Definition Flashcards
Functions of the urinary system
1) excretes waste products via urine
2) filters the blood
3) maintains blood pH
4) maintains hemostasis
5) maintains proper balance of water
Excretory
The act or process of excreting, eliminating wastes
Excretion
Is performed by the kidneys, which are part of the urinary system.
Urin/ary
Urinary
Urine/pertaining to
Means pertaining to urine
urinary tract
The organs and ducts that are involved in the secretion and (elimination) of urine from the body
Urinary system
Consists of paired, kidneys, one on each side of the spinal column, a ureter for each kidney, a bladder, and a urethra
most of the work of the urinary system takes place in the kidneys
Kidneys
Filtering occurs
Are located in the dorsal (backside ) part of the abdomen.
Urine is formed in the kidneys
When blood is filtered by the kidneys, wastes are removed, but much of the water, and other substances are reabsorbed. They enter the renal vein and are returned to the bloodstream via the inferior vena cava.
average adult kidney is about 11 cm long by 6 cm wide (4 1/2 x 2 1/3“) and weighs about 145 g about 8 oz (less than half a pound). Playing a major role in hemostasis of the body, the kidneys are the major regulators of the water and pH of the blood and indirectly, all body fluids.
The kidneys, help degrade, insulin and metabolize vitamin D.
Ureter
2 qnty
Carries urine to the bladder
Urine leaves the kidneys by the way of the ureter and passes to the bladder where it is stored
Bladder
Where urine is temporarily stored
Is a temporary reservoir for the urine until it is expelled
Urine comes from the kidneys to the bladder
Urethra
Where urine is excreted
A tube that carries urine from the bladder
When voluntary control is removed, urine is expelled through the urethra
urethra is about 3 cm long in women and lies anterior to the vagina. In men it is 20 cm long and serves as a passageway for semen and as a canal for urine.
Flow of urine
Goes from the kidneys
To the ureters
To the urinary bladder
To the urethra
Urinary meatus where urine is expelled
Urinary meatus
The external opening of the urethra
Renal arteries
Blood is transported to the kidneys by vessels from the cardiovascular (pertaining to the heart and vessel ) system. These vessels that carry blood to the kidneys are _____ ________.
hilum
The match, or depression on the inner border of the kidney, call the Hilum, is where the blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves, enter, or leave the kidney. 
Renal pelvis
The funnel shaped structure, where a kidney joins the ureter is called the _____ ______, and it drains urine from the kidney to the ureter.
The cavity in the kidney that collects urine from many collecting ducks
Fibrous capsule
Where each kidney is encased
provides protection for the delicate internal parts of the kidney
Ribs and muscle near the kidneys are added protection
Erythropietin
A certain old kidney functions are production of _____________ (causes the production of red blood cells (RBCs), renin (helps regulate blood pressure), and prostaglandins (act in several target organs with a variety of effects)
renin
Helps regulate blood pressure
prostaglandins
Act in several target organs with a variety of effects
any other group of components derived from unsaturated 20 – carbon fatty acids. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes.
Vesical
Pertaining to fluid filled sac, usually a urinary bladder
vesico/ureter/al
vesicoureteral
ureterovesical
Means pertaining to the urinary bladder and ureter
Vesico/vaginal
Means pertaining to the urinary bladder and the vagina
urethr/al
urethral
means pertaining to the urethra
cyst/ic
cystic
bladder/pertaining to
or
fluid filled sac/pertaining to
adomino/cyst/ic
abdominocystic
adomino/vesic/al
adominovesical
abdomen/bladder or fluid, filled sac/pertaining to
extra/cyst/ic
extracystic
outside/bladder or fluid filled sac/pertaining to
inter/ren/al
interrenal
between/kidney/pertaining to
genito/urin/ary GU
genitourinary
uro/genit/al
urogenital
organs of reproduction/urine/pertaining to
urine/organs of reproduction/pertaining to
recto/urethr/al
rectourethral
urethro/rect/al
urethrorectal
rectum/urethra/pertaining to
urethra/rectum/pertaining to
ren/al
renal
kidney/pertaining to
pertaining to the kidney
supra/ren/al
suprarenal
above/kidney/pertaining to
pertaining to above a kidney
ureter/al
ureteral
ureter/ pertaining to
pertaining to a ureter
urethro/vagin/al
urethrovaginal
urethra/vagina/pertaining to
pertaining to the urethra in the vagina
nephrons
About 1 million nephrons serve as the functional units of each kidney.
A nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubules.
glomerulus
tubules
nephron’s components
Nephons have three important functions
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
these functions depend on a healthy blood pressure, and the ultimate goal is to filter the blood and excrete water and waste into the urine.
1) glomerular filtration
2) Bowman capsule
1) The glomerulus allows water, salts, wastes, and practically everything except blood cells and proteins to pass through the filter.
2) Collects the filtrate and passes it to the tubules Collects the filtrate and passes it to the two bowls.
tubular reabsorption
Is fluid passes through the tubules, substances that the body conserves, such as sugar, and much of the water, are reabsorbed into blood vessels surrounding the tubules.
tubular secretion
third process in urine formation
as fluid passes through the renal tubule, some substances from the bloodstream (waste products of metabolism in certain drugs, such as penicillin) are secreted into the tubule to be expelled into urine.
Is the secretion of some substances from the bloodstream into the renal tubule (waste products of metabolism that become toxic if they are not excreted and certain drugs, such as penicillin)
Tubule
Each tubule consists of a proximal tubule, a loop of Henle, and a distal tubal.
reabsorption occurs in these structures
Proximal tubule
Is the part of the tubule near the glomerulus?
distal tubule
Is the part of the tubule that is farther from the glomerulus than the proximal tubule.
Functions of the nephron
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
glomerular filtration
(water, sugar, salt, and waste passed through the glomerulus
Tubular reabsorption
(water, sugar, from salts and vitamins)
tubular secretion
(Includes hydrogen, potassium, and some drugs)
Adult kidneys
Normal blood flow through the adult kidneys averages 1200 mL/minute, so all of the blood is filtered about every five minutes. Dependent on adequate blood pressure, the kidneys balance the amount of many substances through filtration, selective tubular reabsorption, and secretion.
glomerulus
Filtering occurs in this part of the nephron
Filtering structure of the kidney
tubule
Reabsorption occurs in this part of the nephron
Urine
Substances that are filtered by the glomerulus
- substances that are reabsorbed
+ substances that are added by tubular secretion
= urine
Waste products, and some of the water remaining in the tubules, after reabsorption combined to become____
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
increases the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules, plus decreasing the amount of urine produce. ADH is secreted by the brain and released as needed.
Renal pelvis
After urine collects in the renal pelvis, it drains to the bladder by passing through a tube called the ureter.
urinary bladder
It’s a collapsible muscular bag that serves as a reservoir for urine until it is expelled. It has a storage capacity in health of about 500 mL ( 1 pint) or more.
micturition
voiding
Means urination, expelling urine from the bladder
Receptors
Filling of the bladder, with urine, stimulates, receptors, producing the desire to urinate
Voluntary control
Prevents urine from being released. When the control is removed, urine is expelled through the urethra.
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Is a calculated volume of fluid filtered by the glomeruli.
GFR decreases with advancing age, and the decline in the filtration rate is more rapid in persons with diabetes or hypertension (elevated blood pressure)
GFR formed the basis of a test for how well the kidneys are functioning.
Forming and expelling urine
starts at the bloodstream——proceeds to either kidney—glomerulus (filtration)—bowman capsule—-renal tubule—renal pelvis—ureters(R or L)—bladder—urethra—expelled
Kidneys, your readers, & bladder (KUB)
Physical assessment
Includes abdomen inspection, auscultation, palpitation, and percussion
Laboratory, test, biopsies, radiography, and endoscopy are helpful in diagnostic assessment of the urinary system
Intake and output (I&O)
Intake should include oral, intravenous, and tube feedings. A major source of fluid output is urine, but other output to record includes excess perspiration, vomitus, and diarrhea.
urin/alysis
urinalysis
Is an examination of urine. It is often abbreviated UA or U/A.
Is usually part of a physical examination.
Urine color
Changes in the color may result from diet or medicine
Dark, red or brown may indicate blood
Specific gravity
In urinalysis
Is the density of year and compared with the density of water? (1.0)
Dilute urine has a low specific, gravity, and concentrated urine has a high specific gravity.
urinometer
is an instrument for measuring specific gravity of urine (concentration)
Instrument to measure the specific gravity of urine
Specific gravity can be measured with…
Is used to determine the specific gravity (density) of a sample of urine
Chemical analysis of urine
May include pH (potential of hydrogen; the numeric pH value indicates the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution)
Glucose test strips
Such as Diastix (R)
Tests only for glucose in the urine
Waste products that are normally excreted in urine
Urea, a nitrogen compounds that is the final product of protein metabolism
Ammonia
Creatinine, a nitrogen product produced by the body’s normal metabolism
Various salts
Urea
A nitrogen compounds that is the final product of protein metabolism
Creatinine
A nitrogen product produced by the body’s normal metabolism
Multistix
(testing urine with this)
A plastic strip with reagent areas for testing various chemical constituents that may be present in the urine. These reagent strips are considered qualitative tests, and a positive result for an abnormal substance in the urine generally requires further testing.
Glucose test strips
Screen for the presence of glucose in the urine
These substances are not found in normal urine specimens
Sugar, ketones, albumin, and hemolyzed blood (must rule out menstrual contamination)
Albumin
Is a proteins found in animal tissue and the major serum protein
When present in urine protein is generally _________
Ketones
Normal products of lipid metabolism
Are end products of the body’s normal lipid (fat) metabolism; however, excessive production of ketones leads to excretion of ketones in the urine (abnormal).
Ketoacidosis
An accumulation of ketones in the body.
Ketone excretion in urine sometimes indicates____________, acidosis, resulting from faulty carbohydrate metabolism and accumulation of ketones in the body, primarily a complication of diabetes mellitus.
albumin/uria
albuminuria
Albumin/urine or urination
Albumin (protein) in the urine
glycos/uria
glycosuria
Is presence of sugar in urine
sugar/urine or urination
Sugar in the urine
May indicate diabetes and requires further testing
hemat/uria
Hematuria
Blood/urine or urination
Blood in the urine
keton/uria
ketonuria
bodies/urine or urination
Ketones in the urine
protein/uria
proteinuria
protein/urine or urination
Protein in the urine, which is usually albumin
Abnormal findings in urine
Albuminuria
glycosuria
Hematuria
Ketoneuria
Proteinuria
Glucose
Is absorbed in the tubules, glucose is not normally present in urine.
Glycosuria may indicate diabetes and requires further testing
Renal threshold
When the blood glucose rises above a certain level, the renal threshold for reabsorption is exceeded, and glucose is excreted in the urine.
Microscopic study
Is generally part of a complex urinalysis. Body cells (for example, squamous epithelial cells, blood cells), crystals, and bacteria are some of the particles present in a microscopic study. These are generally reported as number/high - power field (HPF)
pus cells
Neurotic WBCs, are a major component of pus.
Py/uria
otitis
Means the presence of pus in the urine
Healthy urine sample
Contains a few squamous epithelial cells and very few white blood cells. (WBC)
White blood cells (WBCs)
The presence of a large number of white blood cells may be indicated of an infectious or inflammatory process somewhere in the urinary tract. For example, there is usually a large amount of WBC’s/HPF in most urinary tract infections.
Red blood cells (RBCs)
Only a few RBCs are normally present in urine. If several RBCs/HPF are present it may indicate a variety of abnormalities, including a tumor, urinary stones, infection, or a bleeding disorder.
Urinary cast
Are gelatinous structure that take the shape of the renal tubules. Casts are described by the type of element in the structure. There are usually few to no casts, so the presence of several cast in urine generally indicates renal disease or urinary calculi. Renal disease means disease of a kidney.
Renal disease
Means disease of the kidney
Urinary tract infection
The presence of many bacteria may indicate a UTI.
A urine culture
If the patient has symptoms of a UTI, the urine culture is used to determine the types of pathogenic bacteria present
Antibiotics, sensitivity test
When bacteria are present in significant numbers. Another test is used to determine which antibiotics are effective against that particular pathogen.
Culture
The cultivation of micro organisms in the laboratory on special culture medium is
Voided specimen
Is one in which the patient boys into a container supplied by the laboratory or physicians office
Clean-catch specimen
The tissue adjacent to the urethra meatus must be cleansed before collection to avoid contamination of the specimen, and only the middle portion of the urine stream is collected.
Catheterized urine specimen
Introduced a hollow, flexible tube into the bladder
Is obtained by placing a catheter into the bladder and withdrawing urine. This may be necessary to obtain an uncontaminated urine specimen.
Creatinine
Is a substance formed in normal metabolism, and is commonly found in blood, urine, and muscle tissue.
It is measured in blood in urine as an indicator of kidney function.
serum creatinine test
Is a measurement of the creatinine level in blood.
creatinine clearance test
Is a diagnostic test that measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
This kidney function test is one example of a renal clearance test
Reno clearance test
Determine the efficiency with which the kidneys, excrete particular substances
24 hour urine collection
This type of collection may be ordered to measure levels of various substances in the urine, such as calcium or creatinine
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
In addition to blood creatinine levels, it is directly related to the metabolic function of the liver and the excretory function of the kidney.
BUN is a measure of the amount of urea in the blood
urea forms in the liver as the end product of the protein metabolism and is excreted by the kidneys in urine
A critically elevated bun level indicates serious impairment of renal function
Blood urea nitrogen
BUN, a blood test that measures the excretory function of the kidney
Pyuria
Puss in the urine
Ketonuria
Presence of the end products of fat metabolism in the urine
Urinary catheterization
A catheter (flexible tube ) is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder for temporary or permanent drainage of urine.
Catheter
The hollow tube that is used in catheterization
Indwelling catheter
It is designed to be left in place for a prolonged period
Foley catheter
Is held securely in place by a balloon tip that is filled with a sterile liquid after the catheter has been placed in the bladder.
This type of catheter is used when continuous drainage of the bladder is desired, such as in surgery, or when repeated urinary catheterization would be necessary if an indwelling catheter were not used.
Ureteral catheters
Placement of catheters through the urethra into a ureter is________ ________
Are usually passed into the distal ends of the ureters from the bladder, via a cystoscope and may be threaded up the ureters into the renal pelves (plural for pelvis). Ureteral catheter may also be surgically inserted through the abdominal wall into a ureter.
Retrograde urogram
Retrograde pyelogram
Ureteral catheters may be placed temporarily as part of a diagnostic procedure called_______________, which permits visualization of the renal collecting system in patients whose renal function is to limited for adequate visualization with intravenous urography.
Four methods of catheterization used to divert the regular flow of urine
Urethral catheterization
Ureteral catheterization
Suprapubic catheterization
nephrostomy or percutaneous nephrostomy
Urethral catheterization
Insertion of a catheter via the urethra into the bladder
Ureteral catheterization
Insertion of the catheter into the distal ends of the ureters, usually via the urethra into the bladder, then, into the ureters using a cystoscope; may also be surgically inserted through the abdominal wall.
Suprapubic catheter association
Surgical incision of a catheter through the skin above the pubic arch and into the bladder
1) Nephrostomy also called
2) percutaneous nephrostomy
1) Surgical insertion of a catheter via a new opening into the renal pelvis through the overlying skin.
2) the catheter is inserted on a temporary basis when it complete obstruction of the ureter is present
Urodynamic studies
Measure various aspects of the process of voiding and are used along with other procedures to evaluate problems with urine flow
Types of urodynamic studies
Cystometrography
Electromyography
Urethral pressure profile
Cysto/metro/graphy
Cystometrography
bladder/to measure/process of recording
provides information about the amount of pressure exerted on the bladder wall.
A urologic procedure that measures the amount of pressure on the bladder
Cysto/meter
Cystometer
Bladder/instrument that measures
Measures bladder capacity in relation to change in urine pressure
Is an instrument that measures aspects of the bladder
Electro/myo/graphy (EMG)
Electromyography
Electricity/muscle/process of recording
Can be used to evaluate the strength of the muscles used when voiding
Electric recording of muscle action, contraction
This test can also be used to evaluate urinary incontinence, the ability to control urination
Perineal muscles
Used in voiding
Perineum
Supports and surrounds the distal parts of the urogenital, and the gastrointestinal tracts of the body
Urinary incontinence
The inability to control urination
Urethral pressure profile
Provides information about the nature of urinary incontinence or retention (accumulation of urine in the bladder that results from inability to urinate)
Nephrostomy
Surgical formation of a new opening into the renal pelvis may be performed on one or both kidneys, and may be temporary or permanent. If both your readers are removed, a bilateral nephrostomy is necessary.
Abdominal x-ray images and special radiologic procedures
Are helpful in diagnosing, many abnormalities of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)
KUB radiographic study
Determines the size and location of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
Provides a great deal of diagnostic information about the urinary system
X-ray images
nephrosonography
nephrotomography
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Urine and blood studies
Bladder scans
Are particularly useful in determining bladder, volume as well as post, avoiding residual volume
Renal and urinary diagnostic test
Noninvasive
Radiography of the kidneys, ureters, bladder
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Nephrotomography
Ultrasonography
Others
Cystography and cystoscope
Intravenous urography
Renal arteriography
Renal scan
Nephroscopy (not as common)
Cystography
Radiography of the bladder using radioplaque contrast medium
Cystourethrography
Radiography of the bladder and urethra after using a urinary catheter to install the contrast medium
Voiding cystourethrograms (VCUGs)
Are radiographs made before, during, and after voiding (urination)
Intravenous urography (IVU)
X-ray images of the entire urinary system or part of it after the urine has been rendered opaque by an intravenously injected contrast medium.
Urogram
Radiographic image of the urinary system
The renal pelves and ureters are clearly visible in the normal urogram. Formally called intravenous pyelography (IVP), with the resulting image called a pyelogram.
nephrosonography
Ultrasonic scanning of the kidney
nephrotomography
This procedure is helpful in assessing various planes of a kidney tissue for tumors, cyst, or stones
Tomography of the kidney, resulting in an image, called a nephrotomogram
Renal angiography
Assessing the arterial blood supply to the kidneys
Radiographic study to assess the arterial blood supply to the kidneys also called renal arteriography and the record produced is a renal arteriogram.
1) Renal scan also called
2) Renography
1) Scanning of the kidney for radial activity after intravenous injection of radioactive material.
2) special equipment measures, records, and produces an image of the low level radioactivity that is emitted.
Renal test that involves scanning of radioactivity
Urethrography
Radiography of the urethra using radiopaque contrast medium
Cystoscopy
refers to visual examination of urinary tract with an endoscope inserted through urethra
Direct visualization of the bladder
Cystoscope is passed through the urethra and into the bladder. The bladder mucosa is examined, sometimes biopsy specimens are obtained, polyps, (growths protruding from the lining.) or stones may be removed, or the distal ends of the ureters are examined.
Nephroscopy
Visualization of the kidney use another Nephroscope inserted through the skin into a small is incision in the renal pelvis.
Ureteroscopy
Visual examination within a ureter
Urethroscopy
Visual examination within the urethra. If the examination uses a cystoscope to examine the bladder. It is called a cystourethroscopy
Cystourethroscopy or
Urethrocystoscopy
Direct visualization of the urethra and bladder
Overactive bladder
Is characterized by a nearly constant urge to urinate, sometimes called and irritable bladder
Dys/uria
Dysuria
Difficult or Painful /urine or urination
Is difficult or painful urination and can be caused by a bacterial infection or an obstruction of the urinary tract
Poly/uria is also called diuresis
Polyuria
The opposite of anúria
Is excessive urination
Many/urine or urinations
Is excretion of an abnormally large quantity of urine
This can be brought on by excessive intake of fluids, or the use of medication
An/uria
Anuria
Absence/urination
is a urinary output of less than 100 mL per day.
Complete suppression of urinary secretion by the kidneys
Kidneys are not producing urine
Anur/ic
Anuric
The patient who has less than 100 ML of urine output per day is
Olig/uria
Oliguria
Scanty/urine
refers to excretion of a small amount of urine in relation to fluid intake; less than 500 mL of urine per day
Which means diminished capacity to form urine, excreting, less than 500 mL of urine per day.
Used to describe Urination patterns
Urgency
Frequency
Hesitancy
Urgency
The sense of the need to urinate immediately
Is the sudden onset of the need to urinate immediately?
Increased frequency
Is a greater number of urinations than expected in a given time (uterine prolapse, the loss of support that anchors the uterus, can result in pressure on the bladder and lead to urinary frequency)
Hesitancy
Is difficulty in beginning the flow, often with the decrease in the force of the urine stream
Urinary retention
Incomplete emptying of the bladder
Retention of urine is an abnormal, involuntary accumulation of urine in the bladder
Urinary reflux
A backward flow of urine from the bladder
is backward or return flow of urine in the urinary tract
Is an abnormal backward or return flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters.
Continence
Is the ability to control bladder or bowel function
Urinary incontinence
Is in ability to control urination. This is loss of control of the passage of urine from the bladder. There are many causes of incontinence, such as loss of muscle tone, obesity, or unconsciousness.
Enuresis
Also means that in ability to control, urination, and the term is applied, especially to nocturnal bedwetting. Nocturnal means pertaining to or occurring at night.
Noct/uria also called
Nocturia
Nyct/uria
Nycturia
Night/urine
Night/urine
Is excessive urination at night
Although nocturia may be a symptom of a disease, it also can occur and people who drink excessive amounts of fluids before bedtime, or when nearby structures, put pressure on the bladder. An example of the latter is pressure on the bladder by a prolapsed uterus.
Uropath
Is any disease or abnormal condition of the urinary tract
Uropathies
Include congenital (example: horseshoe kidney) , inflammatory, hereditary, instructive, and renovascular disorders. In addition, some uropathies are the result of metabolic disease processes that affect renal function.
Kidney cancer
Is a malignant neoplasm of the renal parenchyma or the renal pelvis
Wilms tumor
Is a malignant neoplasm of the kidney reoccurring in young children
Uremia
Is an accumulation of toxic products in the blood from kidneys failing to function properly.
This occurs when the kidneys fail to function properly.
Because the urinary system is responsible for removing harmful waste products from the blood, anything that interferes with excretion of ways can be dangerous
Hematuria
Is the presence of blood in the urine?
Renal failure
In ability of the kidneys to excrete waste, concentrate, urine, and function properly is_____ _______. It may be acute or chronic.
acute renal failure (ARF) has symptoms that are more severe than those of chronic renal failure (CRF)
Acute renal failure ARF
Is characterized by oliguria and by the rapid accumulation of nitrogenous waste in the blood, indicated by a higher than normal amount of blood urea nitrogen. ARF may be caused by nephritis (inflammation, and abnormal functioning of the kidney), interference in blood flow to the kidney, or conditions that disrupt urinary output.
ARF can often be reversed after the cause has been (for a couple example, removal of an obstruction in the urinary tract). However, CRF may lead to the need for dialysis if all other medical measures have not alleviated the problems.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
One or more common hereditary renal disorders, is characterized by enlarged kidneys, containing many cyst. Polycystic means containing mini cyst.
Nephr/itis
Nephritis
Kidney/inflammation
Is one of the large group of kidney diseases that is characterized by inflammation
Glomerulo/nephritis
Glomerulonephritis
it is inflammation of the kidney that involves primarily the tufts of capillaries that act as filters
The most usual form of kidney diseases, in which glomeruli within the kidney are inflamed. Glomeruli are clusters of capillaries that act as filters.
There is impairment of the filtering process. Inflammation of the kidney may be caused by micro organisms or their toxins, or even buy toxic drugs or alcohol.
Glomerulopathy
Means any disease of the renal glomeruli ( the filtering part of the kidney)
Interstitial nephritis
There is inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney
Is inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney, including the tubules. This type of nephritis can be acute or chronic. When a cute interstitial nephritis is an adverse immunologic reaction to a drug, normal kidney function is generally regained when the offending drug is disconnected.
Nephrotic syndrome
Is an abnormal condition of the kidney characterized by marked Proteinuria and Adema. It occurs as a complication of many systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism that is primarily a result of a deficiency or lack of insulin secretion by the pancreas, or resistance to insulin.
Five common causes of urinary tract obstruction
1) foreign body (stone)
2) ureteral stricture
3) narrowing of ureterovesicle junction
4) benign prostatic hyperplasia
5) urethral stricture
Diabetes insipidus
Another disorder that shares the name diabetes
Is not related to diabetes mellitus, but was so named because of the large quantity of year in excreted
It is not related to the bodies use of insulin. It’s caused may be hormonal or renal, and the disorder refers to several types of polyuria in which the urinary output exceeds 3000 mL a day.
Diabetic nephropathy
Is the disease of the kidneys resulting from Diabetes and mellitus. Chronic chronic hyperglycemia and increase blood pressure accelerate the progress of the disorder.
Hyperglycemia
Means excessive glucose in the blood
Diabetes mellitus
Is a carbohydrate metabolism disorder due to the lack of insulin production
Is a major cause of end-stage renal disease in the US and can result from either type one or type two diabetes mellitus
Obstructive nephropathies
Are conditions that blocker interfere with the flow of urine.
Several causes include a prolapsed adjacent structures, tumors (benign or malignant) stones, narrowing of ureters, or urethra, and dysfunction of the bladder that result from spinal cord injury or lesion of the nervous system (neurogenic bladder)
Neurogenetic bladder
Is the dysfunction of the bladder caused by a lesion of the nervous system
nephro/lysis
Nephrolysis
refers to destruction of kidney tissue, freeing a kidney from adhesions (fibrous tissue)
Kidney/loosening, freeing, or destroying
destruction of kidney substance
A second meeting is freeing of a kidney from adhesions, bands of scar tissue, that fine together surfaces that normally are separate
nephro/malacia
nephromalacia
Kidney/abnormal softening
Abnormal softening of the kidney
nephro/megaly
nephromegaly
kidney/enlargement of one kidney
enlargement of the kidney, especially hypertrophy of the kidney after removal of the other kidney; bilateral nephromegaly involves both kidneys.
Nephro/pathy
nephropathy
kidney/any disease of
any disease of the kidney, including inflammatory, degenerative, or sclerotic conditions
nephro/tox/ic
nephrotoxic
kidney/poisonpertaining to
toxic or destructive to kidney cells
bacterial infection
is the most common cause of inflammation of the urinary tract, but inflammation may be attributed to other disorders, such as the presence of a stone
urinary tract infection (UTI)
An infection of one or more structures in the urinary system is one of the more common disorders of the urinary tract. A UTI may be asymptomatic, but is usually characterized by urinary frequency and possibly discomfort during urination. Other signs and symptoms, particularly in severe infections, include backache, fever, and blood and/pus in the urine.
it is important to diagnose and treat UTI to prevent their spreading to another part of the body, such as the blood.
septic/emia
septicemia
A morbid condition caused by the presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood
infection/blood
is a systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating blood, having spread from an infection in another part of the body, such as the urinary tract.
When UTIs are caused by bacteria, they are treated with an antibiotic
UTIs can include
Cystitis, urethra -itis, pyelonephritis. Most urinary infections are caused by bacteria (especially Escherichia coli), but certain fungi, (Canada) can also cause infection
Most of the time, UTIs are caused by ascending infection.
The anus serves as a reservoir for bacteria, and organisms spread directly from the anal area (occasionally the vagina) to the urethral meatus, where they multiply and can ascend throughout the urethra to the bladder and eventually the kidney in some cases. Infection is more likely in females than males, because of the short distance separating the anus and the urethra, as well as shorter urethra. Both catheterization and sexual intercourse promote the ascent of bacteria. Urinary tract infections are also more common in persons with structural abnormalities or lowered immunity and are a major type of hospital-acquired infections.
hydro/nephrosis
hydronephrosis
Is distention of the kidney with urine as a result of an obstructed ureter
Is caused by obstruction in the upper part of the ureter.
water/kidney
is a condition of water in the kidney
is distention of the renal pelvis and kidney by urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the ureter.
means distention of the renal pelvis with urine as a result of an obstruction in the upper part of a ureter
Hydro/ureter
Hydroureter
Is caused by obstruction in the lower part of the ureter.
If a stone or another object occurs in the lower part of the ureter, the condition that results is called__________, abnormal distension of the ureter with urine or watery fluid.
Bladder polyp
Is a growth protruding from the lining of the bladder. This can be detected during a cystoscopy. polyps me or Kurt anywhere there is mucus membrane such as the urethra.
A polyp is any growth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane.
Polyps are removed, and the tissue is studied microscopically, even though cancer may not be suspected.
bladder cancer
Is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract, and occurs more than twice as frequent in men than women.
bladder-wash specimens
bladder biopsies
are obtained during cystoscopy
Are often used to diagnose cancer of the bladder
enlargement of the nearby structure, (for example, the prostate) also puts pressure on urinary structures.
prostate
Is a gland in men that surrounds the neck of the bladder.
Benign prosthetic hyperplasia ( BPH)
Is a non-malignant, non-inflammatory enlargement of the prostate that is common among men older than 50 years.
It may lead to urethral obstruction and interference with urine flow, causing frequency, dysuria, nocturia, and urinary tract infections.
Nephro/sclerosis
nephrosclerosis
is hardening of the kidney caused by renalvascular disease
is hardening of the small arteries of the kidney and results in decreased blood flow, and eventually necrosis of kidney cells. This condition occurs in a small number of persons with hypertension (elevated blood pressure)
Treatment of nephrosclerosis is the use of medications to lower the blood pressure.
Reno/vascular disorders
are those affecting the blood vessels of the kidneys and include your nephrosclerosis, stenosis of the renal artery, and thrombosis of the renal vein.
Renal artery stenosis
Is partial or complete blocking of one or both renal arteries. The pathologic changes to the renal arteries result and drastically, reduce blood flow through the kidneys and lead to hypertension and damage to the kidneys.
renal hypertension
hypertension resulting from renal artery stenosis or other kidney disorders is called _____ ____________
High blood pressure resulting from any type of renal disorder
renal vein thrombosis
A blood clot in the renal vein
The presence of a thrombus in the renal vein
The cause of the blood clot (thrombosis) includes compression by a nearby, tumor, renal, carcinoma, or renal trauma.
genitourinary infections
Are those affecting both the genital and urinary structures.
E. coli
Normally present and the most abundant bacteria in the intestinal tract, is a frequent cause of female urinary tract infections. These micro organisms as well as other intestinal bacteria normally: is the anus and surrounding area, sometimes causing cross-contamination to the nearby urethra.
chlamydia
gonorrhea
can affect the urinary system as well as the genitals
Sexually transmitted disease also (STD)
also called sexually transmitted infection (STI)
is one that may be acquired as a result of sexual contact with a person who has the disease or with the secretions containing the suspected organism.
Venereal diseases (VD)
Sexually transmitted diseases were formally called
Chlamydial infections
Caused by chlamydia trachomatis, can be transmitted during vagina, anal, or oral sex. Many people with the disease are asymptomatic, but male signs and symptoms include dysuria and urethral discharge.
females may experience discharge from the cervix, urethritis, dysuria, polyuria, or pyuria, or the infection may spread.
gono/rrhea
genitals or reproduction/flow or discharge
A sexually transmitted disease that can cause urethritis.
A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is characterized by a heavy discharge from the vagina and females, or from the urethra in either males or females. The discharge may be accompanied by urethritis, and dysuria.
absence of both kidneys
In a developing fetus is not compatible with life outside the uterus, but less severe congenital defects of the urinary system do occur.
hypo/plasia
hypoplasia
May affect only one kidney or both kidneys and is a common cause of hypertension in the first decade of life
Two anomalies of the urethra
Hypospadias
Epispadias
Hypo/spadias
Is urinary meatus is located below its normal location (underside of penis in males)
is a congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located below its usual location (usually seen in males with the opening on the underside of the penis)
Epi/spadias
epispadias
is absence of the upper wall of the urethra (urinary meatus, or opening, is located above its usual location - upper surface of a penis in males)
Is a developmental defect in which the urinary meatus is located above its usual location (usually seen in males with the opening on the upper surface of the penis)
occurs as a group or cleft without a covering and not in its usual location
Reno/vascul/ar
renovascular
Kidneys/vessels/pertaining to
pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidney
cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder
Cystocele
herniation of the bladder
bladder sags and protrudes into the vagina
Hernial protrusion of the bladder into the vagina is a
Cystolithiasis
The presence of a cystilith, calculus in the urinary bladder
Nephrolithiasis
A condition marked by the presence of kidney stones, also called renal calculus or nephrolith.
Nephroptosis
downward displacement of the kidney,
(floating kidney)
which can occur when the kidney supports are weakened by sudden strain or blow, or may be congenital; also called floating, hypermobile, or wandering kidney.
pyelitis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis
pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney and its renal pelvis, usually the result of infection, spreading from the lower urinary tract. Chronic pyelonephritis can develop after bacteria infection of the kidney that is either untreated or resistant to treatment.
ureteral dysfunction
A disturbance of the normal flow of urine through one or both ureters
Ureteritis
Inflammation of a ureter that can be caused by mechanical irritation of a stone
Ureterocele
Herniation of the tube that carries urine to the bladder
prolapse or herniation of a ureter, which may lead to obstruction of the flow of urine and hydronephrosis.
Ureterolithiasis
Presence of a ureterolith, a ureteral stone.
Ureteropathy
Any disease of a ureter
Ureteropyelonephritis
Inflammation of a ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney.
ureterostenosis
Stricture (narrowing of the lumen) of a ureter
urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra, characterized by dysuria; may result from minor trauma or infection
Urethrocele
Herniation of the urethra
Urethral herniation, characterized by protrusion of the female urethra through the urethral opening or encroachment of a segment of the urethral wall upon the vaginal canal.
Urethrocystitus
Inflammation of the urethra and bladder; cystourethritis
Urethrorrhagia
Urethral hemorrhage
Urethrorrhea
Discharge from the urethra
urethrospasm
Spasm of the muscular tissue of the urethra
urethrostenosis
A stricture of the urethra
Urolithiasis
formation of the urinary calculi, often named according to their location; vary greatly in size, from small enough to pass in urination to large stones that occupy the entire renal pelvis and have roughly the shape of a deer antler (staghorn calculi)
renal dialysis
(either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis)
when the kidneys fail to remove waste products from the blood renal dialysis is necessary to remove substances that a healthy kidney would illuminate
hemodialysis
The patient’s blood is shunted from the body to a machine for diffusion and filtration, and then return to the patient’s circulation.
Renal dialysis
blood is shunted from the patient and impurities or wastes are removed before returning it to the patient’s bloodstream.
Peritoneal dialysis
instead of diffusing the blood, the perineum is used as a diffusible membrane. It may be performed at home while the patient sleeps.
is dialysis through the peritoneum, with the solution introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity. This type of dialysis is done as an alternative to hemodialysis, and can be performed regularly at home by the patient.
renal transplant
The patient (recipient) receives a kidney from a suitable donor. The donated kidney is surgically removed from the donor.
Nephrectomy
Surgical excision (removal) of a kidney
in addition to donation of the kidney, nephrectomies are performed to remove tumors or certain diseased kidneys, for example, when the kidneys are the cause of extremely high blood pressure.
Kidney transplant
There’s a new location for the donated kidney, leaving the diseased kidneys in place
One common incision for a nephrectomy, left kidney
It’s called a flank incision, either side of the body superior to the eye ilium (upper hip bone)
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
(ESWL)
It is used to crush certain types of urinary stones. The reflector focuses a high energy shockwave on the stone. The stone disintegrates into particles and has passed in the urine.
Stones in the urinary tract
Are sometimes passed out through the urethra, but many are either too large, or do not dissolve. Stones can cause urinary obstruction, which interferes with function, and can be very painful.
There are several methods of dealing with stones, including lithotripsy, and open surgery to remove a large stone, if it cannot be broken up or removed by other means.
lithotomy
Is the incision of an organ or duct for removal of a calculus, especially one from the urinary tract
lithotomy is also used to mean the lithotomy position, often used in obstetrics and gynecology.
In the lithotomy position, the patient lies on the back with the hips and the knees flexed, and the thighs rotated outward.
Lithotripsy
is the crushing of a stone within the body followed by the washing out of the fragments.
This was originally done by surgical removal, but non-invasive methods, such as high energy shock waves, or lasers, often eliminate the need for surgery.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
The procedure that uses the ultrasonic energy from a source outside of the body to break up a stone.
Extracorporal means outside the body
Noninvasive method such as high energy, shock, waves, or lasers, often eliminate the need for surgery
uses ultrasonic energy from the source outside the body
Lithotrite
Is an instrument used for crushing a urinary calculus
an instrument that is used in conjunction with a catheter to crush stones in the bladder
(invasive lithotripsy) this type of lithotripsy is accomplished by inserting a catheter through the urethra.
Nephroureterectomy
Means surgical excision of a kidney with the ureter.
Laparoscopic nephrectomy
Removal of the kidney through several small incisions in the abdominal wall, rather than an open surgical excision.
Immuno suppressive therapy
The administration of agents that significantly interfere with the immune response of the recipient, is provided after renal transplantation to prevent rejection of the donor kidney.
Renal carcinoma
cancer of a kidney
either removal of the disease, kidney or radiation therapy can be used to treat renal carcinoma
Cyst/ectomy,
cystectomy
Resection of the bladder
Bladder/excision
a surgical excision of the bladder.
It may be a partial cystectomy, in which only a portion of the bladder is removed or the cystectomy may be radical, in which all of the bladder is removed, along with selected adjacent organs (the prostate and seminal vesicles in males; the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and urethra in females).
ureterostomy
A type of urinary diversion
Formation of a new opening through which a ureter empties.
In a bilateral or double ureterostomy, there are two pouches on the abdominal surface, one for each ureter to receive drainage of the urine.
transureteroureterostomy
surgical connection of one ureter to another
the result in only one opening on the abdominal surface that serves both your readers
Lip
Cancer is one reason for urinary diversion
an obstruction lower in the urinary tract could also require formation of a new opening, through which the ureter could discharge its contents
Nephrolithotomy
is removal of the renal calculi by cutting through the body of the kidney.
notice -tomy is used rather than -ectomy, because -tomy refers to incision of the kidney, and removal of the stone is only implied.
Pyelo/litho/tomy
Pyelolithotomy
is excision of a renal calculus from the renal pelvis of the kidney (literal translation, is incision of renal pelvis for stones, and it is understood that the procedure is done for this purpose)
renal pelvis/stone or calculus/incision
surgical removal of a stone from the renal pelvis
uretero/litho/tomy
Ureterolithotomy
Cysto/litho/tomy
Cystolithotomy
Ureter/stone/incision
Bladder/stone/incision our procedures for surgical removal of a stone or stones from there, and your reader and the bladder, respectively.
it is important that the patient have a high fluid intake after a stone is removed to prevent the formation of another stone.
percutaneous nephro/stomy
Nephrostomy
percutaneous kidney/incision
is a surgical procedure in which the skin of the flank (Side) is punctured so that the catheter can be inserted into the renal pelvis. Literal translation of nephrostomy is formation of a new opening into the kidney.
percutaneous tells us that the skin is punctured to gain access to the renal pelvis.
this procedure allows for drainage, drug installation, and selected surgical procedures, including dilation of a stenosed ureter or removal of calculi.
percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty
Renal artery stenosis, partial, blocking of one or both renal arteries is treated by____________ _____________ _____ ______
or by using another major artery to route blood to the kidney.
The repair of the renal artery is via an incision of the skin
anticoagulant therapy
It is used in renal vein, thrombosis, a blood clot in the renal vein.
A thrombectomy may also be performed, which means surgical incision of the thrombus.
catheter dilation
Is useful in treating strictures of the ureter or urethra. severe stricture that does not respond to dilation, may require ureterectomy, partial or complete surgical incision of the ureter
stricture - decrease in the caliber of a canal, duct, or other passage
Ureterocystostomy (procedure)
The section of the ureter that remains after you’ve her ectomy is attached to a different site on the bladder
Ureterocystoneostomy
This involves surgical transplantation of the ureter to a different site on the bladder
Ureteroplasty
Means surgical repair of a ureter
Pyeloplasty
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
Cystoplasty
Surgical repair of the bladder
plastic surgery (surgical repair) of the bladder
Cystostomy
Means formation of an opening into the urinary bladder
Means incision of the bladder
Suprapubic cystoscopy
Is surgical incision of the bladder via an incision just above the symphysis
Urethrotomy
surgical incision of the urethra
trans/urethral
Means through the urethra
Transurethral surgery is performed by inserting an instrument through or across the wall of the urethra, and makes it possible to perform surgery on certain organs that line near the urethra without having an abdominal incision.
transurethral resection (TUR)
small pieces of tissue from a nearby structure are removed through the wall of the urethra
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
surgery is performed on the prostate gland by means of an instrument, passed through the wall of the urethra, and is sometimes done to alleviate the problems of benign prosthetic hyperplasia
an abdominal incision is not involved, because the surgeon approaches the prostate through the urethra. Small pieces of the prostate are removed with a special instrument called a resectoscope
In some cases,TURP is replaced by an less invasive laser TURP
Nephropexy
Surgical fixation of the kidney
this type of surgery is often used to correct nephroptosis
Stress incontinence
More common type
Leakage of urine, when coughing, sneezing, or straining
Kegel exercises
to strengthen the pelvic muscles. Also, weight loss in overweight persons, drug therapy, and or surgery can be helpful.
Incontinence resulting from spinal cord injury
Necessitates use of a indwelling catheter
Urinary incontinence
Means the inability to control your nation
urinary retention
Is incomplete emptying of the bladder
May require catheterization, either intermittent or indwelling. Certain medication‘s are also helpful.
Treatment of a stone located in the bladder
Cystolithotomy
ESWL
Lithotripsy
Urinary meatus
External opening of the urethra
calculus or calculi
Stone
Ureterolith
Refers to a stone that has lodged or formed in the ureter
Nephroscope
is an instrument (endoscope) inserted into an incision in the renal pelvis for viewing the interior of the kidney
Nephrolith
Is commonly called a kidney stone
Glomerular
Means pertaining to the glomerulus
Glomerulus
Is the functional unit of the kidney and is where filtration occurs
sclerosis
Means hardening
stricture
Means narrowing or constriction of an opening or passageway
Ureteropyelitis
Is inflammation of ureter and renal pelvis
Glomeurulonephritis
Is nephritis (inflammation of the kidney) that involves glomeruli (filtration units)
Nephromegaly
Is enlargement of the kidney
Interrenal
Refers to between the kidneys
kidney dialysis (hemodialysis)
uses of semipermeable membrane to remove waste from the blood
Nephrolith
Another name for kidney stone
Cystotomy
Incision of the bladder
Urography
Roentgenography of the urinary system
Urethral catheter
The name of an instrument that is inserted through the external medias into the urethra, and then pass to the bladder to collect a urine
