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Chapter 11 Peripheral Nervous System > Definition > Flashcards

Definition Flashcards

1
Q

peripheral nervous system PNS

A

Communication between the central nervous system, and the rest of the body is accomplished by the PNS

Forms the communication networks between the central nervous system CNS and the rest of the body.

consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord, which communicate with the rest of the receptors, muscles, and glands.

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2
Q

receptors

A

Are sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

Are sensory nerve endings that respond to various kinds of stimulation. The awareness that results in what we know as sensation.

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3
Q

sense organs

A

The eyes, ears, skin, mouth, and nose—have receptors that detect sensations. Then sensory neurons transmit the signals to the CNS, where they are interpreted as a sight, hearing, touch, taste, or smell.

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4
Q

five special sense organs

A

eyes, ears, skin, mouth, and nose

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5
Q

sense organs (like the eye for example)

A

contain receptors that are activated by specific stimuli. This initiates nerve impulses that lead to the brain (the optic nerve). The brain interprets the signal.
How light is transmitted to the brain
Light———— receptor cells in the eye
(Stimulus) (sense organ)

—-optic nerve ———brain translate
stimuli into visual images

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6
Q

Eyes

A

-are paired organs of sight (right eye, OD; left eye, OS; each eye, OU). Several accessory structures (muscles, eyelids, and eyebrows, for example) are associated with the eyes.

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7
Q

Pupil

A

Small, round dark circle structure, located in the center of the eye

light first enters the eye through the pupil.

Light rays enter the pupil, the small, dark circle structure located in the center of the eye that is surrounded by the colored portion of the eye that we regularly see, the iris.

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8
Q

Iris

A

The colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil. muscles of the iris constrict the pupil in bright light and dilate the pupil in dim light, therefore regulating the amount of light entering the eye.

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9
Q

Selera

A

The tough outer layer of the eye, the light or peak membrane covering most of the eyeball.

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10
Q

scleritis

A

means inflammation of the sclera; however, sclerose means to harden or to cause hardening.

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11
Q

Associate with your certain accessory organs

A

muscle, fascia, eyebrow, eyelid, conjunctiva, and the lacrimal glands.

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12
Q

conjunctiva

A

Lines the inner surface of the eyelid

is the mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelid an acts as a protective covering for the exposed surface of the eye.

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13
Q

lacrimal gland

A

Produce and store tears (lacrimal fluid)

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14
Q

lacrimal fluid

A

tears that keep the eyelids moist

tears produced by the lacrimal gland wash over the eyeball and are drained through small openings in the inner corner of the eye. Tears pass through these openings into small lacrimal ducts that drain into the nasolacrimal sac. From here the tears pass into the large nasolacrimal duct that ends in the nasal cavity. If more tears are produced than can be removed, we say the person is crying. This is also called tearing.

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15
Q

Eyeball

A

Is composed of three layers:
1) sclera: The tough outer layer that covers most of the eye.
2) cornea: the transparent structure at the front of the eyeball that bends or refracts light rays so that they are focus properly on the sensitive receptor cells in the posterior of the eye.
3) choroid: dark brown membrane inside the sclera; it is continuous with the iris and the ciliary body it is continuous with the iris and the ciliary body

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16
Q

Sclera

A

The tough outer layer that covers most of the eye.

White opaque membrane covering most of the eyeball

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17
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent structure at the front of the eye that refracts light rays

The transparent structure at the front of the eyeball that bends are refracts light rays so that they are focused properly on the sensitive receptor cells in the posterior of the eye.

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18
Q

Choriod

A

A dark brown membrane inside of the sclera.
Is a vascular layer of tissue that supplies blood to the outer retina

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19
Q

ciliary body

A

surrounds the outside of the lens and causing flattening or thickening of it

Is on the anterior surface of the eye

surrounds the outside of the lens in a circular fashion, allowing change in shape and thickness of the lens.

Also secretes a fluid called aqueous humor

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20
Q

Refraction of light rays

A

The changes in the shape and thickness of the lenses bring about refraction of light rays

Changes in the posterior region of the eye, causing flattening of the lens (for distant vision) or thickening and rounding of the lens ( for close vision).

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21
Q

accommodation

A

Refractory adjustment for close vision

Ability of the eye to adjust to variations in distance

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22
Q

aqueous humor

A

A fluid that is secreted from the ciliary body, which is found in the anterior chamber

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23
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Cavity of the eye, which is filled with a soft jelly-like material, the vitreous humor.

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24
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Soft jelly-like material that fills the vitreous chamber
Escape of this fluid, due to trauma, may result in significant damage to the eye

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25
Q

Retina

A

Delicate, nervous tissue of the eye

Is the delicate nervous tissue membrane of the eye, which is continuous with the optic nerve and enables vision

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26
Q

Optic disc or blind spot of the eye

A

The region of the eyewear where the optic nerve meets the retina, has no light receptors; therefore, it is known as the blind spot of the eye.

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27
Q

Ophthalmoscopic

A

The blind spot is clearly visible in the ophthalmoscopic view of the eye’s interior.

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28
Q

The most important structures involved in vision

A

pupil—lens—retina—optic nerve—brain

remember that the changes in the shape and thickness of the lens bring about refraction of light rays, and refractory adjustment for close vision is accommodations.

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29
Q

Produce depth of vision

A

Intraocular and extraocular mean inside and outside the eye, respectively. Eyelids open, and close the eye, and keep porn objects from entering most of the time.

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30
Q

Eye dominance

A

Unconscious preference to use one eye rather than the other for certain purposes, such as looking through a monocular microscope

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31
Q

Eyelids

A

Open and close that eye, and keep foreign objects from entering most of the time.
Each of our eyes is encased in a protective bony socket.

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32
Q

intra-ocular
extraocular

A

Mean inside and outside the eye

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33
Q

rods & cones

A

Light waves travel through the eyes so that they are focused on photoreceptor cells of the retina called rods and cones.

Are photo receptors that are used sensual for vision in low light situations. Cones are responsible for color vision.

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34
Q

Photoreceptor

A

Means that rods and cones are receptive to light.

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35
Q

Rods

A

are responsible for peripheral vision, night vision, and detection of motion.

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36
Q

Cones

A

Three types of cones function in bright light and are responsible for color and central vision

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37
Q

Color blindness
daltonism

A

Most cases of color blindness affect, either the green or red scepter cones at the true colors cannot be distinguished from each other.
It is not a blindness, but a weakness, and perceiving color is distinctly. It is inherited, sex linked disorder.

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38
Q

daltonism

A

is a sex linked disorder in which there is a weakness in perceiving colors distinctly

A person with normal color vision sees different shades of green, red and orange. A person with daltonism sees different shades, but does not see different colors distinctly.

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39
Q

Total color blindness
Achromatic vision

A

Is characterized by an inability to see any color at all. It may be the result of a defect or absence of the cones. Normal color vision sees various shades of color in a color blindness chart.

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40
Q

cornea

A

Refraction of light

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41
Q

Choroid

A

Blood supply

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42
Q

ciliary body

A

Secretion of vitreous fluid; helps change the shape of lens

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43
Q

external ocular muscles

A

Movement of the globe

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44
Q

eyelid

A

Protection for the eye

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45
Q

Iris

A

Contracts or relaxes to control the amount of light, entering the eye through the pupil

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46
Q

lacrimal glands

A

Secretion of tears

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47
Q

Lens

A

Light refraction

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48
Q

Optic nerve

A

Transmission of visual information to the brain

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49
Q

Retina

A

Transforms optics signals into nerve impulses

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50
Q

Rods

A

Distinguish light from dark; perceive shape and movement

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51
Q

cones

A

Color vision

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52
Q

Sclera

A

External protection

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53
Q

Nasolacrimal duct

A

Channel that carries tears from the nasolacrimal sack to the nose

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54
Q

Choroidal

A

Pertaining to the choroid

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55
Q

Conjunctival

A

Pertaining to the conjunctiva

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56
Q

Corneal

A

Pertaining to the cornea

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57
Q

iridic

A

pertaining to the iris

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58
Q

Lacrimal

A

Pertaining to the tears

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59
Q

Ocular
optic

A

Pertaining to, or affecting the eye

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60
Q

Pupillary

A

Pertaining to the pupil

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61
Q

Retinal

A

Pertaining to the retina

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62
Q

optometrists and their assistance

A

Test the eyes and prescribe corrective glasses or contact lenses as well as topical medication’s

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63
Q

ophthalmologist

A

Are medical doctors who specialize in the anatomy and physiology, diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the eyes

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64
Q

Ophthalmoscope

A

Is an instrument used in ophthalmoscopy, visual examination of the eyes

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65
Q

Visual acuity

A

Is a measure of the ability to distinguish letters or numbers at a given distance (visual sharpness)

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66
Q

Snellen chart

A

Is a chart used to test visual acuity (sharpness)

Visual acuity can be tested using a Snellen chart

Is one of the several charts that test visual acuity. An individual who can read at 20 feet what the average person can read at this distance has 20/20 vision, where as an individual who can read at 20 feet what the average person can read at 30 feet has 20/30 vision.

Charts test visual acuity by measuring the clients ability to distinguish black letters of various sizes printed on a white background

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67
Q

Tono-pen tonometry tunnel pen tonight the tree

A

several types of tonometers are used. The Tono-Pen method measures and records the resistance of the eyeball to indentation after exerting a tiny pressure.

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68
Q

legal blindness

A

Is defined in most states as best corrected visual acuity less than 20/200 in the better eye or marked construction of the visual fields.

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69
Q

tumbling E chart

A

As well as other non-alphabet charts, is available for young children or those who are unable to use the Snellen chart

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70
Q

accommodation reflex

A

Adjustment of the eyes for near vision

Is an adjustment of the eyes for bear vision. Specially designed charts are used to test near vision.

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71
Q

keratometer

A

Is an instrument used to measure the cornea, and is sometimes called an ophthalmometer

Is an instrument used to measure the eye

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72
Q

Tonometry

A

Measuring of intraocular pressure using a tonometer

Is the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) using a tonometer., usually after numbing the eye with anesthic.

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73
Q

Assessment of visual fields

A

physical space visible when head is held still

Determines the physical space visible to an individual in a fixed position VF=visual field.

A normal test is 65 degrees upward, 75 degrees downward, 60 degrees inward, and 90 degrees outward. Defects in the vision that remain constant are usually caused by damage to the retina or visual pathways.

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74
Q

Slit-lamp examination

A

Which examines the various layers of the eye with a bright light, usually after the pupils have been dilated using mydriatic
A high-intensity beam of light is projected through a narrow slit and a cross-section of the illuminated part of the eye is examined through a magnifying lens.

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75
Q

Mydriatic

A

An agent that dilates the pupil

An anesthetic and some a dye

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76
Q

fluorescein angiography

A

This procedure uses fluorescein (a bright green fluorescent dye) and rapid serial photography to study movement of blood through blood vessels in the eye.

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77
Q

Optometrist

A

Treats, eye problems, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness

78
Q

ophthalmologists

A

Are medical doctors who treat other pathologies of the eye

79
Q

Presbyopia

A

Impairment of vision in older persons

is hyperopia an impairment of vision due to advancing years of old age.

Is farsightedness and impairment of vision, because of advancing years or older age (old eye)

80
Q

Refractive disorder
refraction of the eye
(three additional common irregularities in vision) because the light rays are back focused appropriately to the retina

A

hyperopia: farsightedness, or inability of the eyes to focus on nearby objects; rays of light entering the eye are brought to focus behind the retina.

myopia: nearsightedness; parallel rays entering, the eye are focused in front of the retina. Inability to see far

astigmatism: uneven focusing of an image, resulting from distortion of the curvature of the lens or cornea.

81
Q

amblyopia

Lazy eye

A

Reduced vision in one eye, not correctable by glasses but by wearing an eyepatch.
Is sometimes the result of untreated strabismus, failure of the eyes to look in the same direction.

Covering an eye in early childhood, forcing the child to use the deviating, I, is the therapeutic intervention to prevent amblyopia

82
Q

Strabismus

A

Failure of the eyes to look in the same direction

Reduced vision in one eye not corrected by glasses. Eyes are not directed at the same point.
It is corrected by wearing an eyepatch

83
Q

Cataract

A

Is the term for an opacity on or in the lens or capsule of the eye, often in pairing vision, or causing blindness.

Is an opacity of the eye, or in the lens or capsule of the eye, the impairs vision or causes blindness

An abnormal progressive condition of the lens, characterized by loss of transparency. Congenital cataracts are usually hereditary; senile cataracts are the result of old age.

Comes from the Latin word cataracts meaning waterfall

84
Q

Glaucoma

A

An abnormal condition of increased pressure within the eye. Prolonged pressure can damage the retina and optic nerve.

Is often treated with eyedrops and laser; in extreme cases, iridectomy

85
Q

Macular degeneration (MD)

A

A progressive deterioration of the retina associated with new vessel formation that can progress to blindness
Blindspot in the center shows the loss of central vision

Treatment includes intraocular, injections, laser, and vitamins

86
Q

nyctalopia

A

Poor vision at night or in dim light

87
Q

Photophobia

A

Excessive sensitivity of the eyes to light

88
Q

Retinal detachment

A

Separation of the retina from the back of the eye

Separation of the retina (tear) from the choroid, usually resulting from a hole or tear in the retina. If detached it is not halted, total blindness of the eye, ultimately results.

The onset of separation of the retina from the back of the eye is usually sudden and painless. The person may experience bright flashes of light or floating dark spots in the affected eye. Sometimes there is a loss of visual field, as of a curtain is being pulled over part of that visual field .

89
Q

achromatopsia
colorblind

A

Profound inability to see color
(color blindness)

90
Q

Achromatic vision

A

Is also known as color blindness

91
Q

Daltonism

A
92
Q

Conjunctivitis

Red eye or pink eye

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva, caused by bacteria, viruses, allergy, or environmental factors; also called red eye or pink eye

93
Q

Retinopathy

A

Any disease of the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is an abnormality of the retina caused by diabetes mellitus.

94
Q

xerophthalmia

A

Dry corneas and conjunctival areas

95
Q

blepharedema

A

Swelling of the eyelids

Fluid accumulation in the eyelid, causing is swollen appearance

96
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of the eyelid

Blepharitis caused by a sty.

97
Q

dacryocystitis

A

Infection of the lacrimal sac caused by obstruction of the lacrimal ducts.

98
Q

ectropion

A

Turning outward (eversion) of the eyelid

99
Q

entropion

A

Turning inward of the eyelid

100
Q

hordeolum

A

Sty or stye, resulting from an infected sebaceous gland of an eyelash

101
Q

Ptosis
blepharoptosis

A

Drooping of the upper eyelids

102
Q

iridectomy

A

Surgical removal of part of the iris

103
Q

Blepharoplasty

A

Is surgical repair (plastic surgery) of the eyelid to repair a Ptosis?

104
Q

Corneal transplant

A

Is transplantation of corneal tissue from a donor or the patients own cornea

105
Q

Ophthalmology cryosurgery

A

Is a general term for the use of extreme cold to remove a cataract or to cause the edges of a detached retina to heal.

106
Q

Cryoextraction

A

Use of extreme cold to remove Cataracs, or reattach a detached retina

Is removal of a cataract using an extremely cold probe.

107
Q

Corneal abrasion

A

(A therapeutic measure )Means scraping away of the outer layers of the cornea, perhaps to smooth one that is abnormally buckled

108
Q

Extraction of the lens

A

Means removal of the lens to treat a cataract.

109
Q

Intraocular lens transplant

A

Is replacing the lens with an artificial lens. This surgery may also be used for patients with extreme myopia, diplopia, and certain other abnormalities.

110
Q

IOL

A

Means intraocular lens

111
Q

Corneas are easily transplanted for people with scarred or opaque corneas

A

Transplants are generally successful, because antibodies, responsible for rejection of foreign tissue usually do not reach that a vascular, transplanted cornea

112
Q

Laser retinal photocoagulation

A

Uses a laser to make pinpoint scars to stabilize a detached retina

Stabilizing a detached retina with the use of laser

113
Q

LASIK

A

Corneal surgery using a laser and a microtome

Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis

Is corneal surgery in which the excimer laser and a microkeratome (an instrument used to create a thin hinged flap on the surface of the cornea) are combined to correct nearsightedness, also called myopia

114
Q

Intraocular

A

Means within the eyeball

115
Q

Enucleation

A

Is the removal of the entire eyeball, performed to treat, severe infection, malignancy, or extensive trauma. The insertion of an artificial eye or implant usually follows.

116
Q

Ears
AD=right ear
AS=left ear
AU=each ear

A

Have receptors that detect touch, pain, heat, and cold, but we usually think of the ears as enabling us to hear.

We depend on our ears, not only for hearing, but also for the sense of equilibrium commonly called balance

Automatically that year is divided into the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear

117
Q

cerumen

A

Earwax

A yellowish brown waxy substance, which lubricates and protects the ear.

118
Q

External ear

A

The visible part of the ear; ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

119
Q

Middle ear

A

Airfield cavity containing three tiny lobes

120
Q

Inner ear or labyrinth

A

Contains the cochlea and semicircular canals

Is a complex inner structure that contains receptors for hearing (cochlea) in the sense of balance (semicircular canals)

121
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum

122
Q

External ear functions

A

In collecting sound waves, and directing them into the ear canal, where they strike the tympanic membrane. As the eardrum vibrates, it moves three small bones, ossicles, in the middle ear ( malleus, incus, and the stapes) that conduct the sound waves through the middle ear.

123
Q

Ossicles

A

The malleus, incus, and stapes are three small bones in the middle ear

124
Q

Simplified schematic of the pathway of sound is as follows

A

Sound—auditory canal—eardrum—ossicles—cochlea—auditory nerve fibers—auditory region of the brain

125
Q

Oval window

A

Separates the middle ear from the inner ear

126
Q

cochlea

A

It’s a spiral tunnel, resembling a snail shell, and containing the sense of hearing

127
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Are fluid filled canals that open into the cochlea and are important in our sense of balance

128
Q

Auditory or eustachian tube

A

Leads from the middle ear to the pharynx (throat) . This tube can prevent damage to the eardrum by equalizing pressure in the middle ear to the atmospheric pressure.

129
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Normally the pressure of air in the middle ear is equal to that of the environment; however, if you ascend to high altitudes, (flying or climbing a high mountain), the atmospheric pressure in the middle ear is greater than that in the outer ear, causing the eardrum to bulge outward. Swallowing opens the eustachian tube so that air can leave the middle ear until the pressures are balanced. The eardrum relaxes and avoids the danger of bursting.

130
Q

Acoust/ic
acoustic

A

Sound or hearing/pertaining to
Pertaining to sound or hearing

131
Q

Audi/ble
Audible

A

Hearing/pertaining to
Capable of being heard

132
Q

Audit/ory
Auditory

A

Pertaining to the sense of hearing, and the organs involved

133
Q

aur/al, auricul/ar, ot/ic
aural, auricular, otic

A

Ear/pertaining to
Pertaining to the ear

134
Q

cochle/ar
cochlear

A

cochlea/pertaining to
Pertaining to the cochlea

135
Q

otoscopic examination or otoscopy

A

Is examination of the inside of the ear using a otoscope

136
Q

Otoscope

A

An instrument for viewing inside the ear

137
Q

Audiology

A

Is a field of research and clinical practice devoted to the study of hearing disorders, the measurement of hearing, and other aspects of preserving and improving hearing.

138
Q

Audiologist

A

Is a health professional who detects and evaluates hearing loss and determines how a patient can best make use of remaining hearing.

139
Q

Audiometer

A

Instrument used to test hearing

Is an electronic device for measuring hearing. The record produced is audiometry is an audiogram.

140
Q

Hearing is tested

A

By using tones, and very low to very high frequencies at various decibels (dBs) of intensity. The lowest intensity at which a young, normal ear can detect sound (about 51% of the time) is nearly 0 dB. Conversational speech is around 60 dB, and sounds at that decibel intensity are not harmful. Exposure to loud noises, even for a short time, can damage the cochlear hair cells and result in hearing loss.
Three minutes is considered safe expose your time if you are sitting in the front row at a rock concert.

141
Q

Deafness

A

Is in ability to hear. Loss of hearing that adversely affects one’s ability to communicate is hearing impaired.

142
Q

Tuning fork test

A

Screen for both function of the auditory nerve and ability of ear structures to conduct sound waves to the inner ear.

143
Q

anotia

A

Is a congenital absence of one or both ears

144
Q

Perforated eardrum

A

Can be seen during an otoscopic examination, which is an examination of the ear using an otoscope

145
Q

Otitis

A

Means inflammation of the ear

146
Q

otalgia

A

Pain in the ear, which is also called an earache

147
Q

Otitis media

A

Is inflammation of the middle ear

148
Q

myringitis

A

Means inflammation of the tympanic membrane

149
Q

mastoiditis

A

Is an infection of one of the mastoid bones in the skull, which is usually an extension of a middle ear infection. It is difficult to treat and can result in hearing loss. Antibiotic therapy is aimed at treating middle ear infections before the progress to mastoiditis.

150
Q

Otitis externa

A

Commonly called swimmers ear means an external ear infection; it is often caused by fungus.

151
Q

Otomycosis

A

A condition of fungus in the ear canal
Fungal infection in the ear canal

Is commonly known as swimmers ear

152
Q

Otitis interna

A

Is an inner ear infection, which is inflammation of the inner ear, and can affect both hearing and equilibrium

153
Q

otorrhea

A

Discharge or draining from the ear

A discharge from the ear, it may contain blood, pus, or even spinal fluid.

154
Q

otosclerosis

A

Abnormal hardening of the bones in the middle ear

Is hardening of the ear (middle and inner ear structures)

Is hardening of the ear. This condition is caused by formation of spongy bone, around structures of the middle and inner ear, it leads to hearing impairment.

155
Q

cholesteatoma ( (G) chole, bile, ; stear, fat)

A

Is a cystic mass composed of epithelial cells and cholesterol that is found in the middle ear, which may occlude the middle ear or destroy the adjacent bones.

156
Q

Tinnitus

A

Ringing or other noise in one or both ears

Your noise, is one of the most common complaints of persons with ear or hearing disorders. The noise includes ringing, buzzing, or roaring, or clicking. It may be a sign of something as simple as accumulation of earwax or cerumen or as serious as Meniere Disease.

157
Q

Menieres Disease

A

A chronic disease of the inner ear with recurrent episodes of hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo.

158
Q

Vertigo is also called dizziness

A

Dizziness

159
Q

Ear lavage

A

Is used to remove a buildup of cerumen.

160
Q

Assistive listening device ALD or hearing aid

A

Is an electronic device that amplifies sound.

161
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Incomplete hearing loss of cochlear implant
Assists hearing by electrically stimulating the cochlea.

An electronic device that is surgically implanted into the cochlea of a deaf person.

162
Q

Otoplasty

A

Is surgical repair or reconstruction of the external ear
Is a common procedure in which, for cosmetic reasons, some of the cartilage of the external ear is removed to bring the ears closer to the head.

163
Q

Myringotomy

A

Is incision of the eardrum to release pus or fluid from the middle ear and to insert tubes to improve drainage. Also called tympanostomy, this procedure creates an opening through the eardrum to promote drainage and/or allow the introduction of artificial tubes (pressure equalizing tubes) to maintain the opening.

164
Q

Tympanostomy

A

A term for surgical creation of an opening through the eardrum

165
Q

Skin

A

Is equipped with several sensory nerve endings that respond to various kinds of stimulation. In addition, modified skin structures continue into various parts of the body, such as mucous membrane, in the lining of the nose, the mouth, nose, and the ears.

166
Q

Sensory nerve receptors

A

Respond to different types of sensations. Here are some types to remember and what they detect
mechanoreceptors (mechanical changes, such as touch), thermoreceptors (heat), photoreceptors (light),
nociceptors (ice)

167
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

Detect touch or pressure

Receptors that are sensitive to mechanical changes in touch or pressure

That are sensitive to mechanical changes in touch or pressure are widely distributed in the skin. Mechanoreceptors for hearing are located within the ear.
Mechanoreceptors since mechanical changes in touch or pressure.

168
Q

photoreceptors

A

The eyes contain photoreceptors that detect light

Nerve endings that detect light

169
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Nerve endings that detect changes in temperature

Are located immediately under the skin and are wildly distributed in the body. By their name, you know that thermal receptors, detect changes in temperature, sensing both cool and heat.

170
Q

nociceptors

A

Nerve endings that detect pain

Initiates the sensation of pain

The sense of pain is initiated by special receptors called nociceptors that are wildly distributed throughout the skin and internal organs.

171
Q

Ability to feel touch

A

The patient closes his or her eyes and the health care provider touches him or her on the arm for example, and asked the patient to point to the area touched.

172
Q

Pain sensation

A

Is assessed with an object perceived as being sharp or dull; for example, a paperclip or cotton tipped applicator has a dull end and a sharp end. After demonstrating what will be done while the patient has his her eyes open, the examiner asks the patient to close his or her eyes and indicate whether the object is sharp or dull, thereby providing an easy test for the sensation of pain. A sensation reported as dull when the stimulus was sharp indicates the need for more specialized testing.

173
Q

Neuropathies

A

Or disease or degeneration of the peripheral nerves, such as those of diabetes mellitus and vascular problems, may have a PNS cause and may affect the entire extremity or both extremities. Sensory deficits from spinal cord injuries vary with the
location of the injury.

174
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Nerve endings that are adapted for detecting chemicals.

Are nerve endings in the nose, mouth, and tongue that are adapted for excitation by chemicals that enable taste
The nerve endings in the nose and mouth that enable taste

175
Q

Taste buds

A

Are taste organs that have chemoreceptors for sweet, sour, bitter, and salty taste.

176
Q

Tastebuds

A

Each tastebud rests in a pocket. Many taste buds are distributed over the tongue and the roof of the mouth.

177
Q

Taste regions

A

From the back of the tongue to the front:
Bitter— sour— salty— Sweet

In addition to the four basic taste sensations, there are combined perceptions plus the input from olfactory receptors

178
Q

Olfaction

A

Means the sense of smell

179
Q

Olfactory

A

Means pertaining to the sense of smell

180
Q

Nose

A

Is also responsible for the sense of smell, and the sense is intricately linked with chemoreceptors that enable us to experience different taste of food and other substances

181
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

Are sensitive to smell, and they are also easily fatigued, explaining why odors that are very noticeable at first are no longer sensed after a short time

182
Q

Hyperosmia

A

Increased sensitivity of smell

Is an abnormally increased sensitivity to odors.

183
Q

Anosmia

A

Loss or impairment of the sense of smell
Is absence of the sense of smell

Is impairment or absence of the sense of smell, and it can occur either as a temporary condition when one has a respiratory infection, or as permanent anosmia when the olfactory nerve is destroyed.

184
Q

Antiglaucoma Drugs
Decrease the intraocular pressure in the eye to treat glaucoma
Types include carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, alpha agonists, beta-blockers, cholinergics, and prostaglandin analoas

A

acetazolamide (Diamox)
bimatoprost (Lumigan)
brimonidine (Alphagan)
dorzolamide (Trusopt)
latanoprost (Xalatan)
pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine)
timolol (Timoptic)

185
Q

Ceruminolytics: Soften and break down earwax

A

carbamide peroxide (Debrox)

186
Q

Cycloplegics
(IG.] kyklos, round or recurring; plege, stroke): Paralyze accommodation of the eye. “All cycloplegics also act as mydriatics.

A

atropine (Atropisol)
cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
homatropine (Isopto Homatropine)

187
Q

Miotics:
(IG.] mio-, less + -tic, pertaining to):
Constrict the pupil of the eye

A

echothiophate (Phospholine lodide)

188
Q

Mydriatics:
Dilate the pupil of the eye. Many mydriatics also act as cycloplegics.

A

atropine (Atropisol)
cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
phenylephrine (Cyclomydril)
tropicamide (Mydriacyl)

189
Q

Lacrimal sac

A

Another name for dacryocyst

190
Q

Dacryocyst

A

Another name for the lacrimal sac

Chapter 11 Peripheral Nervous System (3 decks)

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