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Chapter 7 Urinary System > Definition > Flashcards

Definition Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

1) excretes waste products via urine
2) filters the blood
3) maintains blood pH
4) maintains hemostasis
5) maintains proper balance of water

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2
Q

Excretory

A

The act or process of excreting, eliminating wastes

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3
Q

Excretion

A

Is performed by the kidneys, which are part of the urinary system.

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4
Q

Urin/ary
Urinary

A

Urine/pertaining to

Means pertaining to urine

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5
Q

urinary tract

A

The organs and ducts that are involved in the secretion and (elimination) of urine from the body

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6
Q

Urinary system

A

Consists of paired, kidneys, one on each side of the spinal column, a ureter for each kidney, a bladder, and a urethra
most of the work of the urinary system takes place in the kidneys

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7
Q

Kidneys

A

Filtering occurs

Are located in the dorsal (backside ) part of the abdomen.

Urine is formed in the kidneys

When blood is filtered by the kidneys, wastes are removed, but much of the water, and other substances are reabsorbed. They enter the renal vein and are returned to the bloodstream via the inferior vena cava.

average adult kidney is about 11 cm long by 6 cm wide (4 1/2 x 2 1/3“) and weighs about 145 g about 8 oz (less than half a pound). Playing a major role in hemostasis of the body, the kidneys are the major regulators of the water and pH of the blood and indirectly, all body fluids.

The kidneys, help degrade, insulin and metabolize vitamin D.

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8
Q

Ureter
2 qnty

A

Carries urine to the bladder

Urine leaves the kidneys by the way of the ureter and passes to the bladder where it is stored

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9
Q

Bladder

A

Where urine is temporarily stored

Is a temporary reservoir for the urine until it is expelled

Urine comes from the kidneys to the bladder

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10
Q

Urethra

A

Where urine is excreted

A tube that carries urine from the bladder

When voluntary control is removed, urine is expelled through the urethra

urethra is about 3 cm long in women and lies anterior to the vagina. In men it is 20 cm long and serves as a passageway for semen and as a canal for urine.

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11
Q

Flow of urine

A

Goes from the kidneys
To the ureters
To the urinary bladder
To the urethra
Urinary meatus where urine is expelled

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12
Q

Urinary meatus

A

The external opening of the urethra

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13
Q

Renal arteries

A

Blood is transported to the kidneys by vessels from the cardiovascular (pertaining to the heart and vessel ) system. These vessels that carry blood to the kidneys are _____ ________.

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14
Q

hilum

A

The match, or depression on the inner border of the kidney, call the Hilum, is where the blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves, enter, or leave the kidney. 

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15
Q

Renal pelvis

A

The funnel shaped structure, where a kidney joins the ureter is called the _____ ______, and it drains urine from the kidney to the ureter.

The cavity in the kidney that collects urine from many collecting ducks

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16
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

Where each kidney is encased

provides protection for the delicate internal parts of the kidney
Ribs and muscle near the kidneys are added protection

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17
Q

Erythropietin

A

A certain old kidney functions are production of _____________ (causes the production of red blood cells (RBCs), renin (helps regulate blood pressure), and prostaglandins (act in several target organs with a variety of effects)

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18
Q

renin

A

Helps regulate blood pressure

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19
Q

prostaglandins

A

Act in several target organs with a variety of effects

any other group of components derived from unsaturated 20 – carbon fatty acids. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes.

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20
Q

Vesical

A

Pertaining to fluid filled sac, usually a urinary bladder

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21
Q

vesico/ureter/al
vesicoureteral

ureterovesical

A

Means pertaining to the urinary bladder and ureter

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22
Q

Vesico/vaginal

A

Means pertaining to the urinary bladder and the vagina

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23
Q

urethr/al
urethral

A

means pertaining to the urethra

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24
Q

cyst/ic
cystic

A

bladder/pertaining to
or
fluid filled sac/pertaining to

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25
Q

adomino/cyst/ic
abdominocystic

adomino/vesic/al
adominovesical

A

abdomen/bladder or fluid, filled sac/pertaining to

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26
Q

extra/cyst/ic
extracystic

A

outside/bladder or fluid filled sac/pertaining to

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27
Q

inter/ren/al
interrenal

A

between/kidney/pertaining to

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28
Q

genito/urin/ary GU
genitourinary

uro/genit/al
urogenital

A

organs of reproduction/urine/pertaining to

urine/organs of reproduction/pertaining to

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29
Q

recto/urethr/al
rectourethral

urethro/rect/al
urethrorectal

A

rectum/urethra/pertaining to

urethra/rectum/pertaining to

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30
Q

ren/al
renal

A

kidney/pertaining to
pertaining to the kidney

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31
Q

supra/ren/al
suprarenal

A

above/kidney/pertaining to
pertaining to above a kidney

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32
Q

ureter/al
ureteral

A

ureter/ pertaining to
pertaining to a ureter

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33
Q

urethro/vagin/al
urethrovaginal

A

urethra/vagina/pertaining to
pertaining to the urethra in the vagina

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34
Q

nephrons

A

About 1 million nephrons serve as the functional units of each kidney.

A nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubules.

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35
Q

glomerulus
tubules

A

nephron’s components

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36
Q

Nephons have three important functions

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

these functions depend on a healthy blood pressure, and the ultimate goal is to filter the blood and excrete water and waste into the urine.

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37
Q

1) glomerular filtration

2) Bowman capsule

A

1) The glomerulus allows water, salts, wastes, and practically everything except blood cells and proteins to pass through the filter.

2) Collects the filtrate and passes it to the tubules Collects the filtrate and passes it to the two bowls.

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38
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

Is fluid passes through the tubules, substances that the body conserves, such as sugar, and much of the water, are reabsorbed into blood vessels surrounding the tubules.

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39
Q

tubular secretion
third process in urine formation

A

as fluid passes through the renal tubule, some substances from the bloodstream (waste products of metabolism in certain drugs, such as penicillin) are secreted into the tubule to be expelled into urine.

Is the secretion of some substances from the bloodstream into the renal tubule (waste products of metabolism that become toxic if they are not excreted and certain drugs, such as penicillin)

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40
Q

Tubule

A

Each tubule consists of a proximal tubule, a loop of Henle, and a distal tubal.

reabsorption occurs in these structures

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41
Q

Proximal tubule

A

Is the part of the tubule near the glomerulus?

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42
Q

distal tubule

A

Is the part of the tubule that is farther from the glomerulus than the proximal tubule.

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43
Q

Functions of the nephron

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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44
Q

glomerular filtration

A

(water, sugar, salt, and waste passed through the glomerulus

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45
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

(water, sugar, from salts and vitamins)

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46
Q

tubular secretion

A

(Includes hydrogen, potassium, and some drugs)

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47
Q

Adult kidneys

A

Normal blood flow through the adult kidneys averages 1200 mL/minute, so all of the blood is filtered about every five minutes. Dependent on adequate blood pressure, the kidneys balance the amount of many substances through filtration, selective tubular reabsorption, and secretion.

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48
Q

glomerulus

A

Filtering occurs in this part of the nephron
Filtering structure of the kidney

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49
Q

tubule

A

Reabsorption occurs in this part of the nephron

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50
Q

Urine

A

Substances that are filtered by the glomerulus
- substances that are reabsorbed
+ substances that are added by tubular secretion
= urine

Waste products, and some of the water remaining in the tubules, after reabsorption combined to become____

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51
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

increases the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules, plus decreasing the amount of urine produce. ADH is secreted by the brain and released as needed.

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52
Q

Renal pelvis

A

After urine collects in the renal pelvis, it drains to the bladder by passing through a tube called the ureter.

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53
Q

urinary bladder

A

It’s a collapsible muscular bag that serves as a reservoir for urine until it is expelled. It has a storage capacity in health of about 500 mL ( 1 pint) or more.

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54
Q

micturition
voiding

A

Means urination, expelling urine from the bladder

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55
Q

Receptors

A

Filling of the bladder, with urine, stimulates, receptors, producing the desire to urinate

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56
Q

Voluntary control

A

Prevents urine from being released. When the control is removed, urine is expelled through the urethra.

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57
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Is a calculated volume of fluid filtered by the glomeruli.
GFR decreases with advancing age, and the decline in the filtration rate is more rapid in persons with diabetes or hypertension (elevated blood pressure)
GFR formed the basis of a test for how well the kidneys are functioning.

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58
Q

Forming and expelling urine

A

starts at the bloodstream——proceeds to either kidney—glomerulus (filtration)—bowman capsule—-renal tubule—renal pelvis—ureters(R or L)—bladder—urethra—expelled

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59
Q

Kidneys, your readers, & bladder (KUB)

A

Physical assessment
Includes abdomen inspection, auscultation, palpitation, and percussion

Laboratory, test, biopsies, radiography, and endoscopy are helpful in diagnostic assessment of the urinary system

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60
Q

Intake and output (I&O)

A

Intake should include oral, intravenous, and tube feedings. A major source of fluid output is urine, but other output to record includes excess perspiration, vomitus, and diarrhea.

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61
Q

urin/alysis
urinalysis

A

Is an examination of urine. It is often abbreviated UA or U/A.
Is usually part of a physical examination.

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62
Q

Urine color

A

Changes in the color may result from diet or medicine
Dark, red or brown may indicate blood

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63
Q

Specific gravity
In urinalysis

A

Is the density of year and compared with the density of water? (1.0)
Dilute urine has a low specific, gravity, and concentrated urine has a high specific gravity.

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64
Q

urinometer

A

is an instrument for measuring specific gravity of urine (concentration)

Instrument to measure the specific gravity of urine

Specific gravity can be measured with…

Is used to determine the specific gravity (density) of a sample of urine

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65
Q

Chemical analysis of urine

A

May include pH (potential of hydrogen; the numeric pH value indicates the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution)

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66
Q

Glucose test strips
Such as Diastix (R)

A

Tests only for glucose in the urine

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67
Q

Waste products that are normally excreted in urine

A

Urea, a nitrogen compounds that is the final product of protein metabolism
Ammonia
Creatinine, a nitrogen product produced by the body’s normal metabolism
Various salts

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68
Q

Urea

A

A nitrogen compounds that is the final product of protein metabolism

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69
Q

Creatinine

A

A nitrogen product produced by the body’s normal metabolism

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70
Q

Multistix
(testing urine with this)

A

A plastic strip with reagent areas for testing various chemical constituents that may be present in the urine. These reagent strips are considered qualitative tests, and a positive result for an abnormal substance in the urine generally requires further testing.

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71
Q

Glucose test strips

A

Screen for the presence of glucose in the urine

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72
Q

These substances are not found in normal urine specimens

A

Sugar, ketones, albumin, and hemolyzed blood (must rule out menstrual contamination)

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73
Q

Albumin

A

Is a proteins found in animal tissue and the major serum protein

When present in urine protein is generally _________

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74
Q

Ketones

A

Normal products of lipid metabolism

Are end products of the body’s normal lipid (fat) metabolism; however, excessive production of ketones leads to excretion of ketones in the urine (abnormal).

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75
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

An accumulation of ketones in the body.

Ketone excretion in urine sometimes indicates____________, acidosis, resulting from faulty carbohydrate metabolism and accumulation of ketones in the body, primarily a complication of diabetes mellitus.

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76
Q

albumin/uria
albuminuria

A

Albumin/urine or urination

Albumin (protein) in the urine

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77
Q

glycos/uria
glycosuria

A

Is presence of sugar in urine

sugar/urine or urination

Sugar in the urine

May indicate diabetes and requires further testing

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78
Q

hemat/uria
Hematuria

A

Blood/urine or urination

Blood in the urine

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79
Q

keton/uria
ketonuria

A

bodies/urine or urination

Ketones in the urine

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80
Q

protein/uria
proteinuria

A

protein/urine or urination

Protein in the urine, which is usually albumin

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81
Q

Abnormal findings in urine

A

Albuminuria
glycosuria
Hematuria
Ketoneuria
Proteinuria

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82
Q

Glucose

A

Is absorbed in the tubules, glucose is not normally present in urine.

Glycosuria may indicate diabetes and requires further testing

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83
Q

Renal threshold

A

When the blood glucose rises above a certain level, the renal threshold for reabsorption is exceeded, and glucose is excreted in the urine.

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84
Q

Microscopic study

A

Is generally part of a complex urinalysis. Body cells (for example, squamous epithelial cells, blood cells), crystals, and bacteria are some of the particles present in a microscopic study. These are generally reported as number/high - power field (HPF)

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85
Q

pus cells

A

Neurotic WBCs, are a major component of pus.

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86
Q

Py/uria
otitis

A

Means the presence of pus in the urine

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87
Q

Healthy urine sample

A

Contains a few squamous epithelial cells and very few white blood cells. (WBC)

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88
Q

White blood cells (WBCs)

A

The presence of a large number of white blood cells may be indicated of an infectious or inflammatory process somewhere in the urinary tract. For example, there is usually a large amount of WBC’s/HPF in most urinary tract infections.

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89
Q

Red blood cells (RBCs)

A

Only a few RBCs are normally present in urine. If several RBCs/HPF are present it may indicate a variety of abnormalities, including a tumor, urinary stones, infection, or a bleeding disorder.

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90
Q

Urinary cast

A

Are gelatinous structure that take the shape of the renal tubules. Casts are described by the type of element in the structure. There are usually few to no casts, so the presence of several cast in urine generally indicates renal disease or urinary calculi. Renal disease means disease of a kidney.

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91
Q

Renal disease

A

Means disease of the kidney

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92
Q

Urinary tract infection

A

The presence of many bacteria may indicate a UTI.

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93
Q

A urine culture

A

If the patient has symptoms of a UTI, the urine culture is used to determine the types of pathogenic bacteria present

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94
Q

Antibiotics, sensitivity test

A

When bacteria are present in significant numbers. Another test is used to determine which antibiotics are effective against that particular pathogen.

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95
Q

Culture

A

The cultivation of micro organisms in the laboratory on special culture medium is

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96
Q

Voided specimen

A

Is one in which the patient boys into a container supplied by the laboratory or physicians office

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97
Q

Clean-catch specimen

A

The tissue adjacent to the urethra meatus must be cleansed before collection to avoid contamination of the specimen, and only the middle portion of the urine stream is collected.

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98
Q

Catheterized urine specimen

A

Introduced a hollow, flexible tube into the bladder

Is obtained by placing a catheter into the bladder and withdrawing urine. This may be necessary to obtain an uncontaminated urine specimen.

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99
Q

Creatinine

A

Is a substance formed in normal metabolism, and is commonly found in blood, urine, and muscle tissue.
It is measured in blood in urine as an indicator of kidney function.

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100
Q

serum creatinine test

A

Is a measurement of the creatinine level in blood.

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101
Q

creatinine clearance test

A

Is a diagnostic test that measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
This kidney function test is one example of a renal clearance test

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102
Q

Reno clearance test

A

Determine the efficiency with which the kidneys, excrete particular substances

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103
Q

24 hour urine collection

A

This type of collection may be ordered to measure levels of various substances in the urine, such as calcium or creatinine

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104
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

In addition to blood creatinine levels, it is directly related to the metabolic function of the liver and the excretory function of the kidney.
BUN is a measure of the amount of urea in the blood
urea forms in the liver as the end product of the protein metabolism and is excreted by the kidneys in urine

A critically elevated bun level indicates serious impairment of renal function

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105
Q

Blood urea nitrogen

A

BUN, a blood test that measures the excretory function of the kidney

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106
Q

Pyuria

A

Puss in the urine

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107
Q

Ketonuria

A

Presence of the end products of fat metabolism in the urine

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108
Q

Urinary catheterization

A

A catheter (flexible tube ) is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder for temporary or permanent drainage of urine.

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109
Q

Catheter

A

The hollow tube that is used in catheterization

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110
Q

Indwelling catheter

A

It is designed to be left in place for a prolonged period

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111
Q

Foley catheter

A

Is held securely in place by a balloon tip that is filled with a sterile liquid after the catheter has been placed in the bladder.
This type of catheter is used when continuous drainage of the bladder is desired, such as in surgery, or when repeated urinary catheterization would be necessary if an indwelling catheter were not used.

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112
Q

Ureteral catheters

A

Placement of catheters through the urethra into a ureter is________ ________

Are usually passed into the distal ends of the ureters from the bladder, via a cystoscope and may be threaded up the ureters into the renal pelves (plural for pelvis). Ureteral catheter may also be surgically inserted through the abdominal wall into a ureter.

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113
Q

Retrograde urogram
Retrograde pyelogram

A

Ureteral catheters may be placed temporarily as part of a diagnostic procedure called_______________, which permits visualization of the renal collecting system in patients whose renal function is to limited for adequate visualization with intravenous urography.

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114
Q

Four methods of catheterization used to divert the regular flow of urine

A

Urethral catheterization
Ureteral catheterization
Suprapubic catheterization
nephrostomy or percutaneous nephrostomy

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115
Q

Urethral catheterization

A

Insertion of a catheter via the urethra into the bladder

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116
Q

Ureteral catheterization

A

Insertion of the catheter into the distal ends of the ureters, usually via the urethra into the bladder, then, into the ureters using a cystoscope; may also be surgically inserted through the abdominal wall.

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117
Q

Suprapubic catheter association

A

Surgical incision of a catheter through the skin above the pubic arch and into the bladder

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118
Q

1) Nephrostomy also called
2) percutaneous nephrostomy

A

1) Surgical insertion of a catheter via a new opening into the renal pelvis through the overlying skin.

2) the catheter is inserted on a temporary basis when it complete obstruction of the ureter is present

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119
Q

Urodynamic studies

A

Measure various aspects of the process of voiding and are used along with other procedures to evaluate problems with urine flow

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120
Q

Types of urodynamic studies

A

Cystometrography
Electromyography
Urethral pressure profile

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121
Q

Cysto/metro/graphy
Cystometrography

A

bladder/to measure/process of recording
provides information about the amount of pressure exerted on the bladder wall.

A urologic procedure that measures the amount of pressure on the bladder

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122
Q

Cysto/meter
Cystometer

A

Bladder/instrument that measures

Measures bladder capacity in relation to change in urine pressure

Is an instrument that measures aspects of the bladder

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123
Q

Electro/myo/graphy (EMG)
Electromyography

A

Electricity/muscle/process of recording

Can be used to evaluate the strength of the muscles used when voiding

Electric recording of muscle action, contraction
This test can also be used to evaluate urinary incontinence, the ability to control urination

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124
Q

Perineal muscles

A

Used in voiding

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125
Q

Perineum

A

Supports and surrounds the distal parts of the urogenital, and the gastrointestinal tracts of the body

126
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

The inability to control urination

127
Q

Urethral pressure profile

A

Provides information about the nature of urinary incontinence or retention (accumulation of urine in the bladder that results from inability to urinate)

128
Q

Nephrostomy

A

Surgical formation of a new opening into the renal pelvis may be performed on one or both kidneys, and may be temporary or permanent. If both your readers are removed, a bilateral nephrostomy is necessary.

129
Q

Abdominal x-ray images and special radiologic procedures

A

Are helpful in diagnosing, many abnormalities of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

130
Q

KUB radiographic study

A

Determines the size and location of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

131
Q

Provides a great deal of diagnostic information about the urinary system

A

X-ray images
nephrosonography
nephrotomography
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Urine and blood studies

132
Q

Bladder scans

A

Are particularly useful in determining bladder, volume as well as post, avoiding residual volume

133
Q

Renal and urinary diagnostic test

A

Noninvasive
Radiography of the kidneys, ureters, bladder
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Nephrotomography
Ultrasonography

Others
Cystography and cystoscope
Intravenous urography
Renal arteriography
Renal scan
Nephroscopy (not as common)

134
Q

Cystography

A

Radiography of the bladder using radioplaque contrast medium

135
Q

Cystourethrography

A

Radiography of the bladder and urethra after using a urinary catheter to install the contrast medium

136
Q

Voiding cystourethrograms (VCUGs)

A

Are radiographs made before, during, and after voiding (urination)

137
Q

Intravenous urography (IVU)

A

X-ray images of the entire urinary system or part of it after the urine has been rendered opaque by an intravenously injected contrast medium.

138
Q

Urogram

A

Radiographic image of the urinary system

The renal pelves and ureters are clearly visible in the normal urogram. Formally called intravenous pyelography (IVP), with the resulting image called a pyelogram.

139
Q

nephrosonography

A

Ultrasonic scanning of the kidney

140
Q

nephrotomography

A

This procedure is helpful in assessing various planes of a kidney tissue for tumors, cyst, or stones

Tomography of the kidney, resulting in an image, called a nephrotomogram

141
Q

Renal angiography

A

Assessing the arterial blood supply to the kidneys

Radiographic study to assess the arterial blood supply to the kidneys also called renal arteriography and the record produced is a renal arteriogram.

142
Q

1) Renal scan also called
2) Renography

A

1) Scanning of the kidney for radial activity after intravenous injection of radioactive material.

2) special equipment measures, records, and produces an image of the low level radioactivity that is emitted.
Renal test that involves scanning of radioactivity

143
Q

Urethrography

A

Radiography of the urethra using radiopaque contrast medium

144
Q

Cystoscopy

A

refers to visual examination of urinary tract with an endoscope inserted through urethra

Direct visualization of the bladder

Cystoscope is passed through the urethra and into the bladder. The bladder mucosa is examined, sometimes biopsy specimens are obtained, polyps, (growths protruding from the lining.) or stones may be removed, or the distal ends of the ureters are examined.

145
Q

Nephroscopy

A

Visualization of the kidney use another Nephroscope inserted through the skin into a small is incision in the renal pelvis.

146
Q

Ureteroscopy

A

Visual examination within a ureter

147
Q

Urethroscopy

A

Visual examination within the urethra. If the examination uses a cystoscope to examine the bladder. It is called a cystourethroscopy

148
Q

Cystourethroscopy or
Urethrocystoscopy

A

Direct visualization of the urethra and bladder

149
Q

Overactive bladder

A

Is characterized by a nearly constant urge to urinate, sometimes called and irritable bladder

150
Q

Dys/uria
Dysuria

A

Difficult or Painful /urine or urination

Is difficult or painful urination and can be caused by a bacterial infection or an obstruction of the urinary tract

151
Q

Poly/uria is also called diuresis
Polyuria

A

The opposite of anúria

Is excessive urination

Many/urine or urinations

Is excretion of an abnormally large quantity of urine
This can be brought on by excessive intake of fluids, or the use of medication

152
Q

An/uria
Anuria

A

Absence/urination
is a urinary output of less than 100 mL per day.

Complete suppression of urinary secretion by the kidneys

Kidneys are not producing urine

153
Q

Anur/ic
Anuric

A

The patient who has less than 100 ML of urine output per day is

154
Q

Olig/uria
Oliguria

A

Scanty/urine

refers to excretion of a small amount of urine in relation to fluid intake; less than 500 mL of urine per day

Which means diminished capacity to form urine, excreting, less than 500 mL of urine per day.

155
Q

Used to describe Urination patterns

A

Urgency
Frequency
Hesitancy

156
Q

Urgency

A

The sense of the need to urinate immediately

Is the sudden onset of the need to urinate immediately?

157
Q

Increased frequency

A

Is a greater number of urinations than expected in a given time (uterine prolapse, the loss of support that anchors the uterus, can result in pressure on the bladder and lead to urinary frequency)

158
Q

Hesitancy

A

Is difficulty in beginning the flow, often with the decrease in the force of the urine stream

159
Q

Urinary retention

A

Incomplete emptying of the bladder

Retention of urine is an abnormal, involuntary accumulation of urine in the bladder

160
Q

Urinary reflux

A

A backward flow of urine from the bladder

is backward or return flow of urine in the urinary tract

Is an abnormal backward or return flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters.

161
Q

Continence

A

Is the ability to control bladder or bowel function

162
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

Is in ability to control urination. This is loss of control of the passage of urine from the bladder. There are many causes of incontinence, such as loss of muscle tone, obesity, or unconsciousness.

163
Q

Enuresis

A

Also means that in ability to control, urination, and the term is applied, especially to nocturnal bedwetting. Nocturnal means pertaining to or occurring at night.

164
Q

Noct/uria also called
Nocturia

Nyct/uria
Nycturia

A

Night/urine
Night/urine

Is excessive urination at night

Although nocturia may be a symptom of a disease, it also can occur and people who drink excessive amounts of fluids before bedtime, or when nearby structures, put pressure on the bladder. An example of the latter is pressure on the bladder by a prolapsed uterus.

165
Q

Uropath

A

Is any disease or abnormal condition of the urinary tract

166
Q

Uropathies

A

Include congenital (example: horseshoe kidney) , inflammatory, hereditary, instructive, and renovascular disorders. In addition, some uropathies are the result of metabolic disease processes that affect renal function.

167
Q

Kidney cancer

A

Is a malignant neoplasm of the renal parenchyma or the renal pelvis

168
Q

Wilms tumor

A

Is a malignant neoplasm of the kidney reoccurring in young children

169
Q

Uremia

A

Is an accumulation of toxic products in the blood from kidneys failing to function properly.

This occurs when the kidneys fail to function properly.

Because the urinary system is responsible for removing harmful waste products from the blood, anything that interferes with excretion of ways can be dangerous

170
Q

Hematuria

A

Is the presence of blood in the urine?

171
Q

Renal failure

A

In ability of the kidneys to excrete waste, concentrate, urine, and function properly is_____ _______. It may be acute or chronic.
acute renal failure (ARF) has symptoms that are more severe than those of chronic renal failure (CRF)

172
Q

Acute renal failure ARF

A

Is characterized by oliguria and by the rapid accumulation of nitrogenous waste in the blood, indicated by a higher than normal amount of blood urea nitrogen. ARF may be caused by nephritis (inflammation, and abnormal functioning of the kidney), interference in blood flow to the kidney, or conditions that disrupt urinary output.

ARF can often be reversed after the cause has been (for a couple example, removal of an obstruction in the urinary tract). However, CRF may lead to the need for dialysis if all other medical measures have not alleviated the problems.

173
Q

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

One or more common hereditary renal disorders, is characterized by enlarged kidneys, containing many cyst. Polycystic means containing mini cyst.

174
Q

Nephr/itis
Nephritis

A

Kidney/inflammation

Is one of the large group of kidney diseases that is characterized by inflammation

175
Q

Glomerulo/nephritis
Glomerulonephritis

A

it is inflammation of the kidney that involves primarily the tufts of capillaries that act as filters

The most usual form of kidney diseases, in which glomeruli within the kidney are inflamed. Glomeruli are clusters of capillaries that act as filters.

There is impairment of the filtering process. Inflammation of the kidney may be caused by micro organisms or their toxins, or even buy toxic drugs or alcohol.

176
Q

Glomerulopathy

A

Means any disease of the renal glomeruli ( the filtering part of the kidney)

177
Q

Interstitial nephritis

A

There is inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney
Is inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney, including the tubules. This type of nephritis can be acute or chronic. When a cute interstitial nephritis is an adverse immunologic reaction to a drug, normal kidney function is generally regained when the offending drug is disconnected.

178
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

Is an abnormal condition of the kidney characterized by marked Proteinuria and Adema. It occurs as a complication of many systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus.

179
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism that is primarily a result of a deficiency or lack of insulin secretion by the pancreas, or resistance to insulin.

180
Q

Five common causes of urinary tract obstruction

A

1) foreign body (stone)
2) ureteral stricture
3) narrowing of ureterovesicle junction
4) benign prostatic hyperplasia
5) urethral stricture

181
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Another disorder that shares the name diabetes

Is not related to diabetes mellitus, but was so named because of the large quantity of year in excreted

It is not related to the bodies use of insulin. It’s caused may be hormonal or renal, and the disorder refers to several types of polyuria in which the urinary output exceeds 3000 mL a day.

182
Q

Diabetic nephropathy

A

Is the disease of the kidneys resulting from Diabetes and mellitus. Chronic chronic hyperglycemia and increase blood pressure accelerate the progress of the disorder.

183
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Means excessive glucose in the blood

184
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Is a carbohydrate metabolism disorder due to the lack of insulin production

Is a major cause of end-stage renal disease in the US and can result from either type one or type two diabetes mellitus

185
Q

Obstructive nephropathies

A

Are conditions that blocker interfere with the flow of urine.
Several causes include a prolapsed adjacent structures, tumors (benign or malignant) stones, narrowing of ureters, or urethra, and dysfunction of the bladder that result from spinal cord injury or lesion of the nervous system (neurogenic bladder)

186
Q

Neurogenetic bladder

A

Is the dysfunction of the bladder caused by a lesion of the nervous system

187
Q

nephro/lysis
Nephrolysis

A

refers to destruction of kidney tissue, freeing a kidney from adhesions (fibrous tissue)

Kidney/loosening, freeing, or destroying
destruction of kidney substance

A second meeting is freeing of a kidney from adhesions, bands of scar tissue, that fine together surfaces that normally are separate

188
Q

nephro/malacia
nephromalacia

A

Kidney/abnormal softening

Abnormal softening of the kidney

189
Q

nephro/megaly
nephromegaly

A

kidney/enlargement of one kidney
enlargement of the kidney, especially hypertrophy of the kidney after removal of the other kidney; bilateral nephromegaly involves both kidneys.

190
Q

Nephro/pathy
nephropathy

A

kidney/any disease of

any disease of the kidney, including inflammatory, degenerative, or sclerotic conditions

191
Q

nephro/tox/ic
nephrotoxic

A

kidney/poisonpertaining to

toxic or destructive to kidney cells

192
Q

bacterial infection

A

is the most common cause of inflammation of the urinary tract, but inflammation may be attributed to other disorders, such as the presence of a stone

193
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

An infection of one or more structures in the urinary system is one of the more common disorders of the urinary tract. A UTI may be asymptomatic, but is usually characterized by urinary frequency and possibly discomfort during urination. Other signs and symptoms, particularly in severe infections, include backache, fever, and blood and/pus in the urine.
it is important to diagnose and treat UTI to prevent their spreading to another part of the body, such as the blood.

194
Q

septic/emia
septicemia

A

A morbid condition caused by the presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood

infection/blood
is a systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating blood, having spread from an infection in another part of the body, such as the urinary tract.

When UTIs are caused by bacteria, they are treated with an antibiotic

195
Q

UTIs can include

A

Cystitis, urethra -itis, pyelonephritis. Most urinary infections are caused by bacteria (especially Escherichia coli), but certain fungi, (Canada) can also cause infection

196
Q

Most of the time, UTIs are caused by ascending infection.

A

The anus serves as a reservoir for bacteria, and organisms spread directly from the anal area (occasionally the vagina) to the urethral meatus, where they multiply and can ascend throughout the urethra to the bladder and eventually the kidney in some cases. Infection is more likely in females than males, because of the short distance separating the anus and the urethra, as well as shorter urethra. Both catheterization and sexual intercourse promote the ascent of bacteria. Urinary tract infections are also more common in persons with structural abnormalities or lowered immunity and are a major type of hospital-acquired infections.

197
Q

hydro/nephrosis
hydronephrosis

A

Is distention of the kidney with urine as a result of an obstructed ureter

Is caused by obstruction in the upper part of the ureter.

water/kidney
is a condition of water in the kidney

is distention of the renal pelvis and kidney by urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the ureter.

means distention of the renal pelvis with urine as a result of an obstruction in the upper part of a ureter

198
Q

Hydro/ureter
Hydroureter

A

Is caused by obstruction in the lower part of the ureter.

If a stone or another object occurs in the lower part of the ureter, the condition that results is called__________, abnormal distension of the ureter with urine or watery fluid.

199
Q

Bladder polyp

A

Is a growth protruding from the lining of the bladder. This can be detected during a cystoscopy. polyps me or Kurt anywhere there is mucus membrane such as the urethra.

A polyp is any growth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane.

Polyps are removed, and the tissue is studied microscopically, even though cancer may not be suspected.

200
Q

bladder cancer

A

Is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract, and occurs more than twice as frequent in men than women.

201
Q

bladder-wash specimens
bladder biopsies

are obtained during cystoscopy

A

Are often used to diagnose cancer of the bladder

202
Q

enlargement of the nearby structure, (for example, the prostate) also puts pressure on urinary structures.

A
203
Q

prostate

A

Is a gland in men that surrounds the neck of the bladder.

204
Q

Benign prosthetic hyperplasia ( BPH)

A

Is a non-malignant, non-inflammatory enlargement of the prostate that is common among men older than 50 years.

It may lead to urethral obstruction and interference with urine flow, causing frequency, dysuria, nocturia, and urinary tract infections.

205
Q

Nephro/sclerosis
nephrosclerosis

A

is hardening of the kidney caused by renalvascular disease

is hardening of the small arteries of the kidney and results in decreased blood flow, and eventually necrosis of kidney cells. This condition occurs in a small number of persons with hypertension (elevated blood pressure)
Treatment of nephrosclerosis is the use of medications to lower the blood pressure.

206
Q

Reno/vascular disorders

A

are those affecting the blood vessels of the kidneys and include your nephrosclerosis, stenosis of the renal artery, and thrombosis of the renal vein.

207
Q

Renal artery stenosis

A

Is partial or complete blocking of one or both renal arteries. The pathologic changes to the renal arteries result and drastically, reduce blood flow through the kidneys and lead to hypertension and damage to the kidneys.

208
Q

renal hypertension

A

hypertension resulting from renal artery stenosis or other kidney disorders is called _____ ____________

High blood pressure resulting from any type of renal disorder

209
Q

renal vein thrombosis

A

A blood clot in the renal vein

The presence of a thrombus in the renal vein

The cause of the blood clot (thrombosis) includes compression by a nearby, tumor, renal, carcinoma, or renal trauma.

210
Q

genitourinary infections

A

Are those affecting both the genital and urinary structures.

211
Q

E. coli

A

Normally present and the most abundant bacteria in the intestinal tract, is a frequent cause of female urinary tract infections. These micro organisms as well as other intestinal bacteria normally: is the anus and surrounding area, sometimes causing cross-contamination to the nearby urethra.

212
Q

chlamydia
gonorrhea

A

can affect the urinary system as well as the genitals

213
Q

Sexually transmitted disease also (STD)
also called sexually transmitted infection (STI)

A

is one that may be acquired as a result of sexual contact with a person who has the disease or with the secretions containing the suspected organism.

214
Q

Venereal diseases (VD)

A

Sexually transmitted diseases were formally called

215
Q

Chlamydial infections

A

Caused by chlamydia trachomatis, can be transmitted during vagina, anal, or oral sex. Many people with the disease are asymptomatic, but male signs and symptoms include dysuria and urethral discharge.
females may experience discharge from the cervix, urethritis, dysuria, polyuria, or pyuria, or the infection may spread.

216
Q

gono/rrhea

A

genitals or reproduction/flow or discharge

A sexually transmitted disease that can cause urethritis.
A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is characterized by a heavy discharge from the vagina and females, or from the urethra in either males or females. The discharge may be accompanied by urethritis, and dysuria.

217
Q

absence of both kidneys

A

In a developing fetus is not compatible with life outside the uterus, but less severe congenital defects of the urinary system do occur.

218
Q

hypo/plasia
hypoplasia

A

May affect only one kidney or both kidneys and is a common cause of hypertension in the first decade of life

219
Q

Two anomalies of the urethra

A

Hypospadias
Epispadias

220
Q

Hypo/spadias

A

Is urinary meatus is located below its normal location (underside of penis in males)

is a congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located below its usual location (usually seen in males with the opening on the underside of the penis)

221
Q

Epi/spadias
epispadias

A

is absence of the upper wall of the urethra (urinary meatus, or opening, is located above its usual location - upper surface of a penis in males)

Is a developmental defect in which the urinary meatus is located above its usual location (usually seen in males with the opening on the upper surface of the penis)
occurs as a group or cleft without a covering and not in its usual location

222
Q

Reno/vascul/ar
renovascular

A

Kidneys/vessels/pertaining to

pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidney

223
Q

cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder

224
Q

Cystocele

A

herniation of the bladder

bladder sags and protrudes into the vagina

Hernial protrusion of the bladder into the vagina is a

225
Q

Cystolithiasis

A

The presence of a cystilith, calculus in the urinary bladder

226
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

A condition marked by the presence of kidney stones, also called renal calculus or nephrolith.

227
Q

Nephroptosis

A

downward displacement of the kidney,
(floating kidney)

which can occur when the kidney supports are weakened by sudden strain or blow, or may be congenital; also called floating, hypermobile, or wandering kidney.

228
Q

pyelitis

A

Inflammation of the renal pelvis

229
Q

pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney and its renal pelvis, usually the result of infection, spreading from the lower urinary tract. Chronic pyelonephritis can develop after bacteria infection of the kidney that is either untreated or resistant to treatment.

230
Q

ureteral dysfunction

A

A disturbance of the normal flow of urine through one or both ureters

231
Q

Ureteritis

A

Inflammation of a ureter that can be caused by mechanical irritation of a stone

232
Q

Ureterocele

A

Herniation of the tube that carries urine to the bladder

prolapse or herniation of a ureter, which may lead to obstruction of the flow of urine and hydronephrosis.

233
Q

Ureterolithiasis

A

Presence of a ureterolith, a ureteral stone.

234
Q

Ureteropathy

A

Any disease of a ureter

235
Q

Ureteropyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of a ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney.

236
Q

ureterostenosis

A

Stricture (narrowing of the lumen) of a ureter

237
Q

urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra, characterized by dysuria; may result from minor trauma or infection

238
Q

Urethrocele

A

Herniation of the urethra

Urethral herniation, characterized by protrusion of the female urethra through the urethral opening or encroachment of a segment of the urethral wall upon the vaginal canal.

239
Q

Urethrocystitus

A

Inflammation of the urethra and bladder; cystourethritis

240
Q

Urethrorrhagia

A

Urethral hemorrhage

241
Q

Urethrorrhea

A

Discharge from the urethra

242
Q

urethrospasm

A

Spasm of the muscular tissue of the urethra

243
Q

urethrostenosis

A

A stricture of the urethra

244
Q

Urolithiasis

A

formation of the urinary calculi, often named according to their location; vary greatly in size, from small enough to pass in urination to large stones that occupy the entire renal pelvis and have roughly the shape of a deer antler (staghorn calculi)

245
Q

renal dialysis
(either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis)

A

when the kidneys fail to remove waste products from the blood renal dialysis is necessary to remove substances that a healthy kidney would illuminate

246
Q

hemodialysis

A

The patient’s blood is shunted from the body to a machine for diffusion and filtration, and then return to the patient’s circulation.

247
Q

Renal dialysis

A

blood is shunted from the patient and impurities or wastes are removed before returning it to the patient’s bloodstream.

248
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

instead of diffusing the blood, the perineum is used as a diffusible membrane. It may be performed at home while the patient sleeps.

is dialysis through the peritoneum, with the solution introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity. This type of dialysis is done as an alternative to hemodialysis, and can be performed regularly at home by the patient.

249
Q

renal transplant

A

The patient (recipient) receives a kidney from a suitable donor. The donated kidney is surgically removed from the donor.

250
Q

Nephrectomy

A

Surgical excision (removal) of a kidney

in addition to donation of the kidney, nephrectomies are performed to remove tumors or certain diseased kidneys, for example, when the kidneys are the cause of extremely high blood pressure.

251
Q

Kidney transplant

A

There’s a new location for the donated kidney, leaving the diseased kidneys in place

252
Q

One common incision for a nephrectomy, left kidney

A

It’s called a flank incision, either side of the body superior to the eye ilium (upper hip bone)

253
Q

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
(ESWL)

A

It is used to crush certain types of urinary stones. The reflector focuses a high energy shockwave on the stone. The stone disintegrates into particles and has passed in the urine.

254
Q

Stones in the urinary tract

A

Are sometimes passed out through the urethra, but many are either too large, or do not dissolve. Stones can cause urinary obstruction, which interferes with function, and can be very painful.

There are several methods of dealing with stones, including lithotripsy, and open surgery to remove a large stone, if it cannot be broken up or removed by other means.

255
Q

lithotomy

A

Is the incision of an organ or duct for removal of a calculus, especially one from the urinary tract

lithotomy is also used to mean the lithotomy position, often used in obstetrics and gynecology.

In the lithotomy position, the patient lies on the back with the hips and the knees flexed, and the thighs rotated outward.

256
Q

Lithotripsy

A

is the crushing of a stone within the body followed by the washing out of the fragments.
This was originally done by surgical removal, but non-invasive methods, such as high energy shock waves, or lasers, often eliminate the need for surgery.

257
Q

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

The procedure that uses the ultrasonic energy from a source outside of the body to break up a stone.

Extracorporal means outside the body

Noninvasive method such as high energy, shock, waves, or lasers, often eliminate the need for surgery

uses ultrasonic energy from the source outside the body

258
Q

Lithotrite

A

Is an instrument used for crushing a urinary calculus

an instrument that is used in conjunction with a catheter to crush stones in the bladder

(invasive lithotripsy) this type of lithotripsy is accomplished by inserting a catheter through the urethra.

259
Q

Nephroureterectomy

A

Means surgical excision of a kidney with the ureter.

260
Q

Laparoscopic nephrectomy

A

Removal of the kidney through several small incisions in the abdominal wall, rather than an open surgical excision.

261
Q

Immuno suppressive therapy

A

The administration of agents that significantly interfere with the immune response of the recipient, is provided after renal transplantation to prevent rejection of the donor kidney.

262
Q

Renal carcinoma

A

cancer of a kidney

either removal of the disease, kidney or radiation therapy can be used to treat renal carcinoma

263
Q

Cyst/ectomy,
cystectomy

A

Resection of the bladder

Bladder/excision
a surgical excision of the bladder.

It may be a partial cystectomy, in which only a portion of the bladder is removed or the cystectomy may be radical, in which all of the bladder is removed, along with selected adjacent organs (the prostate and seminal vesicles in males; the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and urethra in females).

264
Q

ureterostomy

A

A type of urinary diversion

Formation of a new opening through which a ureter empties.
In a bilateral or double ureterostomy, there are two pouches on the abdominal surface, one for each ureter to receive drainage of the urine.

265
Q

transureteroureterostomy

A

surgical connection of one ureter to another
the result in only one opening on the abdominal surface that serves both your readers

266
Q

Lip

A
267
Q

Cancer is one reason for urinary diversion

A

an obstruction lower in the urinary tract could also require formation of a new opening, through which the ureter could discharge its contents

268
Q

Nephrolithotomy

A

is removal of the renal calculi by cutting through the body of the kidney.

notice -tomy is used rather than -ectomy, because -tomy refers to incision of the kidney, and removal of the stone is only implied.

269
Q

Pyelo/litho/tomy
Pyelolithotomy

A

is excision of a renal calculus from the renal pelvis of the kidney (literal translation, is incision of renal pelvis for stones, and it is understood that the procedure is done for this purpose)

renal pelvis/stone or calculus/incision

surgical removal of a stone from the renal pelvis

270
Q

uretero/litho/tomy
Ureterolithotomy

Cysto/litho/tomy
Cystolithotomy

A

Ureter/stone/incision
Bladder/stone/incision our procedures for surgical removal of a stone or stones from there, and your reader and the bladder, respectively.

it is important that the patient have a high fluid intake after a stone is removed to prevent the formation of another stone.

271
Q

percutaneous nephro/stomy
Nephrostomy

A

percutaneous kidney/incision
is a surgical procedure in which the skin of the flank (Side) is punctured so that the catheter can be inserted into the renal pelvis. Literal translation of nephrostomy is formation of a new opening into the kidney.
percutaneous tells us that the skin is punctured to gain access to the renal pelvis.
this procedure allows for drainage, drug installation, and selected surgical procedures, including dilation of a stenosed ureter or removal of calculi.

272
Q

percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty

A

Renal artery stenosis, partial, blocking of one or both renal arteries is treated by____________ _____________ _____ ______

or by using another major artery to route blood to the kidney.

The repair of the renal artery is via an incision of the skin

273
Q

anticoagulant therapy

A

It is used in renal vein, thrombosis, a blood clot in the renal vein.
A thrombectomy may also be performed, which means surgical incision of the thrombus.

274
Q

catheter dilation

A

Is useful in treating strictures of the ureter or urethra. severe stricture that does not respond to dilation, may require ureterectomy, partial or complete surgical incision of the ureter

stricture - decrease in the caliber of a canal, duct, or other passage

275
Q

Ureterocystostomy (procedure)

A

The section of the ureter that remains after you’ve her ectomy is attached to a different site on the bladder

276
Q

Ureterocystoneostomy

A

This involves surgical transplantation of the ureter to a different site on the bladder

277
Q

Ureteroplasty

A

Means surgical repair of a ureter

278
Q

Pyeloplasty

A

surgical repair of the renal pelvis

279
Q

Cystoplasty

A

Surgical repair of the bladder

plastic surgery (surgical repair) of the bladder

280
Q

Cystostomy

A

Means formation of an opening into the urinary bladder

Means incision of the bladder

281
Q

Suprapubic cystoscopy

A

Is surgical incision of the bladder via an incision just above the symphysis

282
Q

Urethrotomy

A

surgical incision of the urethra

283
Q

trans/urethral

A

Means through the urethra

Transurethral surgery is performed by inserting an instrument through or across the wall of the urethra, and makes it possible to perform surgery on certain organs that line near the urethra without having an abdominal incision.

284
Q

transurethral resection (TUR)

A

small pieces of tissue from a nearby structure are removed through the wall of the urethra

285
Q

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

A

surgery is performed on the prostate gland by means of an instrument, passed through the wall of the urethra, and is sometimes done to alleviate the problems of benign prosthetic hyperplasia

an abdominal incision is not involved, because the surgeon approaches the prostate through the urethra. Small pieces of the prostate are removed with a special instrument called a resectoscope
In some cases,TURP is replaced by an less invasive laser TURP

286
Q

Nephropexy

A

Surgical fixation of the kidney

this type of surgery is often used to correct nephroptosis

287
Q

Stress incontinence
More common type

A

Leakage of urine, when coughing, sneezing, or straining

288
Q

Kegel exercises

A

to strengthen the pelvic muscles. Also, weight loss in overweight persons, drug therapy, and or surgery can be helpful.

289
Q

Incontinence resulting from spinal cord injury

A

Necessitates use of a indwelling catheter

290
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

Means the inability to control your nation

291
Q

urinary retention

A

Is incomplete emptying of the bladder

May require catheterization, either intermittent or indwelling. Certain medication‘s are also helpful.

292
Q

Treatment of a stone located in the bladder

A

Cystolithotomy
ESWL
Lithotripsy

293
Q

Urinary meatus

A

External opening of the urethra

294
Q

calculus or calculi

A

Stone

295
Q

Ureterolith

A

Refers to a stone that has lodged or formed in the ureter

296
Q

Nephroscope

A

is an instrument (endoscope) inserted into an incision in the renal pelvis for viewing the interior of the kidney

297
Q

Nephrolith

A

Is commonly called a kidney stone

298
Q

Glomerular

A

Means pertaining to the glomerulus

299
Q

Glomerulus

A

Is the functional unit of the kidney and is where filtration occurs

300
Q

sclerosis

A

Means hardening

301
Q

stricture

A

Means narrowing or constriction of an opening or passageway

302
Q

Ureteropyelitis

A

Is inflammation of ureter and renal pelvis

303
Q

Glomeurulonephritis

A

Is nephritis (inflammation of the kidney) that involves glomeruli (filtration units)

304
Q

Nephromegaly

A

Is enlargement of the kidney

305
Q

Interrenal

A

Refers to between the kidneys

306
Q

kidney dialysis (hemodialysis)

A

uses of semipermeable membrane to remove waste from the blood

307
Q

Nephrolith

A

Another name for kidney stone

308
Q

Cystotomy

A

Incision of the bladder

309
Q

Urography

A

Roentgenography of the urinary system

310
Q

Urethral catheter

A

The name of an instrument that is inserted through the external medias into the urethra, and then pass to the bladder to collect a urine

Chapter 7 Urinary System (5 decks)

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