Definition

Question 1

Define Beneficial Microbes

Answer 1

• inhibit pathogen growth (無處逗留丶搶不到營養)
• nutrient metabolism
• maintain gut barrier → boost immunity

Question 2

Define Opportunistic Microbes

Answer 2

CAN cause harm when the host’s immune system is weak

Question 3

Define Emerging infection disease

Answer 3

Outbreak of previously unknown disease

Question 4

Define Re-emerging infectious disease

Answer 4

Reoccurring of diseases that once were major health issues

Question 5

Define Koch’s postulates

Answer 5

Link between a particular microorganism & a particular disease
特定微生物→特定病

Question 6

Define Endospore

Answer 6

• When the surrounding environment is unfavourable, virus DNA and ribosomes will be packed inside the thick protein coat (CAPSID) before it is released
• resistant to heat, cold, desiccation (乾燥劑), & most chemicals

Question 7

Define Capsule (functions)

Answer 7

(some prokaryotic cells have)
= thick layer of glycocalyx 超厚一層的保護膜
→ evade immune surveillance 厚厚的外套躲過免疫系統篩查
→ prevent cell from desiccation 保濕延長壽命
→ protect cell from detergent 洗調劑 / viral infection

Question 8

Describe Peptidoglycan

Answer 8

• made of polysaccharide chains
• cross linked by a short peptide chain (protein)
• color dye has a strong bind to the thick layer of peptidoglycan ∴color cannot be washed away?

Question 9

Define Pili (function)

Answer 9

• sex pili (transfer of genetic materials between cells → 細菌抗藥性↑)

Question 10

Define Fimbriae

Answer 10

• short-hair like
• attaches to host surface & cause disease
  又短又多如毛髮般勾住宿主→衝不走→致病 （e.g 尿道炎）

Question 11

Define Flagella

Answer 11

• whip-like
• found in eukayotic cells
• enable mobility (swimming) ∴hard to capture & eliminate
• sensory function 游向營養丶躲避毒素

Question 12

Define Prion (可能不考)

Answer 12

• lacks nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
• misfolded form of normal protein
• convert normal protein molecules into nonfunctional ones by changing their shapes → accumulation leads to disruption of normal cellular functions

Question 13

Define Neutrophil (Granulocyte)

Answer 13

PHAGOCYTIC cells that engulf pathogens
=> indicating the presence of inflammation & infection

Question 14

Define Eosinophil

Answer 14

KILL parasitic worms by releasing digestive enzymes
=> Indicates the presence of allergic rxn., inflammation & parasitic infection

Question 15

Define basophil

Answer 15

Release chemicals (e.g. Histamine) to PROMOTE INFLAMMATION
=> indicates the presence of allergic rxn.

Question 16

Define Coagulase

Answer 16

• Clot the fibrinogen to form a blood clot barrier around the bacteria (like a coat)
  => prevent phagocytosis (evade the immune system)
  形成一層保護膜包裹著🦠

Question 17

Define hyaluronidase

Answer 17

• breakdown connective tissue between cells
  => allow pathogen to penetrate tissue layers (evade immune system & spread more easily)
  打穿細胞間的通道→🦠躲到更深層的組織

Question 18

Define hemolysins

Answer 18

• lysis of RBC → release iron
  => obtain nutrients for bacteria growth & metabolism
  破壞🩸紅血球去攝取鐵質