyp
pedunculated mass of tissue from an epithelial surface
31
hyperplasia
increase in size of tissue, associated with increase in cell number normal cell morphology
32
hypertrophy
increase in size of tissue, associated with increase in cell size
33
hamartoma
tumour like malformation composed of a disorganised arrangement of different amounts of tissue normally found at that site
34
metaplasia
REVERSIBLE replacement of cell type from one fully differentiated to another fully differentiated type of cell
35
dysplasia
disordered cellular development characterised by inreased mitosis and pleomorphism without the ability to invade the basement membrane/metastasis
36
Carcinoma
``` Malignant tumour from epithelial origin Lymphatic spread (apart from follicular thyroid Ca) ```
37
Sarcoma
Malignant tumour from connective tissue | Haematological spread
38
metastasis
survival and growth of cells that have migrated from a malignant tumour to a site distant from the primary tumour
39
Granuloma
collection of epithelioid macrophages
40
Chronic inflammation
active inflmmation, tissue injury and healing at same time defined by cell types - macrophages and lymphocytes persisten infection that invades host mechanism endogenous agent non degradable toxin autoimmune disease
41
Acute inflammation
body response to tissue injury | heat, pain, redness, swelling and loss of function
42
granulomatous inflammation
chronic inflammation with epithelioid macrophages fuses to form giant cell - Langhans Caseating - TB non caseating - Crohn's, Sarcoid
43
Sepsis
old - SIRS + infection | new - life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection
44
Familial adenomatous polyposis
APC gene on Chr5 Autosomal dominant tumour suppressor gene
45
Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer
Autosomal dominant Chr2/3 Endometrial cancer, gastric adenoma Ovarian cancer
46
Gardner's syndrome
Autosomal dominant osteoma thyroid cancer fibromas
47
Dumping syndrome
rapid emptying of undigested gastric content into small intestine due to pyloric disruption Initial hyperglycemia then reactive hypoglycemia then to hypotension due to loss of fluid into GI tract due to hyperosmolar fluid
48
Brainstem death
GCS3, with no sedation, no metabolic abnormality Absence of reflexes - pupil, corneal, vestibulo-ocular, gag reflex no cough response to ET tube no respiratory response to raised PaCO2
49
BRCA 1 and 2
Both tumour suppressor gene BRCA1 - Chr17 = breast, ovarian BRCA2 - Chr13 = breast, pancreas, MM
50
Naevus
benign proliferation of normal constituent cells of skin
51
Breslow thickness
depth of which melanoma has invaded (stratum granulosum to deepest point) Used to clear the WLE margin the melanoma prognostic factor (another one is Clark's) 1.0mm - 3cm
52
branchial cyst
stratified squamous epithelium incorporated into cervical lymph node anterior triangle, upper 1/3 of SCM Rx - excision
53
thyroglossal cyst
remnant of the thyroglossal duct which represent the embryological path of the thyroid gland from its origin contains lymphoid tissue
54
Dermoid cyst
epithelial lined cyst that lies deep to skin Congenital - inclusion of the epidermis along fusion lines of skin dermatone Acquired - 2ry to injury and skin forced into wound may be connected to deep structure
55
sebaceous cyst
epidermoid cyst or pilar cyst smooth lump attached to skin with punctum common location - scalp, face, neck, trunk
56
Lipoma
benign collection of fat cells within subcutaneous layer | mobile smooth soft lump
57
Ludwig's angina
Cellulitis of the soft tissue of the neck and floor of the mouth Cellulitis spread through submandibular space causing elevation and posterior displacement of the tongue
58
Cystic hygroma
Congenital cystic malformation of lymphatic system | POSTERIOR triangle of the neck
59
Pharyngeal pouch
diverticula which protrude through the Killian's dehiscence - inferior constrictor muscle Regurgitation, halitosis, weight loss, chronic cough
60
neoplasm
abnormal growth of tissue with uncoordinated growth, which exceeds that of normal tissue and continues despite removal of the original stimulus
61
Rheumatic fever
systemic disease affecting heart, joints, skin and brain | associated with Group A beta haemolytic strepococcal pharyngeal infection due to type 2 HS reaction
62
Infective endocarditis
inflammation of endocardial surface of the heart and heart valves caused by microorganism
63
Duke's criteria for SBE
2 major, 1 major + 3 minor, 5 minors Major - typical microoganism conssitent with IE from 2 separate blood culture (strep viridans/bovis, HACEK, staph aureus, enterococci - echocardiogram showing valve vegetation, abscess, new partial dehiscence of prosthetic valve Minor 1) predisposing factor - valvular disease or IVDU 2) Fever 3) Vascular sequelae 4) immunological sequelae 5) positive blood culture 6) Echocardiogram finding consistent with IR but not with above
64
Lord criteria for RhF
2 major, 1 major with 2 minor - Carditis - polyarthritis - erythema marginatum - Sydenham's chorea ``` Minor Fever Arthralgia Increased ESR/CRP ECG signs of heart block Previous Rheumatic Fever ```
65
Acute pancreatitis
acute reversible inflammatory process of pancreas which can affect multiple organ system
66
Grey turner's signs
Flank bruising due to Retroperitoneal haemorrhage
67
Frey's syndrome
Gustatory sweating and flushing caused by misdirected autonomic nerve regeneration following injury to auriculotemporal nerve
68
Billroth I operation
partial gastrectomy with simple reanastomosis
69
Billroth II operation
partial gastrectomy with anastomosis at proximal jejunum
70
Peutz Jegher syndrome
Autosomal dominant multiple intestinal polyp breast, lung, uterus and pancreatic cancer pigmented macules on the lips
71
Prostatic utricle
blind end pouch which opens in the centre of the seminal colliculus
72
Bladder outlet obstruction
urodynamic condition implying voiding with a high pressure and low flow rate
73
PSA
prostate specific antigen | Secreted by epithelial cells of the prostate gland
74
AKI
Biochemical diagnosis 1) creatinine rise >26 in 48hrs 2) creatinine rise by 1.5 x in 7 days 3) urine output <0.5ml/kg for 6 hours
75
Perfusion/preservation solution
``` ice cold solution to maintain kidney impermeable solute pH buffer free radical scavengers membrane stabiliser adenosine for ATP ```
76
Malignant melanoma
Malignant neoplasm of melanocyte
77
Primary healing
closed within hours | using suture/clips
78
Secondary healing
left open without formal closure | Allow it to repair with granulation and epithelialisation
79
Tertiary healing
Delayed primary closure
80
Bowen's disease
SCC in situ | erythematous well demarcated plaque of skin
81
Spleen
intraperitoneal Lymphatic organ located in LIF, usually under rib 9-11 1 x 3 x 5 inch in size, 200g
82
FAST scan
focused assessment for sonography in trauma
83
Teratoma
neoplasm composed of and able to form tissue from cells of all three germ cell layers
84
Von Hippel Lindau
``` RCC Phaeochromocytoma CNS angioblastoma pancreatic islet cell tumour retinal angioma ```
85
carcinoma in situ
precancerous state where neoplastic cells are confined and have not invaded the BM
86
ulcer
abnormal discontinuation of mucous membrane
87
PPI
Proton pump inhibitor | IRREVERSIBLY block hydrogen/potassium ATPase pump in parietal cells
88
Virchow's triad
Abnormal blood flow Hyperviscosity Damaged endothelium
89
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Autosomal dominant I - pituitary, pancreatic, parathyroid IIa - phaeochromocytoma, parathyroid, medullary thyroid IIb - medullary thyroid, phaeochromocytoma, marfanoid, mucosal neuromatosis
90
Wound healing
Tissue restores it structure and function with return tissue integrity and tensile strength it could be resolution, organisation and repair, scar tissue

MRCS pathology (2 decks)

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