Definition Flashcards
1
Q
Nervous system
A
Is composed of two types of cells neurons in neuroglia.
Is the body’s control center and communications net work. It performs these functions.
1) stimulates movement
2) senses changes both within and outside the body
3) provides us with thought, learning, and memory
4) maintains homeostasis (a dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body) along with the help of the hormonal system.
Is the net work of structures, that activates, coordinates, and controls all functions of the body
2
Q
Receptors
A
Detect changes inside and outside the body
Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli are called……
3
Q
Integrative functions
A
Creates sensations, produce, thoughts and memory, and make decisions,
4
Q
Motor
A
Enable us to respond to stimulus
5
Q
Nervous
Neutral
A
Means pertaining to a nerve or nerves, but the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, as well as the nerves 
6
Q
To principal divisions of the nervous system page 479
A
1) Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Various nerves and nerve masses that connect the brain and spinal cord with receptors, muscles, and glands
Is made up of nerves that take impulses away from and toward the CNS to receptors, muscles, and glands,
7
Q
Two divisions of the CNF
A
Brain and spinal cord
8
Q
Two systems of the PNS
A
The sensory or afferent system and the motor or efferent system
9
Q
Afferent system
A
Conveys information from the receptors to the CNS
10
Q
Efferent system
A
Conveys information from the CNS to muscles and glands
11
Q
Neurons
A
Conduct impulses either to or from the CNS
If a neuron is destroyed, it cannot replace itself
12
Q
Neuroglia or glia cells
A
Provide special support and protection
are the supporting structure of the nervous system (provide support and protection)
Are the supporting structures of nervous tissue
Neuroglia are far more numerous, the neurons, and, because they can reproduce, are the only source of primary malignant brain tumors, those are originating in the brain
13
Q
Neuron or
nerve cell
A
Is the basic unit of the nervous system
14
Q
Neurons
A
Carry out the function of the nervous system by conducting nerve impulses. Each neuron has a cell body, a single axon, and one or more dendrites.
15
Q
Axon and
dendrites
A
Are cytoplasmic projections, or processes, that extend from the cell body. They are sometimes called nerve fibers.
16
Q
Axon
A
Carries impulses from the cell body
17
Q
Dendrites
A
Transmit impulses to the cell body.
Is a cytoplasmic projection and has numerous branches.
18
Q
Myelin sheath
A
Is a white lipid covering that surrounds axons.
19
Q
White matter
A
Myelinated axons appear whitish and are called ….
20
Q
Gray matter
A
The axons that are not myelinated appear grayish and are called grey matter.
21
Q
Myelinated fibers
A
The nerve impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next and results in a faster rate of conduction, then in an unmyelinated nerve fiber. If the myelin sheath becomes damaged, as it does in certain diseases (such as multiple sclerosis.)(MS), conduction of the impulse is impaired.
22
Q
Node of Ranvier
A
One of several constrictions in the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber
23
Q
Axon hillock
A
Is its point of attachment to the nerve cell.
24
Q
Basic parts of a neuron
A
The cell body, a single axon, and several dendrites.
25
Synapse
The region of communication between one neuron and another is called
26
Synaptic bulb
An axon terminates in several short branches that together form a synaptic bulb. The synaptic bulb releases a chemical neurotransmitter that either inhibits or enhances a nervous impulse.
27
Some of the best known neurotransmitters are
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Endorphins
to prevent prolonged reactions, a neurotransmitter is quickly in activated by an enzyme.
28
Neuromuscular
Means concerning both nerves and muscles
29
neuromuscular junction
Is the area of contact between a neuron and a joining skeletal muscle.
When a nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction. ACh is released, which leads to contraction of the muscle. ACh acts rapidly on muscle tissue, and most of it is then promptly in activated by an enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
Certain drugs can block transmission of impulses to the skeletal muscle. The transmission is blocked at the neuromuscular junction.
30
Reflex arc
Conduction of nervous impulses is often described as
The reflex arc involves two types of neurons: a sensory neuron in a motor neuron
31
Reflex
Is an automatic, involuntary response to some change, which is either inside or outside the body.
Reflexes help, maintain hemostasis by making constant adjustments to our blood pressure, breathing rate, and pulse.
A common reflex is that of quickly removing your hand from a hot object.
32
Deep tendon reflex DTR
Brisk muscular contraction in response to stimuli
Is one way of assessing the reflex arc. For example, a sharp tap on the tendon just below the kneecap normally causes extension of the leg at the knee. This is called the pay teller response or knee-jerk response.
A bicep reflects. The examiner elicits the biceps reflex by placing the thumb over the biceps tendon and striking the thumb with a hammer.
Patellar reflex. This reflects is elicited by striking the patellar tendon just below the kneecap. The normal response is extension of the leg.
Deep tendon reflex and superficial reflects, are used to assess neurologic and muscular damage. The DTR, a brisk contraction of a muscle in response to a sharp tap by a finger or a rubber hammer on a tendon, is often helpful in diagnosing a stroke.
33
Patellar response or knee-jerk response
A sharp tap on the tendon just below the kneecap normally causes extension of the leg at the knee. A normal response indicates an intact reflex arc between the nervous system and the muscles that are involved in the response.
34
Sensory neuron
Transmit nerve impulses toward the spinal cord and the brain
35
Motor neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain to the spinal cord
Motor neurons causes the muscle to contract
36
Acetylcholinesterase
Is an enzyme that in activates acetylcholine.
37
Conceptual example of the reflex arc
A receptor detects the stimulus, the tap on the patellar tendon with the reflex hammer. The sensory neuron transmits the nerve impulse to the spinal cord. The motor neuron conducts a nervous impulse that causes the quadriceps muscle to contract. Extension of the leg at the knee, also called knee-jerk, is the normal patellar response.
38
Brain
Is that part of the CNS contained within the skull. This soft mass of tissue weighs approximately 1360 g. (3 lbs) in the average adult, receive thousands of bits of information, and integrates all the data to determine the approximate response. The brain is surrounded by the cranium(skull), and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae. in addition to the skull and vertebrae, the brain and spinal cord are protected by three membranes called meninges and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The singular form of men meninges is meninx
39
Cranium
Skull
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meninges and circulating cerebrospinal fluid CSF
Singular form meninx
Three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord
41
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
Protects the brain and spinal cord by acting as a shock absorber
CSF is formed in the ventricles, which are four cavities in the brain. The fluid circulates through the ventricles, the subarachnoid space, and the central canal of the spinal cord.
In addition to the protection offered by the meninges, CSF surrounds and cushions the spinal cord and brain.
42
meninges
Enclose the brain and the spinal cord
43
meningeal
Means pertaining to the meninges
44
Three meningeal layers
1) dura mater, tough outer layer, lies just inside the cranial bones and lines the vertebral canal. Lies just inside the skull.
2) arachnoid, the middle layer, a thin layer with numerous threadlike strands that attach it to the innermost layer. Resembles a cobweb.
3) pia mater, the innermost layer, is thin and delicate, and its tightly attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. it is so tightly bound to the brain that it cannot be removed without damaging the surface.
Channels of Web like fibers exist between the meninges for the fluid circulation
45
The brain stem
The brain stem consist of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. It’s lower end is a continuation of the spinal cord. The diencephalon is above the brain stem, and consist of the thalamus and hypothalamus. The cerebrum is about 7/8 of the total weight of the brain and spreads over the diencephalon. The cerebellum is inferior to the cerebrum.
46
Subdural
Means below, or beneath the dura mater, so it refers to the area between the dura mater and the arachnoid.
47
subdural space
The potential space between these two membranes ( dura mater & the arachnoid)
48
The brain
Consists of several parts:
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum: lies just under the cerebrum, the largest portion of the brain
49
thalamus and
hypothalamus
Are parts of the diencephalon
50
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Are parts of the brain stem
51
Medulla
Is continuous with the spinal cord at an opening in the skull called the foreman magnum.
52
Foramen magnum
The opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes from the brain
53
Cerebrum
Is the largest and upper most portion of the brain. The cerebrum is concerned with interpretation of impulses and all voluntary muscle activities. It is the center of high mental faculties.
54
Cerebral
Means pertaining to the cerebrum.
55
Craniocerebral
refers to the brain and cranium (skull)
Means pertaining to the cranium(skull) and the cerebrum
56
Cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure almost completely divides the cerebrum into two cerebral hemispheres. The surface of each hemisphere (right and left) is covered with a convoluted layer of gray matter called the cerebral cortex
57
Cerebral cortex
Convoluted layer of gray matter, which is the covering of each hemisphere. division of the cortex into lobes provides useful reference points.
58
Frontal lobe (thought process, personality, emotion, voluntary movement, behavior, intellectual functions)
The load that is located near the front of the cerebrum
59
Temples
The regions of the head in front of the ears are known as
60
Temporal lobes (hearing, speech, memory, learning)
The parts of the cerebrum that are located in the areas of the temples
61
Occipital
Is an adjective that means concerning the back part of the head
62
Occipital lobes (vision)
The lobe that is located at the back of the head, just behind the temporal lobe
63
Parietal lobe (language, 3 dimensional perception, general function of the body sensations)
Lobe just above the occipital lobe,
64
Insula (projected to surface)
The lobe deep within the brain
65
Spinal nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 Cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
66
Spinal cord
Is a cylindric structure located in the canal of the vertebral column. 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and are named and numbered according to the region and level of the spinal cord from which the emerge.
67
1)intrathecal
2)intrathecal injection
1) Means within a sheath (such as the spinal canal)
2) Is an injection into the subarchnoid space ( between the arachnoid and pia mater membranes
68
Cerebrospinal
Means pertaining to the brain and the spinal cord.
69
Cerebral ventricles
Cavities in the brain that produce CSF
70
Cerebellar
Pertains to the cerebellum
71
Peripheral nervous system PNS
Is that portion of the nervous system that is outside the CNS (central nervous system)
Is located away from the nervous system control center
*The PNS forms the communication networks between the CNS and the rest of the body
* the PNS connects with both somatic and autonomic tissues.
The PNS consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord, which communicate with the rest of the receptors, muscles, and glands. It is further divided into the sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) systems. Special sense organs (for example, the eyes, ears, and nose.) have receptors that detect sensations, and then sensory neurons transmit the information to the CNS. Motor neurons carry impulses that initiate muscle contraction.
72
Peripheral
Means located away from the center.
The peripheral nervous system forms the communication between the CNS and the rest of the body
73
Sciatic nerve
Is actually two nerves bound together by a common sheath of connective tissue, collectively called the sciatic nerve. It is often considered to be the largest nerve in the body arising from spinal nerves on either side.
It’s supplies, the entire musculature of the leg and foot. Irritation or injury to this nerve causes pain, often from the thigh down its branches into the toes. Neuralgia along the course of the sciatic nerve is called sciatica.
74
Neuralgia
Along the course of the sciatic nerve is called
75
Receptors
Are sensory nerve endings that respond to various kinds of stimulation. That awareness that results from the stimulation is what we know as sensation. The major senses are sight hearing smell, taste, and touch.
76
somatic
The PNS consists of nerves that connect with somatic tissues, (skin and muscles that are involved in conscious activity) and also nerves that link the CNS to autonomic tissues.
The PNS connects with both somatic and autonomic tissues
77
autonomic tissues
Self-controlling; functionally independent
The visceral organs, such as the stomach and heart, which function without conscious effort.
*The PNS connects with both somatic and autonomic tissues
78
Autonomic system
Regulates and coordinates visceral activities without our conscious effort. This helps maintain a stable internal environment. The autonomic system has two divisions, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system’s.
In general, impulse is transmitted by the nerve fibers of one division, stimulate an organ, whereas impulses from the other division, either decrease or halt organ activity
79
sympathetic division
Activation of the sympathetic division causes a series of psychological responses, called the fight or flight response.
These a little bit better I would say a little bit more do a minute yet responses increase the heart and breathing rates and prepare the body for fighting off danger.
80
parasympathetic system
When dangerous past this system would counteract these responses.
81
Sympathetic and parasympathetic, nerve fibers
Like other accents of the nervous system, release neural transmitters, and are classified on the basis of the substance produced.
82
Cholinergic
Fibers release acetylcholine
83
Adrenergic
fibers release epinephrine also called adrenaline
84
Adrenaline is also called Epinephrine
hence the term adrenergic
Adrenergic fibers release epinephrine.
85
consciousness
The various stages of response of the mind to stimuli are called the levels of consciousness.
Is responsiveness of the mind to the impressions made by the senses.
A change in the level of consciousness may be the first indication of it decline in CNS function.
Levels of consciousness are a cognitive function involving arousal mechanisms of the brain. The levels of consciousness include alert wakefulness (normal); Response to stimuli, although it may be slow; drowsines; stupor (patient is vaguely aware of the environment); and coma (patient does not appear to be aware of the environment
86
memory
Another means of assessing neurologic function, is classified as long-term, recent, and immediate memory.
Loss of memory is often an early sign of neurological problems.
87
Glasgow coma scale
It’s a standardized system of assessing the degree of conscious impairment in the critically ill (especially those with head injuries) especially those with head injuries, and for predicting the duration and ultimate outcome of coma.
The system involves determination of the degree of eye-opening, verbal response and motor response.
88
X-ray studies of the skull and spine
Are often helpful in diagnosing fractures, abnormal curvature’s, or other bony abnormalities.
89
Assess structural changes of the brain and spinal cord
Computer tomography (CT)
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
CT is particularly helpful and detecting, intracranial, bleeding, lesions, and cerebral edema.
90
Encephalography
Is radiography of the brain. It is accomplished by withdrawal and replacement of the CSF by a gas. Because of the risks involved, it is generally used only when results of CT and MRI are not definitive.
91
sleep apnea
Sleep studies are not invasive and are used to diagnose sleep orders such as.………. Which is a sleep order characterized by short periods in which respiration is absent.
These tests are performed in a sleep laboratory where the patient is monitored electronically, including (electroencephalography) (EEG) and heart and respiration rates while sleeping.
92
Positron emission tomography (PET)
is a computerized nuclear medicine technique that uses radioactive substances to assess the function of various body structures, particularly the brain.
93
The PET equipment
constructs color-coded images that indicate the intensity of metabolic activity.
The patient either inhales or is injected with radioactive material. The positrons of the injected material are absorbed by body cells, and the equipment constructs color-coded images of the gamma rays that result. The radioactivity used in PET is short-lived, so patients are exposed to only small amounts of radiation.
94
PET positron emission tomography
An important advantage of PET is that it assesses functions, whereas most radiographic imaging studies of the brain assess structure.
95
superficial reflex
Is evaluated By stimulation of the skin, such as stroke in the sole of the foot to evaluate the response
Superficial plantar reflex is tested by stroke in the lateral side of the foot from the heel to the ball, and then curving across the ball of the foot to the medial side. Plantar flexion of all toes, should occur.
96
Lumbar puncture LP
The pressure of the CSF can be measured and a sample of fluid may be withdrawn for analysis, (measurement of protein, glucose, and other chemicals, RBCs, WBS’s, or detection of microorganisms, as well as tumor cells)
97
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
98
Brain scans
Imaging of the brain using radioisotopes
Include CT, MRI, and PET scans.
Using contrast materials, both CT and MRI provide images of the brain and spinal cord.
PET scans are especially helpful in detecting malignancies and evaluating brain abnormalities.
99
Doppler ultrasound studies
Are helpful in starting blood flow in the intracranial arteries, as well as the carotids, which supply blood to the head and neck
100
cerebral angiography
Visualization of blood vessels of the brain
A radiographic procedure used to visualize the vascular system of the brain after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium; not used as often as less invasive CT, but can be used to diagnose abnormalities, such as an aneurysm, which is a ballooning out of the wall of a vessel.
is used to study intracranial circulation, and is especially helpful in visualizing, aneurysms and vascular occlusions. A contrast medium is used that outlines the vessels of the brain.
101
Aneurysm
Is a ballooning out of the wall of a vessel
102
Echoencephalography
Use of ultrasound to study brain structure
The use of ultrasound to study intracranial structures. The record produced is an encephalogram.
103
Electroencephalography EEG
Is the process of recording that electrical activity of the brain using an electroencephalograph.
The record produced is an electroencephalogram and is sometimes required for the diagnosis of brain death, generally defined as loss of brain function.
This procedure is painless, but the patient must be quiet during the procedure
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Myelography
Radiography of the spinal cord
radiography of the area around the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium into the subarachnoid spaces; record produced is a myelogram; can be useful in studying, spinal lesions, spinal injuries, or disc disease
105
polysomnography
Recording and measurement during sleep of a number of functions, Recording and measurement during sleep of a number of functions, (e.g., cardiac, brain, muscular, ocular, and respiratory); to assess sleep disorders.
106
Insula
The lobe deep within the brain
107
Dyslexia
impairment of the ability to read, spell, and write, despite recognizing letters. It is caused by a variety of pathologic conditions.
Condition of difficulty with reading
In ability to read, spell, and write words
is an impairment of the ability to read, spell, and write words; it results from a variety of pathologic conditions, some of which are associated with the nervous system dyslexic persons often reverse letters, and words, cannot adequately distinguish the louder sequences, in written words, and have difficulty determining right from left.
108
sciatica
Is inflammation of the sciatic nerve, they marked by pain and tenderness along the course of the nerve through the thigh and leg. This may arise from problems in the lower back as a result of a herniated intervertebral disk or arthritis, and is accompanied by lower back pain (LBP)
109
alges/ia
algesia
Pain/pertaining to
refers to sensitivity to pain and is also used as a suffix
110
hyper/alges/ia
Hyperalgesia
Increased/pain/pertaining to
Is increased sensitivity to pain
111
Hypalgesia or hypoalgesia
Hyp/ages/ia hypo/alges/ia
decrease/pain/pertaining to
means a decrease in sensation in response to stimulation of the sensory nerves
112
dyskinesia
dys/kines/ia
bad or difficult/movement/pertaining to
impairment of the ability to execute voluntary movements
Impairment of voluntary movement
113
neur/algia
neuralgia
nerve/pain
Pain of a nerve
114
poly/neur/algia
polyneuralgia
many/nerve/pain
Is a type of neuralgia that affects many nerves simultaneously
115
Par/esthesia
paresthesia
abnormal/feeling
subjective sensation, experienced as numbness, tingling, or pins and needles feeling, often in the absence of an external stimulus
116
poly/neuro/pathy
polyneuropathy
many/nerve/disease
A condition in which many peripheral nerves are affected. An example is poly/neur/itis
Polyneuritis
many/nerve/inflammation of inflammation of many nerves simultaneously
117
pseud/esthes/ia
pseudesthesia
is a sensation occurring in the absence of a stimuli (an imaginary sensation)
false/feeling or sensation/condition of
imaginary or false sensation; a sensation occurring in the absence of the appropriate stimulus, which can occur in a lost arm or leg after amputation; also known as pseudoesthesia
118
Three types of headache
muscle contraction headache
cluster headache
Migraine headache
119
headache
Which is a pain in the head from any cause, it’s a symptom. Most headaches do not indicate serious disease.
120
cephalagia shortened to cephalgia
Is the synonym for headache?
121
Most common types of headache or pain related to the eyes, ears, teeth, and paranasal structures for example, sinus headache
Other kinds of headaches include tension headaches ( muscle contraction headaches), cluster headaches, and migraine headaches
122
muscle contraction headaches (tension headaches)
Result from the long sustained contraction of skeletal muscles around the scalp, face, neck, and upper back
123
cluster headaches
Characterized by intense, unilateral pain; very painful, occurring in clusters, and do not last long
124
migraine headaches
Characterized by recurrent, throbbing headaches, often accompanied by loss of appetite, photophobia, fear; abnormal sensitivity, to light, and nausea, with or without vomiting; vascular disorder
occur more often in females than males, and sometimes begin in childhood.
The classic migraine Begins with depression, irritability, restlessness, and perhaps loss of appetite. There may also be a transient neurologic disturbances, including visual problems, (flashes of light, distorted, or double vision, seeing spots), dizziness, and nausea. The headache increases in severity until it becomes intense and may last a few hours or up to several days, if not treated.
125
Cephalalgia
cephal/algia
Head/pain
Headache
126
Photophobia
Sensitivity to or fear of light
127
Craniocerebral trauma
is commonly called head trauma or head injury. It is a traumatic insult to the brain caused by an external physical force that may produce a diminished or altered state of consciousness. It may result in impairment of cognitive abilities, (perception, reasoning, judgment, and memory) or physical functions and may be temporary or permanent. Head trauma is either open or closed.
128
Head trauma is either opened or closed
Open head trauma: skull fractures or gunshot wounds that disrupt the integrity of the skin
Blunt trauma as seen in motor vehicle accidents, or athletic injuries, can lead to concussions, contusions, (bruises), or tearing of the brain
129
cerebral concussion
Usually causes loss of consciousness. A concussion is an injury to the brain, resulting from violent, jarring or shaking, such as a blow or an explosion.
repeated concussions may contribute to the development of symptoms that mimic Lou Gehrig disease, which is a devastating, degenerative disease named after the baseball great who was its being this victim.
130
Conscious
A person who is responsive to signals, received by the census is said to be conscious
131
semi conscious
Is only partially aware of his or her surroundings
132
coma
It’s a profound unconsciousness from which the patients cannot be aroused.
133
semicoma
means a partial or mild coma from which the patient can be aroused
134
spinal cord injury, SCI
Page 491
Head injuries can also result in a spinal cord injury
Forceful injuries to the vertebral column can damage the spinal cord and lead to neurological problems. Injuries to the vertebral column that can result in damage to the spinal cord include excessive rotation, hyper extension, hyper flexion, and vertical compression.
135
encephalomyelopathy
Is any disease involving the brain and the spinal cord
136
Hyperflexion injury of the cervical spine (vertebrae)
Close, spinal cord injury
A car hitting a tree, forcing you forward and down
Anterior dislocation, ruptured, posterior longitudinal ligament, damage to spinal cord.
137
hyperextension injury of the cervical spine (vertebrae)
Close spinal cord injury
One car rear ending another car force pushing forward
ruptured anterior longitudinal ligament compression of spinal cord
138
compression fracture of the lumbar spine and cervical spine.
Closed spinal cord injury. Pg 491
Someone falls backward onto their butt. The force from falling to the ground fracture
someone diving into a pool, headfirst and hitting their head on the bottom of the pool. Compression fracture of the cervical spine.
Closed Spinal Cord Injuries - Fractures and dislocations to the vertebral column can result in injury to the spinal cord. These types of vertebral injuries occur most often at points where a relatively mobile portion of the spine meetsa relatively fixed segment.
139
peripheral neuropathy
Is any disease of the peripheral nerves. Those of the extremities are commonly affected. An example is wrist drop, in which nerve damage results in the hand, remaining in a flexed position at the wrist, and it cannot be extended.
140
carpoptosis
wristdrop
141
aphasia or dysphasia
Absence of speech
And abnormal condition in which language function is absent or disordered, because of an injury to certain area of the cerebral cortex can result in………..
142
Dysarthria
Difficult, poorly articulated speech, usually caused by damage to a Central or peripheral motor nerve
143
Three types of hematomas are associated with head injuries
Epidural Hematoma: accumulation of blood in the epidural space. Epidural mean situated on or outside the dura mater. The hematoma compresses the dura mater and thus compresses the brain.
Subdural Hematoma; accumulation of blood between the dura mater and the arachnoid; it is often the result of an arachnoid tear associated with the head injury.
Intracerebral Hematoma: bleeding within the brain itself, associated with a cerebral tear; it has a high mortality rate, but fortunately, this type is less common than the other two types.
144
strokes
Are either ischemic or hemorrhagic
Are caused by either in adequate blood flow to the brain or rupture of a cerebral artery
145
cerebrovascular accident CVA
It’s also called stroke or stroke syndrome
Normal blood supply to the brain has been disrupted in CVA
CVA results in in the significant oxygen to brain tissue, caused by hemorrhage, occlusion (closing), vasospasm, or constriction of the blood vessels that normally supply oxygen to the brain.
146
Ischemic strokes
Results from an adequate blood flow to the brain caused by partial or complete occlusion of the cerebral artery. Ischemic strokes are generally preceded by warning signs, such as a transient ischemic attack TIA.
147
Transient ischemic attack TIA
Is brief interruption of blood flow to the brain that sometimes occurs before a stroke
caused by a brief interruption in the cerebral blood flow. TIA symptoms often include disturbance of normal vision, dizziness, weakness, and numbness.
148
Thrombotic strokes
are caused by plaque deposits that buildup on the interior of a cerebral artery
149
embolic strokes
Are caused by cerebral embolus, which is a plug of matter (usually a blood clot) brought by the blood to the cerebral artery.
150
hemorrhagic strokes
Are caused by the rupture of a cerebral artery. This may be preceded by a cerebral aneurysm.
151
cerebral aneurysm
Which is an abnormal localized dilation of a cerebral artery that can rupture and produce a cerebral hemorrhage.
152
Paralysis
is the loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both and is a sign of an underlying problem. Paralysis may be caused by trauma, disease, or poisoning. Injury to a different area of the spinal cord results in different types of paralysis.
153
Paraplegia
The upper limbs are not affected. Paraplegia is paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs. The prefix para- means near, beside, or abnormal. Some interpretation is needed in the term paraplegia.
154
Bell palsy ( facial paralysis)
Is the neuropathy that drastically affects the body image. The cause is unknown; the onset is acute and is characterized by a drawing sensation with paralysis of all facial muscles on the affected side. Bell palsy is acute paralysis of a cranial nerve affecting one side of the face.
Often resulting in an ability to close the eye on that affected side.
155
Types of strokes
embolic (emboliitic) stroke
normal vessel
thrombotic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
156
Three types of paralysis
Hemiplegia: affecting one side of the body
Paraplegia: affects only the lower portion of the body.
Quadriplegia: affects all four of your extremities, waist down
157
di/plegia
diplegia
two/paralysis
paralysis of similar parts on both sides of the body
158
hemi/plegia
hemiplegia
half/paralysis
Paralysis of one side of the body
159
mono/plegia
monoplegia
one/paralysis
Paralysis of one limb
160
quadri/plegia
quadriplegia
four/paralysis
Paralysis of all four extremities
161
Meningocele
is hernial protrusion of meninges through a defect in the skull or vertebral column
May result in residual motor and sensory deficits
162
meningomyelocele
is hernial protrusion of parts of the meninges and spinal cord through a defect in the vertebral column.
is generally repaired by surgery, but may result in residual motor and sensory deficits
163
cerebral palsy
Is a motor function disorder caused by a permanent, non-progressive brain defect present at birth or occurring shortly there after. It may result in spastic paralysis in various forms, seizures, and varying degrees of impaired speech, vision, and hearing. It is often associated with asphyxia during birth.
164
Huntington disease also called Huntington chorea
Is a hereditary disorder that affects both genders equally. Symptoms begin between 30 and 50 years of age. The main two signs and symptoms are progressive mental status changes leading to dementia and rapid jerk movements in the trunk, facial muscles and extremities. Neurotransmitters have been implicated in the symptoms of this hereditary disorder.
165
Infections of the CNS include the following diseases
botulism
cerebellitis
encephalitis
encephalomeningitis
encephalomylitis
meningitis
poliomyelitis
rabies
hydrophobia
shingles
tetanus
ventriculitis
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Botulism
An often fatal form of food poisoning, most often from improperly canned food, caused by the toxin of a bacterium, clostridium botulism, which is toxic to nervous tissues and causes paralysis of both voluntary and involuntary motor activity. Symptoms usually appear 12 to 36 hours after eating contaminated food.
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cerebellitis
Inflammation that is confined to the cerebellum.
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Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain tissue, often caused by a virus, usually having gained access to the bloodstream from a viral infection elsewhere in the body.
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Encephalomeningitis
Inflammation of the brain and its coverings
170
encephalomyelitis
Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
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Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by bacterial or viral organisms.
172
poliomyelitis
An acute viral disease that attacks the gray matter of the spinal cord and parts of the brain; can be asymptomatic, mild, or paralytic; can be prevented by immunization; informally called polio, (G. Polios, gray).
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rabies
an acute, often fatal, disease of the CNS transmitted to humans by infected animals. Without medical intervention and possibly the use of vaccine, coma and death are likely; obsolete name is hydrophobia, the name given, after observation that rabid animals avoid water (because paralysis prevents them from being able to swallow)
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Shingles
an acute infection caused by reactivation of the latent chickenpox virus. This infection mainly affects adults. The cause of reactivation is not known, but it is linked to aging immune impairment, and stress; herpes zoster.
These painful skin eruptions follow the underlying route of cranial or spinal nerves that are inflamed by the virus. Painful blisters follow the underlying route of cranial or spinal nerves inflamed by the virus.
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tetanus
And a cute, potentially fatal infection of the CNS caused by the toxins of an anaerobic bacillus. Clostridium tetani, which attacks the nervous system and results in muscle rigidity and spasms; also known as lockjaw, taking its name from the resulting rigidity of the jaw; easily preventable through immunization.
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ventriculitis
Inflammation of the ventricles of the brain
177
Chickenpox
Those who have had chickenpox are at risk for shingles, and the risk increases as one ages. The most common complication of shingles is long-term pain called postherpetic neuralgia. Vaccination to prevent shingles is recommended.
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Gila cells
Are the only source of primary malignant brain tumors
The tumors are called glimoas
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primary brain tumors
Arise within the brain structures, and rarely spread outside the brain.
180
glioma
A primary tumor of the brain, which is composed of the nerve cell neuroglia.
Tumor of glial cells
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meningioma
Is a tumor of the meninges that grows slowly and may invade the skull. Tumors within the skull can invade and compress brain tissue, which generally leads to increased intracranial pressure (ICP), headaches, and many neurologic problems, such as a neurogenic bladder, a dysfunction of the urinary bladder caused by a lesion (a tumor) of the nervous system. normal control of urination and emptying of the bladder is usually absent.
182
neurogenic bladder
Dysfunction of the urinary bladder caused by a lesion (a tumor) of the nervous system
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Intracranial
Means within the skull
Pertaining to the area within the skull
184
Apraxia
means an impairment in the ability to perform purposeful acts or to manipulate objects without a loss of strength, coordination, or sensation.
185
Motor apraxia
Is an inability to handle small objects (although aware of their proper use) or carry out planned movement. This condition results from a lesion in the frontal cortex.
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apraxia of speech
interferes with speech although understanding of speech remains intact
187
hydro/cephalus
hydrocephalus
Water/head
Fluid accumulation in the skull
is a pathological condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of CSF within the skull and is usually accompanied by increased ICP. When this happens in an infant, before the cranial bones fuse, the cranium enlarges. in an older child or adult, the pressure damages is the soft brain tissue.
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neur/oma
neuroma
nerve/tumor
is a benign tumor composed chiefly of neurons and nerve fibers. Although neuromas are benign, they can be painful (For example, Morton neuroma that occurs in the foot) or can compress brain tissue (for example, an acoustic neuroma)
189
Seizure
Is an abnormal sudden, excessive discharge of electrical activity within the brain. Seizures are also known as convulsions. This abnormal activity is assessed in EEG. A seizure may be recurrent, such as in a seizure disorder, or transient and acute, such as after a concussion.
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Convulsions
Also known as seizures
191
concussion
Is damage to the brain caused by a violent jarring or shaking
192
Epilepsy
is a group of chronic neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures, sensory disturbances, loss of consciousness, or all of these.
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narcolepsy
recurrent, uncontrollable brief episodes of sleep (or stupor)
Is brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep. In narcolepsy the person cannot prevent a sudden attack of sleep while performing daytime activities. Its causes unknown, and no pathologic lesions are found in the brain. The person may experience momentary loss of muscle tone. Visual or auditory hallucinations often occur at the onset of sleep. stimulant drugs are often prescribed to prevent the sudden attacks of sleep at inappropriate times.
Sleep episodes and narcolepsy me last a few minutes to several hours.
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Try again
Headache
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degenerative disorder’s
Are those in which there is deterioration of structure or function of tissue.
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Neurological disorders that affect motor ability or nerve transmission
Parkinson’s disease, MS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myasthenia gravis
197
involve mental deterioration
Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
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Parkinson’s disease
occurs in people over 50 years and results from widespread degeneration. I’ll be part of the brain that produces dopamine.
Is a slowly progressing, debilitating neurologic disease that affects motor ability. It is characterized by muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor.
latter stage of Parkinson’s disease. Characteristics of this degenerative neurologic disorder include resting tremor, pill rolling of the fingers, muscle rigidity and weakness, a shuffling gait, a masklike and immobile facial expression, and forward flexion of the trunk.
Tremor, stooped posture, arms flexed at elbows and wrists, short shuffling steps .
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Brady/kinesia
Bradykinesia
slow/movement
slowness of all voluntary movement or speech
200
Tremor
is rhythmic, purposeless, quivering involuntary movement. A characteristic posture and masklike facial expression are often seen.
A tremor is common in benign essential tumors, such as an involuntary shaking of the hand, head or face; however, no other sign of Parkinson's disease is present
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
A/myo/tropic
Page 498
without/muscle/nutrition
is also called Lou Gehrig disease. It is characterized by atrophy (wasting) of the hands, forearms, and legs. The disease results in paralysis and death. The cause of the disease is unknown.
rare degenerative disease of the motor neurons, characterized by weakness and atrophy of the muscles
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Multiple sclerosis MS
It’s a progressive degenerative disease that affects the myelin sheath and conductive pathways of the CNS. This disease that is named for the multiple areas of sclerotic tissue that replace the myelin sheath is_________ ________
Symptoms may include problems with muscular control, balance, speech, or vision.
The myelin sheath deteriorates and is replaced by scar tissue that interferes with normal transmission of the nerve impulse. One of the earliest signs is paresthesia, which is abnormal sensations in the extremities or on one side of the face. The disease is characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation (flare). Disability increases as a disease progresses, and the periods of exacerbation become more frequent.
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my/asthenia gravis
myasthenia
muscle/weakness
Meaning grave muscle weakness, is a chronic neuromuscular disease characterized by muscular weakness and fatigue.
The degenerative condition, results from a defect in the conduction of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction. .
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dementia
Is a progressive mental disorder of the brain
dementia is characterized by confusion, disorientation, deterioration of memory and intellectual abilities, and personality disintegration. Dementia occurs most often in older adults. It is caused by drug intoxication, insulin shock, hydrocephalus, or certain other causes may be reversed by treating the underlying cause. Organic forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease, are generally considered incurable.
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agnosia also called agnosis
Is a total or partial loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects or persons through sensory stimuli as a result of dementia or organic brain damage
206
Alzheimer’s disease
Is chronic, progressive mental deterioration that is sometimes called dementia, Alzheimer type. this accounts for more than half of the persons with dementia who are older than 65 years of age. It is less common in people in their 40s and 50s. Although the exact cause is not known, both chemical and structural changes occur in the brain. The disease is characterized by confusion, memory, failure, disorientation, inability to carry out purposeful activities, and speech and gait disturbances. It involves irreversible loss of memory. The patient becomes increasingly mentally impaired, severe physical deterioration takes place, and death occurs. This type of dementia is called Alzheimer disease.
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Amyotrophic
Pertaining to a lack of muscle nutrition
208
psychologist
Is one who is trained in methods of psychological, analyst, therapy, and research. Medical specialty that deals with the diagnose, treatment and prevention of mental illness is psychiatry.
209
Mental health disorder
is a disturbance of emotional equilibrium with impaired functioning, caused by genetic, physical, chemical, biological, and psychological, or social and cultural factors. This is also called a mental illness, emotional illness, or psychiatric disorder.
210
observable pathologic conditions of the brain
Dementia and Alzheimer disease
211
neurodevelopmental disorders
Are impairments of the growth and development of the brain or CNS (sometimes this category refers to disorders of the brain function that affect emotion, learning ability, and memory that unfold as the individual grows). These include intellectual disabilities, communication disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and certain motor disorders.
Communication disorders include stuttering, inability to produce certain sounds, and language disorder, (a disruption or inability to understand and/or produce the conventional symbols or words of one’s native language).
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signs of psychological disorders can appear in a very young child
Such is the case with autism an attention deficit disorder.
intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and Tourette syndrome are other disorders that are usually diagnosed in childhood
213
Conduct disorder
Is a behavioral pattern occurring primarily in children and adolescents that is characterized by aggression and violations of the rights of others.
214
Autism
Is characterized by withdrawal and impaired development in social interaction and communication.
May be characterized by extreme withdrawal.
215
attention deficit disorder ADD
attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder
ADHD
These are characterized by several patterns of behavior, such a short attention, span and poor concentration in multiple settings, and, and ADHD, hyperactivity.
216
hyper/kinesia
hyperkinesia or hyperkinesis
abnormal increased muscle function or activity (hyperactivity)
Excessive, above normal/movement
Excessive movement
Is also called hyperactivity
217
Anxiety disorders
are characterized by anticipation of impending danger and dread, the source of which is largely unknown or unrecognized. An anxiety attack is an acute psychobiologic reaction that usually includes several of the following: restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and breathing difficulty.
218
psychobiological response
Involves both the mind and the physical body
219
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts, ideas, and feelings of obsessions or compulsions sufficiently severe to cause distress, consume considerable time, or interfere with the person’s occupational, social, or interpersonal functioning.
-is a pattern of persistent behaviors that involve compulsion to act on an obsession.
220
obsession
Is a persistent thought or idea that occupies the mind and cannot be erased by logic or reasoning.
221
Compulsion
is an irresistible, repetitive impulse to act contrary to one’s ordinary standards.
222
Schematic of the anxiety cycle
A permanent state of nervousness, worry, and apprehension can lead to depression. And anxiety disorder can be a build-up, over time, of everyday stress from problems.
223
Anorexia nervosa
prominent ribs and gone to face
lack of appetite, but anorexia nervosa is representative of an emotional disturbance that affects at least two body systems.
is characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat, resulting in emaciation, amenorrhea, emotional disturbance concerning body image, and fear of becoming obese, and it is usually associated with anxiety, irritation, fear, and anger. The condition is seen primarily in adolescents and predominantly in girls.
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bulimia
Is characterized by insatiable craving for food, often resulting in episodes of continuous eating, followed by depression and purging.
225
Phobias
are obsessive, irrational, and intense fears of an object, an activity, or physical situation.
226
Agoraphobia
A fear of public places
227
Zoophobia
Abnormal fear of animals
228
Phobophobia
Abnormal fear of acquiring a phobia
229
arachnophobia
Morbid fear of spiders
230
spider venom
May contain enzymatic proteins that are capable of affecting neuromuscular transmission or cardiovascular function.
231
Acrophobia
Means an irrational fear of heights
232
Claustrophobia
Is a morbid fear of closed places
claustrophobic individuals generally tolerate open MRI, because they are not enclosed within the magnetic resonance unit, but the scan generally takes longer to complete than a regular MRI.
233
Pyrophobia
An abnormal fear of fire
234
Post traumatic stress disorder, PTSD
is characterized by an acute emotional response after a traumatic event or situation involving severe environmental stress, such as a physical assault or military combat.
235
Panic attack (panic disorder) Panic attack
is an episode of acute anxiety that occurs unpredictably with feelings of intense apprehension or terror, accompanied by dyspnea (difficult breathing), dizziness, sweating, trembling, and chest pain.
236
Dissociative disorder
emotional conflicts are so repressed in a disassociative disorder, that a separation or split in the personality occurs, resulting in an altered state of consciousness or a confusion in identity.
An existence within a person of two or more separate identities.
Symptoms may include amnesia, and in this case, the loss of memory is generally caused by severe, emotional trauma
237
Mood disorder
Is a variety of conditions characterized by a disturbance in mood as the main feature. In severe cases, they may be a sign of depressive disorder or may be symptomatic of a bipolar disorder.
238
Clinical depression
Most persons experience occasional feelings of sadness or discouragement resulting from personal loss or tragedy; however, clinical depression is an abnormal emotional state characterized by exaggerated feelings of sadness, despair, discouragement, emptiness, and hopelessness.
It is important to remember that the feelings of sadness and hopelessness are exaggerated in clinical depression.
239
Mania
is an unstable emotional state that includes excessive excitement, elation, ideas, and psychomotor activities. In
an extreme manic episode, a delusion of a grandeur (state of being impressive or awesome) may occur.
240
Megalomania
is an abnormal mental state in which one believes one’s self to be a person of great importance, power, fame, or wealth.
-Is excessive preoccupation with greatness.
241
Bipolar disorder
is a major mental disorder characterized by the occurrence of manic episodes, major depressive episodes, or mix moods.
The term bipolar in the name indicates that the disorder has two distinct aspects.
Megalomania may occur in an extreme manic episode of bipolar disorder.
242
pyro/mania
pyromania
fire/excessive preoccupation,
excessive preoccupation with fire
243
Pyro/maniac
Pyromaniac
Has an obsessive preoccupation with fires
244
kleptomania
is characterized by an abnormal, uncontrollable, and recurrent urge to steal
(shoplifting for the thrill, rather than for need)
often coexist with other mental disorders, such as OCD or bulimia.
245
Sexual disorders
sexual dysfunction, and paraphilia are classified as________ __________.
are those caused at least in part by psychologic factors. Such a disorder, characterized by a decrease or disturbance in sexual desire that is not the result of a general medical condition, is called a sexual dysfunction.
Sexual perversion or deviation, in which the sexual instinct is expressed in ways that are biologically undesirable, socially prohibited, or socially unacceptable, is termed paraphilia.
246
somat/form disorders
somatoform
body/shape
are any of a group of disorders characterized by symptoms suggesting physical illness or disease, for which there are no demonstratable organic causes or psychologic dysfunctions.
247
Hypochondriasis
Hypochondria
has been replaced by two diagnoses: somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder IAD.
somatic symptom disorder:
patients must have one or more chronic somatic symptoms about which they are excessively preoccupied or fearful.
patients with IAD:
may or may not have a medical condition, but have heightened bodily sensations, are anxious about the possibility of an undiagnosed illness, and devote excessive time and energy to health concerns.
248
Neur/asthenia
neurasthenia
nerve/weakness
Is a nervous condition, characterized by chronic weakness, fatigue, and exhaustion
Nervous disorder characterized by muscular weakness
is a nervous disorder characterized by weakness and sometimes nervous exhaustion. It is often associated with a depressed state and is believed by some to be
Psychosomatic (having body symptoms of emotional origin.)
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pseudo/mania
pseudomania
Is a false or pretended mental disorder
250
pseudo/plegia
pseudoplegia
Is loss of muscle power without real paralysis
false/paralysis
Is hysterical paralysis. There is loss of muscle power without real paralysis.
251
psychosis or psychotic disorder
Major mental disorder
is any major mental disorder characterized by a gross impairment in reality testing. Normal reality is an ego function that enables one to differentiate between external reality and any internal imaginative world and to behave in a manner that exhibits an awareness of excepted norms. Impairment of reality testing is indicative of a disturbance that may lead to psychosis.
252
Schizo/phrenia
Schizophrenia
Means split mind and relates to the splitting off of a part of the psyche, which may dominate the psychic life of the patient even though it may express behavior contrary to the original personality. The concept of multiple personalities, two or more distinct subpersonalities, it is not necessarily a characteristic of schizophrenia.
Is any of a large group of psychotic disorders.
Schizophrenia is characterized by gross distortion of reality, hallucinations, disturbances of language and communication, and disorganized or catatonic behavior, (psychologically induced immobility with muscular rigidity that is interrupted by agitation)
253
antisocial behavior
Is acting against the rights of others
254
paranoid, personality disorder
(shorten to paranoia)
Is characterized by persistent delusions of persecution, mistrust, and combativeness
255
amnesia
Loss of memory
256
catatonia
Psychologically induced in mobility at times interrupted by agitation
257
defense mechanism, delirium
Frenzied excitement
258
delusion
persistent belief or perception
259
dementia
Persistent organic mental disintegration
260
hallucination
sensory perception that does not result from an external stimulus in the waking state
261
illusion
False interpretation of an external sensory stimulus
262
libido
Psychic energy associated with sexual desire or pleasure
263
somnambulism
ambulate means to walk
complex motor activity during sleep, that usually culminates in sleepwalking
264
Substance abuse
is the overindulgence in and dependence on a stimulant, depressant, or other chemical substance, leading to the detriment of the individuals, physical or mental health, or the welfare of others.
Terms relating to substance abuse:
intoxication
dependence
Delirium tremens (Dts)
tolerance
harmful use
withdrawal symptoms:
(unpleasant, sometimes life-threatening psychological changes that occur when some drugs are withdrawn after prolonged, regular use)
265
Delirium tremens
is an acute and sometimes fatal psychotic reaction caused by abrupt cessation of excessive intake of alcoholic beverages
266
DSM
Means diagnostic
267
cranial surgery
May be needed for brain, tumors, trauma, brain, abscesses, or vascular abnormalities
268
burr hole
A hole drilled into the skull (cranium)
it is particularly used to drain or irrigate an abscess
an opening in to the cranium with a drill, used to remove localize, fluid and blood beneath the dura
269
Craniotomy
Any surgical opening into the skull?
Are performed to gain access to the brain, relieve ICP, or control, bleeding inside the skull.
opening into the cranium with removal of a bone flap, and opening of the Dura to remove a lesion, repair a damaged area, drain blood, or relieve increased intracranial pressure I CP
270
Craniectomy
Excision into the cranium to cut away a bone flap
Surgical removal of a portion of the skull in order to perform surgery on the brain.
This type of surgery may be necessary to repair the brain or its vessels, remove a brain tumor, or repair an aneurysm.
271
cranioplasty
repair of a cranial defect resulting from trauma, malformation, or previous surgical procedure; artificial material is used to replace damage or loss bone
272
shunt procedures
Alternate path way to redirect cerebrospinal fluid CSF from one area to another using a tube or implanted device; for example, a ventriculoperitioneal shunt
273
stereotaxis
precision localization of a specific area of the brain using a frame or a frameless system based on three-dimensional coordinates; procedure is used for biopsy, radiosurgery, or dissection
274
Aneurysmsectomy
Is excision of an aneurysm
275
Cranioplasty
Is surgical repair of the skull after surgery or injury to the skull.
276
Cerebrotomy
Means incision of the brain
277
Shunts
Device used to redirect body fluid to another area
Are used to redirect CSF from one area to another using a tube or an implanted device
278
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
(consists of plastic tubing)
Creates a passageway between a cerebral ventricle and the peritoneum for the draining of CSF from the brain in hydrocephalus.
CSF-cerebrospinal fluid
279
Stereotaxis
Uses a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate a site to be operated on or irradiated.
280
Stereotactic surgery
The surgeon is assisted by a computer guided apparatus that is used to target a specific area of the brain
281
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Involves closed-skull destruction of a target (for example, a tumor) using ionizing radiation. The patient’s head is held in a stereotactic frame.
282
Gamma knife procedure
A high dose of radiation is delivered to precisely targeted tour tissue. In naming this procedure, “knife” was used because controlled destructive radiation replaces the surgical knife.
Surgical lasers are also used to destroy tumors
283
Cyberknife system
Uses unique robotic mobility and continuous image guidance, which follows the target through the treatment, (eliminating the need for restrictive headframe.)
284
Neurolysis
Is destruction of nerves
Has several meanings, but all of them have to do with nervous tissue. The word is used to mean release of a nerve sheath by cutting it longitudinally, loosening of adhesions surrounding a nerve, or disintegrated of nerve tissue.
285
Neuroplasty
Surgical repair of a nerve
286
Neurorrhaphy
Specifically means suture of the nerve
Suture of a nerve
287
Neurotripsy
Surgical crushing of a nerve
288
neurectomy
Is excision of a nerve
289
Nerve block anesthesia
Pain management may be for a short time (for example, after surgery) or longer (chronic pain) and may include both drug therapy and non-drug treatments. Nerve blocks are used to reduce pain by temporarily or permanently blocking transmission of nerve impulses.
Nerve block anesthesia
Is produced by injecting an anesthetic along the course of the nerve to inhibit the conduction of impulses to and from the area supplied by the nerve.
290
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation TENS
Application of electric impulses to the nerve endings
Is used to control low back pain. Electrodes are placed on the skin and attach to a stimulator by flexible wires. That electric impulses black transmission of pain signals to the brain. TENS is not addictive and has no known side effects, but is contraindicated in patients with artificial cardiac pacemakers.
Is a method of pain control by the application of electric impulses to the nerve endings. Pain signals to the brain are blocked by electric impulses generated by a stimulator that is attached to electrodes placed on the skin.
Literal translation of transcutaneous is across or performed through the skin .
291
Sympathectomy
It’s a surgical procedure in which one or more sympathetic nerves are severed. This surgery has special uses, including alleviation of pain.
292
Epidural anesthesia
Means on or means on or outside the dura mater
Injection of anesthesia to produce numbness in the lower part of the body
Is injection of an anesthetic into the epidural space, which contains spinal fluid and spinal nerves. Epidurals, most commonly performed in the lumbar area, can be tailored to numb an area of the body from the lower extremities to the upper abdomen. They are often used in labor and childbirth. Epidural injections, containing various combinations of cortisone and anesthetics, are used by pain specialist to alleviate chronic pain of the lower back.
293
Hypnotics
Are medication’s to induce sleep
Are drugs often used as sedatives to produce a calming effect. Functional activity, irritability, and excitement are decreased by sedatives.
294
Antipyretics
Act against fever
295
Thrombolytics
Agents used to dissolve blood clots
Dissolve blood clots
It’s a cerebral embolus is caused by a blood clot, a thrombolytic may be used
296
vagotomy
Is Severine of various branches of the vagus nerve and is done to reduce the amount of acid secreted in the stomach. This is done to prevent the reoccurrence of an ulcer.
Severing of the vagus nerve
297
Psychoanalysis
Is a method of diagnosing and treating disorders of the mind. This is accomplished by ascertaining and studying the facts of the patient’s mental condition.
298
Psychotherapy
Is treatment of disorders of the mind by psychologic means rather than by physical means
299
Psychopharmacology
Is the study of the action of drugs and functions of the mind
300
Antianxiety drugs
Are used to relieve feelings of anxiety
301
Tranquilizers
Are prescribed to calm, anxious, or agitated persons, ideally without decreasing their consciousness
302
Narcotic drugs
Produce stupor or sleep
303
Analgesics: Relieve pain
Narcotic analgesics (also called Opioid analgesics): Potential for addiction or abuse; used for severe pain; may alter one's perception, or produce tolerance or dependency
codeine (with acetaminophen; Tylenol with
codeine #3)
fentanyl (Duragesic)
meperidine (Demerol)
methadone (Dolophine)
morphine (MS Contin)
oxycodone (OxyContin)
tramadol (Ultram)
304
Nonnarcotic analgesics: No potential for addiction or abuse
acetaminophen (Tylenol)
NSAIDs (see below for examples)
305
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Mild to moderate pain relief
aspirin (Bayer)
celecoxib (Celebrex)
ibuprofen (Motrin)
naproxen (Aleve)
306
Antialcoholics: Discourage use of alcohol
disulfiram (Antabuse)
307
Anticonvulsants: Treat epilepsy and other seizure disorders
carbamazepine (Tegretol)
divalproex (Depakote)
ethosuximide (Zarontin)
gabapentin (Neurontin)
lacosamide (Vimpat)
lamotrigine (Lamictal)
phenytoin (Dilantin)
topiramate (Topamax)
308
Antidepressants: Treat depression and other mental disorders by affecting the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain.Types of antidepressants include tricyclic, tetracyclic, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin modulators, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs), and atypical.
amitriptyline (Elavil)
bupropion (Wellbutrin)
citalopram (Celexa)
duloxetine (Cymbalta)
fluoxetine (Prozac)
mirtazapine (Remeron)
phenelzine (Nardil)
trazodone (Oleptro)
venlafaxine (Effexor)
vilazodone (Viibryd)
309
Antimigraine drugs: Treat migraine headach
ergotamine (Cafergot, with caffeine) galcanezumab (Emgality)
rizatriptan (Maxalt)
sumatriptan (Imitrex)
zolmitriptan (Zomig)
310
Antiparkinsonian agents: Relieve symptoms of Parkinson disease and parkinsonian syndromes
Types include catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, dopamine agonists, and certain anticholinergics
amantadine (Symmetrel)
benztropine (Cogentin)
levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet)
pramipexole (Mirapex)
selegiline (Eldepryl)
tolcapone (Tasmar)
311
tipsychotics/neuroleptics: Manage the symptoms of psychoses, such as hallucinations, delusions, or mania
aripiprazole (Abilify)
asenapine (Saphris)
chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
clozapine (Clozaril)
haloperidol (Haldol)
lurasidone (Latuda)
olanzapine (Zyprexa)
quetiapine (Seroquel)
risperidone (Risperdal)
thioridazine (Mellaril)
312
Anxiolytics (also called antianxiety drugs): Induce relaxation to relieve anxiety
Many drugs in this class may also be considered hypnotics (promote sleep) or sedatives (depress central nervous system)Some antidepressants and the beta-blocker propranolol are also used to treat anxiety
buspirone (BuSpar)
doxepin (Silenor)
hydroxyzine (Vistaril)
meprobamate (Equanil)
313
Benzodiazepines: Sedatives used to treat anxiety
alprazolam (Xanax)
chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
clonazepam (Klonopin)
diazepam (Valium)
lorazepam (Ativan)
midazolam (Versed)
temazepam (Restoril)
314
Cholinesterase inhibitors:
Increase levels of acetylcholine to treat cognitive failures associated with dementia
donepezil (Aricept)
galantamine (Razadyne)
rivastigmine (Elexon)
315
Mood stabilizers:
Balance neurotransmitters in the brain to prevent severe mood swings (mania and depression) and to treat bipolar disorder
lithium (Lithobid)
316
Stimulants:
Increase synaptic activity in the brain to treat attention-deficit disorder, narcolepsy, fatigue, or to suppress the appetite
dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
phentermine (Adipex-P)
317
Intracerebral
Refers to within the cerebrum
318
Dura mater (layer of the meninges)
is the tough outer layer
arachnoid & the pia mater layers beneath the dura mater
319
Phil(o)
Means attraction
320
Paraphilia
is sexual perversion or deviation in which the sexual instinct is expressed in ways that are biologically, undesirable, socially prohibited, or socially unacceptable.
321
Phych(o)
Mind
322
Echoencephalogram
The record produced when ultrasonic waves record structural aspects of the brain
