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MRCS pathology > definition > Flashcards

definition Flashcards

1
Q

Abscess

A

Localised collection of pus enclosed within granulation tissue

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2
Q

Pus

A

Mixture of solid and liquid phase
solid - live/dead leukocytes, bacteria, dead tissue cells and fibrin meshwork
liquid - exudates, immunoglobulin, complement, clotting factors, inflammatory mediators

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3
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excessive production of growth hormone in an adult body

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4
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Adrenocortical insufficiency due to destruction of adrenal cortex
can be primary vs iatrogenic

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5
Q

HIV

A

RNA virus with reverse transcriptase

CD4 receptors

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6
Q

Amyloidosis - definition

A

Disease caused by accumulation of amyloid

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7
Q

Amyloid

A

a type of protein that cannot be broken down by the body
Congo red stain - apple green birefringence under polarised light
beta pleated sheet structure

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8
Q

Aneurysm

A

Abnormal dilatation of vessel which is 1.5 times of the original size
Failure of structural protein - elastin

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9
Q

Apoptosis

A

degradation of a cell to balance mitosis in regulating the size/function or to eliminate damaged/abnormal DNA
ACTIVE PROCESS, with no inflammation

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10
Q

Ascites

A

Abnormal free fluid in the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Lipid accumulation into the blood vessel wall in the intima

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12
Q

Definition of atrophy

A

Process in which there is degeneration and reduction in size of an organ or tissue

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13
Q

Definition of aplasia

A

failure in development of an organ/tissue to attain its proper size/function

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14
Q

Definition of agenesis

A

complete failure of an organ/tissue to develop

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15
Q

Rosving’s sign

A

Palpation of LIF causes more pain in RIF than LIF

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16
Q

Obturator sign

A

Flexion and internal rotation of right hip leads to pain

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17
Q

Starling equation

A

Hydrostatic vs oncotic forces in the movement of fluid across capillary membranes

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18
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour arising from glandular cell

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19
Q

Neoplasm

A

Abnormal mass of tissue, with uncoordinated growth, exceeds that of normal tissue and persists after cessation of its stimulus

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20
Q

Cyst

A

Abnormal membranous sac containing gas, liquid or semisolid substance
Pseudocyst lacks epithelial/endothelial cel

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21
Q

Sinus

A

Blind ended tract lined by granulation tissue/epithelium

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22
Q

stoma

A

Surgical opening into a hollow viscus

temporal vs permanent

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23
Q

Diverticula

A

Abnormal outpouching of hollow viscus into surrounding tissue

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24
Q

Clot

A

solid material formed from blood product which is stationary

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25
Q

Thrombus

A

solid material formed from blood product in flowing blood

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26
Q

Embolus

A

an abnormal mass of undissolved material that is carried in the bloodstream from one place to another

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27
Q

Necrosis

A

abnormal tissue death during life

accompanied with inflammation

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28
Q

hypersensitivity reaction

A

exaggerated response of host immune system to a particular stimulus
undesirable tissue damage follows development of humeral or cell mediated immunity

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29
Q

tumour marker

A

substance which can be found in the circulation of a patient with neoplasm

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30
Q

Polyp

A

pedunculated mass of tissue from an epithelial surface

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31
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in size of tissue, associated with increase in cell number
normal cell morphology

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32
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of tissue, associated with increase in cell size

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33
Q

hamartoma

A

tumour like malformation composed of a disorganised arrangement of different amounts of tissue normally found at that site

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34
Q

metaplasia

A

REVERSIBLE replacement of cell type from one fully differentiated to another fully differentiated type of cell

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35
Q

dysplasia

A

disordered cellular development characterised by inreased mitosis and pleomorphism without the ability to invade the basement membrane/metastasis

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36
Q

Carcinoma

A 
Malignant tumour from epithelial origin
Lymphatic spread (apart from follicular thyroid Ca)
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37
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumour from connective tissue

Haematological spread

38
Q

metastasis

A

survival and growth of cells that have migrated from a malignant tumour to a site distant from the primary tumour

39
Q

Granuloma

A

collection of epithelioid macrophages

40
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

active inflmmation, tissue injury and healing at same time
defined by cell types - macrophages and lymphocytes
persisten infection that invades host mechanism
endogenous agent
non degradable toxin
autoimmune disease

41
Q

Acute inflammation

A

body response to tissue injury

heat, pain, redness, swelling and loss of function

42
Q

granulomatous inflammation

A

chronic inflammation with epithelioid macrophages
fuses to form giant cell - Langhans
Caseating - TB
non caseating - Crohn’s, Sarcoid

43
Q

Sepsis

A

old - SIRS + infection

new - life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection

44
Q

Familial adenomatous polyposis

A

APC gene on Chr5
Autosomal dominant
tumour suppressor gene

45
Q

Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer

A

Autosomal dominant
Chr2/3
Endometrial cancer, gastric adenoma
Ovarian cancer

46
Q

Gardner’s syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant
osteoma
thyroid cancer
fibromas

47
Q

Dumping syndrome

A

rapid emptying of undigested gastric content into small intestine due to pyloric disruption
Initial hyperglycemia then reactive hypoglycemia then to hypotension due to loss of fluid into GI tract due to hyperosmolar fluid

48
Q

Brainstem death

A

GCS3, with no sedation, no metabolic abnormality
Absence of reflexes - pupil, corneal, vestibulo-ocular, gag reflex
no cough response to ET tube
no respiratory response to raised PaCO2

49
Q

BRCA 1 and 2

A

Both tumour suppressor gene
BRCA1 - Chr17 = breast, ovarian
BRCA2 - Chr13 = breast, pancreas, MM

50
Q

Naevus

A

benign proliferation of normal constituent cells of skin

51
Q

Breslow thickness

A

depth of which melanoma has invaded (stratum granulosum to deepest point)
Used to clear the WLE margin the melanoma
prognostic factor (another one is Clark’s)
1.0mm - 3cm

52
Q

branchial cyst

A

stratified squamous epithelium incorporated into cervical lymph node
anterior triangle, upper 1/3 of SCM
Rx - excision

53
Q

thyroglossal cyst

A

remnant of the thyroglossal duct which represent the embryological path of the thyroid gland from its origin
contains lymphoid tissue

54
Q

Dermoid cyst

A

epithelial lined cyst that lies deep to skin
Congenital - inclusion of the epidermis along fusion lines of skin dermatone
Acquired - 2ry to injury and skin forced into wound
may be connected to deep structure

55
Q

sebaceous cyst

A

epidermoid cyst or pilar cyst
smooth lump attached to skin with punctum
common location - scalp, face, neck, trunk

56
Q

Lipoma

A

benign collection of fat cells within subcutaneous layer

mobile smooth soft lump

57
Q

Ludwig’s angina

A

Cellulitis of the soft tissue of the neck and floor of the mouth
Cellulitis spread through submandibular space causing elevation and posterior displacement of the tongue

58
Q

Cystic hygroma

A

Congenital cystic malformation of lymphatic system

POSTERIOR triangle of the neck

59
Q

Pharyngeal pouch

A

diverticula which protrude through the Killian’s dehiscence - inferior constrictor muscle
Regurgitation, halitosis, weight loss, chronic cough

60
Q

neoplasm

A

abnormal growth of tissue with uncoordinated growth, which exceeds that of normal tissue and continues despite removal of the original stimulus

61
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

systemic disease affecting heart, joints, skin and brain

associated with Group A beta haemolytic strepococcal pharyngeal infection due to type 2 HS reaction

62
Q

Infective endocarditis

A

inflammation of endocardial surface of the heart and heart valves caused by microorganism

63
Q

Duke’s criteria for SBE

A

2 major, 1 major + 3 minor, 5 minors
Major
- typical microoganism conssitent with IE from 2 separate blood culture (strep viridans/bovis, HACEK, staph aureus, enterococci
- echocardiogram showing valve vegetation, abscess, new partial dehiscence of prosthetic valve

Minor

1) predisposing factor - valvular disease or IVDU
2) Fever
3) Vascular sequelae
4) immunological sequelae
5) positive blood culture
6) Echocardiogram finding consistent with IR but not with above

64
Q

Lord criteria for RhF

A

2 major, 1 major with 2 minor

  • Carditis
  • polyarthritis
  • erythema marginatum
  • Sydenham’s chorea
Minor
Fever
Arthralgia
Increased ESR/CRP
ECG signs of heart block
Previous Rheumatic Fever
65
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

acute reversible inflammatory process of pancreas which can affect multiple organ system

66
Q

Grey turner’s signs

A

Flank bruising due to Retroperitoneal haemorrhage

67
Q

Frey’s syndrome

A

Gustatory sweating and flushing caused by misdirected autonomic nerve regeneration following injury to auriculotemporal nerve

68
Q

Billroth I operation

A

partial gastrectomy with simple reanastomosis

69
Q

Billroth II operation

A

partial gastrectomy with anastomosis at proximal jejunum

70
Q

Peutz Jegher syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant
multiple intestinal polyp
breast, lung, uterus and pancreatic cancer
pigmented macules on the lips

71
Q

Prostatic utricle

A

blind end pouch which opens in the centre of the seminal colliculus

72
Q

Bladder outlet obstruction

A

urodynamic condition implying voiding with a high pressure and low flow rate

73
Q

PSA

A

prostate specific antigen

Secreted by epithelial cells of the prostate gland

74
Q

AKI

A

Biochemical diagnosis

1) creatinine rise >26 in 48hrs
2) creatinine rise by 1.5 x in 7 days
3) urine output <0.5ml/kg for 6 hours

75
Q

Perfusion/preservation solution

A 
ice cold solution to maintain kidney
impermeable solute
pH buffer
free radical scavengers
membrane stabiliser
adenosine for ATP
76
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of melanocyte

77
Q

Primary healing

A

closed within hours

using suture/clips

78
Q

Secondary healing

A

left open without formal closure

Allow it to repair with granulation and epithelialisation

79
Q

Tertiary healing

A

Delayed primary closure

80
Q

Bowen’s disease

A

SCC in situ

erythematous well demarcated plaque of skin

81
Q

Spleen

A

intraperitoneal Lymphatic organ
located in LIF, usually under rib 9-11
1 x 3 x 5 inch in size, 200g

82
Q

FAST scan

A

focused assessment for sonography in trauma

83
Q

Teratoma

A

neoplasm composed of and able to form tissue from cells of all three germ cell layers

84
Q

Von Hippel Lindau

A 
RCC
Phaeochromocytoma
CNS angioblastoma
pancreatic islet cell tumour
retinal angioma
85
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

precancerous state where neoplastic cells are confined and have not invaded the BM

86
Q

ulcer

A

abnormal discontinuation of mucous membrane

87
Q

PPI

A

Proton pump inhibitor

IRREVERSIBLY block hydrogen/potassium ATPase pump in parietal cells

88
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

Abnormal blood flow
Hyperviscosity
Damaged endothelium

89
Q

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

A

Autosomal dominant
I - pituitary, pancreatic, parathyroid
IIa - phaeochromocytoma, parathyroid, medullary thyroid
IIb - medullary thyroid, phaeochromocytoma, marfanoid, mucosal neuromatosis

90
Q

Wound healing

A

Tissue restores it structure and function with return tissue integrity and tensile strength
it could be resolution, organisation and repair, scar tissue

MRCS pathology (2 decks)

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