Definition Flashcards
1
Q
Four Major functions of the digestive system
A
ingestion of food
digestion of food
absorption of nutrients
elimination of wastes
2
Q
alimentary tract
A
The digestive system is known by many names, including the digestive tract, the alimentary tract, and the gastrointestinal or G.I. System.
Alimentary tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus, is basically a lawn, muscular tube several accessory organs (salivary glands, liver,gallbladder, and pancreas
3
Q
gastro/intestin/al
gastrointestinal
A
Refers to the stomach and the intestines
4
Q
digestive tract
A
Is a long, muscular tube, lined with mucus membrane, that extends from the mouth to the anus
5
Q
upper G.I. tract (UGI)
A
consist of the mouth (oral cavity), pharynx (throat), esophagus, and stomach
6
Q
lower G.I. tract
A
Is made up of the small and large intestines
7
Q
accessory organs (digestive glands)
A
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas secrete fluids that aid in digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, are located near the other digestive structures within the abdominal cavity. The liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and salivary glands produce substances that are needed for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, and are considered to be……………. organs of the digestive system.
These organs lie outside the digestive tract, if they produce her store secretions that are convey to the digestive tract by ducts. The secretions aid in the breakdown of food.
8
Q
nutrition
A
Is the sum of the process involved in the taking in, digestion, absorption, and use of food substances by the body
9
Q
digestive system
A
Provides the body with water, nutrients, and minerals and illuminates undigested food particles
10
Q
Nutrition can be divided into four stages
A
The stages from beginning to end can be divided into four separate functions:
ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination
11
Q
Stage 1: Ingestion
A
Swallowing, orally, taking substances into the body
How to body takes in nutrients
12
Q
Stage 2: digestion
A
Conversion of food into substances that can be absorbed; actually begins in the mouth
13
Q
Stage 3: absorption
A
digested food molecules pass through the lining of the small intestine into the blood or lymph
14
Q
Stage 4: elimination
A
Excretion of undigested food particles (wastes) through the anus
15
Q
after swallowing
A
Food particles are moved along the digestive tract and mix with enzymes and digestive fluids. Movements are brought about by the contractions of smooth muscles of the digestive system.
16
Q
peri/stalis
peristalis
A
around/contraction
The presence of food in the digestive tube stimulates a coordinated, rhythmic, muscular contraction called
17
Q
Digestion consist of mechanical and chemical processes
A
mechanical digestion begins in the mouth with chewing and continues with churning actions in the stomach.
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are transformed into smaller molecules through chemical digestion.
The accessory organs contribute digestive fluids to aid this process.
18
Q
absorption (third stage of digestion)
A
The process in which digested food molecules pass through the small intestine lining into the blood or lymph capillaries
Numerous folds in the small intestine increase the speed of transfer of nutrient molecules in the third stage of digestion.
19
Q
excreted
A
Eliminated
20
Q
assimilation
A
Is the process of incorporating nutritive material into living tissue and occurs either after or simultaneously with absorption
21
Q
Feces
a.k.a. stool, or fecal material
A
Wastes are excreted (elimated) through the anus in the form of…..
Our body weighs that is discharge from the bowels, by the way of the anus where feces are discharged
22
Q
anus
A
Is the opening of the large intestine to the outside.
23
Q
Elimination of undigested food particles
A
is only one type of elimination of body wastes. Other body wastes include carbon dioxide, excreted by the lungs and excess water, and other substances excreted in the urine and through perspiration.
24
Q
Alimentation
A
Is the process of providing nourishment, or nutrition, for the body
25
metabolism
good nutrition is essential for metabolism, the sum of all the physical and chemical processes that take place in living organisms and result in growth, generation of energy, illumination of wastes, and other body functions as they relate to the distraction of nutrients in the blood after digestion.
26
Providing substances
(carbohydrates and fats)
27
tissue-building compounds
(Proteins)
28
inorganic chemicals
(Water and mineral salts)
29
A balanced diet
is one that is adequate in energy-providing substances, tissu-building compounds, inorganic chemicals, vitamins, in certain other substances, such as bulk for promoting movement of the contents of the digestive tract
30
The dietary reference intakes (DRIs)
Are the levels of daily intake of essential nutrients that are considered adequate to meet nutritional needs
31
hemostasis, equilibrium of the internal environment of the body
Is maintained even though the amounts of various food, substances and water that we take in vary.
32
Three classes of nutrients and their functions
1) carbohydrates (includes starches and sugars), the basic source of cell energy
2) proteins ( nitrogenous compounds ), provide amino acids and building material for development, growth, and maintenance
3) fats (lipids), energy reserve
33
glycol/lysis
glycolysis
sugar/Destroying, breaking down
the breaking down of sugar
34
Gluclose
A simple sugar, is the major source of energy for the body‘s cells.
It is found in certain foods, especially fruits, and it is also formed when more complex sugars and starches are broken down by the digestive system.
The concentration of glucose in the blood in healthy individuals is maintained at a fairly constant level.
35
Starches
The second type of carbohydrate, breakdown easily, and are eventually reduced to glucose before being absorbed into the blood.
36
amylo/lysis
amylolysis
Destruction of starch
The digestive process whereby starch is converted into sugars
37
proteo/lysis
proteolysis
Breaking down (destruction, digestion) a protein
Proteolysis is necessary for digestion because proteins must be chemically broken down before they can be absorbed.
38
lipids (fats)
serve as energy reserve. When stored in fat cells, they form lipoid tissues, that helps to cushion and insulate vital organs. Although lipids also include steroids, waxes, and fatty acids, lip(o) usually refers to fats.
39
lip/oid
lipoid
Means resembling fats
40
Bile
Is a digestive chemical that breaks fat into smaller particles, preparing them for further action by lipases and absorption.
Aids in the digestion of fats
41
Calories
Are units that are used to denote the energy value of food or the heat expenditure of an organism. Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats contain calories. Having about twice as many calories per gram is carbohydrates and proteins, bats are well-suited for storage of unused calories.
42
Appetite
The normal desire for food
43
eu/pepsia
eupepsia
Normal digestion
44
Digestive enzymes
Act on food, substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds
45
Enzymes
Are usually named by adding -ase to the combining form of the substance on which they act. For example, lip/ase breaks down lipids
46
lip/ase
lipase
Breaks down lipids
47
lactase
The enzyme that breaks down lactose, the main sugar in the milk of mammals
48
Lactose intolerance
Is a disorder caused by inadequate production of, or defect in, but enzyme lactase.
49
amylace
An enzyme that breaks down starch
50
preteinase or protease
Is an enzyme that breaks down proteins
51
Thirst
Is the desire for fluid, especially water. Not only does wander serves to transport food in the digestive track, but it is also the principle medium in which chemical reactions occur.
52
Carbohydrates
The basic source of energy for human cells; includes enclosed and starches
53
Digestion
Conversion of food into substances that can be absorbed
54
Elimination
Removal of undigested food particles
55
Mucosa (mucous membrane)
The digestive tract is lined with a mucous membrane, which secretes mucus for lubrication.
56
Muc/oid
Mucoid
Means resembling mucus
57
Muscular tube portion of the digestive tract
Consists of the upper G.I. tract in the lower G.I. tract
58
The accessory organs
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
59
Schematic of the pathway of food through the digestive tract
Digestion begins in the mouth (1). The teeth grind and chew the food before it is swallowed. The mask of chewed food is called a bolus.
The pharynx(2) passes the bolus to the esophagus (3), which leads to the stomach (4), where food is churned and broken down, chemically and mechanically.
The liquid mass, called chyme, is passed to the small intestine, where digestion continues and absorption of nutrients occurs. The three parts of the small intestine are shown: duodenum (5), jejunum (6), ilium (7).
Undigested food passes to the large intestine (8), where much of the water is absorbed. It is stored in the rectum until it is eliminated through the anus (9).
60
Bolus
Mass of chewed food
61
Esophagus
A muscular canal extending from the throat to the stomach.
62
chyme
A liquid mass
63
Three parts of the small intestine
1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum
1) about 25 cm, less than a foot, begins at the pyloric sphincter, and is the shorter section
2) below the duodenum, about 2.4 m (about 8 feet) long and joins the ileum.
The second portion is the jejunum which is continuous with the third portion.
3) is the distal portion of the small intestine. ileum is the longest part of the three parts of the small intestine.
64
Large intestine
1.5 meters (about 5 ft) long
Undigested food passes to the large intestine were much of water is absorbed
65
Rectum
The mass is stored in the rectum until it is eliminated through the anus
The lower part of the large intestine is the rectum, terminates in a narrow, anal canal. This canal intern opens to the exterior at the anus.
66
Summary of the pathway of food through the digestive tract ( upper & lower)
Starts with food at the mouth(1) where the salivary glands are, then goes to the pharynx (2) proceeds to the esophagus (3) and onto the stomach (4). Then in line where the Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas are, the small intestine (5) starts.
A) deudonum
B) jejunum
C) ileum
Which then goes to the
Large Intestine (6)
A) Cecum
B) Ascending Colon
C) Transverse Colon
D) Descending Colon
E) Sigmoid Colon
F) Rectum
Then the Anus (7) then the elimination of feces (8)
67
Esophag/eal
Esophageal
Pertaining to the esophagus
68
Gastr/ic
Gastric
Pertaining to the stomach
69
Oro/pharyng/eal
Pertaining to the mouth and pharynx or pertaining to the oropharynx
70
Pharyng/eal
Pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx
71
Intestin/al
Intestinal
Pertaining to the intestines
72
enter/ic
enteric
Pertaining to the intestines
Most medical words concerning the intestines are formed using enter enter(o), but a few terms use enter(o) to specifically mean the small intestines (for example, enter/itis, enteritis)
73
Enter/al
Means within, by way of, or pertaining to the small intestine
74
Enternal tube feeding
Introduce his food directly into the gastrointestinal tract
75
colon
The structure that comprises most of the large intestine and where much of the water is absorbed as the waste are moved along the rectum.
The colon is only that portion of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum.
The colon makes up most of the 5 feet of large intestine.
76
Colonic
Means pertaining to the colon
77
colic
Means pertaining to the large intestine, but it also means spasm in any hollow or tubular, soft organ accompanied by pain
78
Infantile colic
Which is colic occurring during the first few months of life
79
Rectum
Which is the lower part of the large intestine
80
Anus
The outlet of the rectum, and it lives in the fold between the buttocks.
The anal canal is about 4 cm long solid ways are eliminated via the anus.
81
Rectal
Pertaining to the rectum, respectively
82
Anal
Means pertaining to the anus, respectively
83
Enter/itis
Enteritis
Inflammation of the small intestines
84
Oro/pharyng/eal
Oropharyngeal
Pertaining to the mouth and throat
85
Oral cavity
Is the beginning of the digestive tract (the oral cavity, esophagus, and the stomach comprise the upper digestive tract
86
Mouth structures
The mouth is bounded anteriorly by the lips and contains the tongue and teeth
87
Roof of the mouth
Is the hard palate
88
Other aspects of the mouth include
Gums, the uvula, the oropharynx, and the buccinator muscle (main muscle of the cheek that is involved in chewing)
89
Mandible
Lower jaw bone
90
Maxilla
Upper jaw bone
91
Palat/ine
Pertains to the pallet
92
Roof of the mouth
Is formed by the bony arch of the hard palate and the fibrous soft palate
93
bucc/al cavity
buccal
Means pertaining to the area between the teeth and the cheeks
94
Tongue muscle
Covered with mucus membrane, is the principal organ of taste, and assist in chewing and swallowing food
95
Gloss/al Glossal
Lingu/al Lingual
Means pertaining to the tongue. Most words involving the tongue who is the combining form gloss(o)
96
Hypo/glossal hypoglossal
sub/lingual sublingual
Mean under the tongue
Beneath the tongue
97
Gingiva
Another name for the gum
98
Den/ture
Denture
Refers to a set of teeth, either natural or artificial, but is ordinarily used to designate artificial ones
99
Den/tal
Dental
Pertains to the teeth.
32 teeth in a full set
100
Mouth
The mouth has a upper and lower dental arch, the curving shape formed by the arrangement of a normal set of teeth in the jaw. 16 teeth in each Dental arch
101
Mandibul/ar
Mandibular
Lower jaw/pertaining to
Lower jaw. The 18th on each side of the dental arch make up a quadrant.
Mandibul (structure)
102
Teeth
In each quadrant
2 incisors
1 cuspids (canine)
2 bicuspids (premolar)
3 molars
103
Anterior teeth
generally fall out and are replaced sooner than posterior ones. The last molars, which is posterior to all teeth, is known as the wisdom teeth
104
Primary or deciduous teeth
(Baby teeth)
Begin to fall out in to be replaced with permanent teeth when a child is about six years of age. The wisdom teeth are the last two irrupt, usually between 17 and 25 years of age.
105
All teeth consist of two basic parts
Crown- portion of the tooth that normally Projects above the gums
The Crown is covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the back.
Rot or roots - embedded in the bony socket
106
Endodontium
The soft tissue inside the tooth is the dental pulp also called the……
or tooth pulp
107
Peri/odont/ium
Periodontium
around/teeth/tissue
The tissue around the teeth
The tissue investing and supporting the teeth
108
Peri/odont/al
Periodontal
Pertaining to/around/teeth
around the tooth or pertaining to the periodontium.
109
Specialties in dentistry
1) endodontics - endodontist
2) orthodontics - orthodontist
3) periodontics - periodontist
4) gerodontics - gerondontist
5) pedodontics - pedodontist
110
Endodontics
Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the dental pulp, tooth root and surrounding tissues, and the associated practice of root canal therapy
111
Orthodontics
Diagnose and treatment of the irregularities of the teeth, including straightening.
Orthodontist often uses braces to straighten the teeth
112
Periodontics
Study and treatment of the periodontium by a periodontist
Practitioner who specializes in the gums and other tissues, that support the teeth.
periodontium the tissues, investing, and supporting the teeth
113
gerodontics
Dental, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of older persons; the specialist is a gerodontist
114
Pedodontics
Study and treatment of children’s dental needs; the specialist is a pedodontist
115
Dentil
116
Denti/lingu/al
Dentillingual
teeth/tongue/pertaining to
pertaining to the teeth and tongue
117
gingiv/al
gingival
gums/pertaining to
pertaining to the gums
118
glosso/pharyng/eal
glossopharyngeal
tongue/pharynx/pertaining to
Pertaining to the tongue in pharynx
119
inter/dent/al
Interdental
between/teeth/pertaining to
pertaining to between the two
120
maxill/ary
Maxillary
maxilla/pertaining to
pertaining to the maxilla (upper jaw)
121
Lingu/al
Lingual
Tongue/ pertaining to
Pertaining to the tongue
122
Palat/ine
Palatine
Palate/pertaining to the roof of the mouth
123
inter/dent/al
Between/teeth/pertaining to
124
Three pairs of salivary glands
Par/otid -
parotid- the largest salivary gland are near the ears
sub/lingual
sublingual- are located under the tongue
Sub/mandibular
Submanibular- are located in the tissue of the lower jaw, rather than beneath it as the name implies
Consist of numerous lobes connected by vessels and ducts
125
Salivary glands
Which are accessory organs of digestion, secrete saliva into the oral cavity. The mouth taste what we consume and performs other functions of digestion by mixing the food with saliva, chewing, and voluntarily swallowing it.
126
Saliva
Contains amylase, which begins digestion of starch in the mouth
127
Food that is swallowed
Passes from the mouth to the pharynx and the esophagus. Both the pharynx and the esophagus are muscular structures that move food along on its way to the stomach.
128
Esophagus
Is a muscular canal extending from the pharynx to the stomach.
The esophagus, about 24 cm 9 1/2 inches) long, secretes mucus to facilitate the movement of food into the stomach. Upper and lower esophag/eal (esophageal) sphincters control the movement of food into an out of the esophagus
129
Sphincter
(G) that which binds tight) consist of circular muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening in the body
130
post/esophag/eal
Means situated behind the esophagus
131
Regions of the stomach
Cardiac region
Fundus (round)
The body (middle portion)
Pyloric region or pylorus, which is the small distal end
132
Cardiac sphincter
Guards the opening of the esophagus into the stomach and prevents backflow of material into that esophagus
133
Pyloric sphincter
The stomach ends with the pyloric sphincter, which regulates overflow
134
Rugae
The lining of the stomach, the mucosa, is arranged in temporary folds called rugae (visible in the empty stomach), which allow expansion as the stomach fills
The rugae, most apparent when the stomach is empty, allows the stomach to expand as it fills
135
Structure of the stomach wall
Longitudinal, circular, and oblique, smooth muscle lie just beneath the serosa. All stomach layers are richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves.
136
Gastric glands
Secrete, gastric juice through gastric pits, tiny holes in the mucosa
137
Three layers of smooth muscle (structure of the stomach wall)
Oblique
Circular
Longitudinal
These lie just beneath the serosa
Serosa most outer layer
Longitudinal
Circular
Oblique
Blood vessel
Submucosa
Lymph nodes
Gastric glands
Mucosa which ends on the inner side of the stomach
138
Pyloric sphincter
The stomach ends with the pyloric sphincter, which regulates the outflow of stomach contents into the duodenum
139
Duodenum
The first part of the small intestine
140
Mucosa
Lines the stomach and is arranged in temporary folds, called the rugae
141
Ruga (singular for rugae)
Means ridge, wrinkle, or fold
142
Serosa
The outer layer, membrane, of the stomach. This type of visceral peritoneum holds the stomach and position by folding back on an over the structure.
143
Chyme
(Liquefied food)
The stomach is a temporary reservoir for food, and is the first major site of digestion. After digestion, the stomach gradually feeds liquefied food (chyme) into the small intestines
144
Gums
Gingiva
145
Intestines
Includes the small intestines and the large intestines
Make up the lower digestive tract. The intestines are sometimes called the bowels. Extending from the pyloric opening to the anus, the intestinal tract is about 7.5 to 8.5 meters (m) long (about 24 1/2 to 28 feet)
The adult, small intestine, comprising more than 3/4 of the length of the intestines, is 6 to 7 m (about 20 to 23 feet) long. The large intestine is so named because it is larger in diameter than the small intestine, but it is less than 1/4 as long.
146
Small intestine
-Longer than the large intestine
-Finishes the process of digestion
-Absorbs nutrients
-And passes the residue onto the large intestine.
The small intestine is responsible for two successive processes, digestion and absorption, before passing the residue to the large intestine.
Note that the small intestine decreases in diameter from its beginning at the duodenum to its ending at the ileum
147
ile/ac ile/al
ileac. ileal
Means pertaining to the ileum (distal portion of the small intestine) (third part of the small intestine)
148
Duodenal
jejunal
Means pertaining to the duodenum
means pertaining to the jejunum
149
Internal structure of the small intestine
Is similar throughout its length. The wall has an inner lining of mucosa, two layers of muscle, and an outer layer of serosa. The mesentery, the fan shaped fold of peritoneum, suspends the jejunum and ileum from the dorsal wall of the abdomen
150
Internal structure of small intestine
1) mucosa-innermost membrane. Both mucosa and submucosa have many folds and finger like projections called villi. (function to absorb nutrients.)
151
Villi
Manifolds and fingerlike projections
152
Folds & fingerlike projections
Increases the surface area of the mucosa.
153
Large intestine
Automatically divided into the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
154
Location in parts of the large intestine
Vermiform Appendix
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
155
Distal
Refers to distance
156
ileo/Cecil valve
Is located between the ileum and the cecum. Retro/cecal (retrocecal) means behind the cecum.
157
Vermiform appendix
Is a worm like structure that opens into the cecum. An appendix simply means an appendage, but its most common usage is in referring to the vermiform appendix just described.
158
Appendicular
Means either pertaining to an appendage or pertaining to the variform appendix
159
Sigmoid colon
The last part of the colon
160
Retro/col/ic
Retrocolic
Pertaining to behind the colon
161
Peri/col/ic
Pericolic
Means pertaining to the tissue around the colon. In this term, “ the tissue around the structure” is implied
162
Features of the large intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
163
Double set of circular muscles
Internal sphincter and external sphincter
Surround the anus and control the discharge of fecal material
164
Defecation
Is the elimination of feces from the rectum
165
Colo/rectal
Colorectal
Means pertaining to or affecting the colon in the rectum
166
Procto/logist
Proctologist
Specializes in treating disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
167
Gastro/enterology
Gastroenterology
Is the study of the stomach and intestines and associated diseases
168
Large intestine has several important functions
While moving wastes along its length, the large intestine absorbs water, sodium, and chloride. The large intestine is capable of absorbing 90% of water and sodium it receives.
The large intestine, secretes, mucus, which Bynes vehicle particles into a form to mass and lubricates the mucosa.
Bacteria in the large intestine are responsible for the production of several vitamins
Feces are formed and expelled from the body
169
retro/cec/al
retrocecal
Pertaining to behind the first portion of the large intestine
Behind the cecum
170
ile/al
171
Liver
Major function of producing bile. The bile is then transported to the gallbladder for storage.
172
Liver functions
-most commonly known - the formation and excretion of bile for digestion of fats
1) production of bile
2) breakdown of toxic compounds
3) involvement in the regulation of blood glucose
4) lipid metabolism
5) synthesis of plasma proteins
6) storage of iron in certain vitamins
7) filtering of the blood
8) excretion of bile pigment from the breakdown of hemoglobin
9) excretion of hormones and cholesterol
173
biliary
Means pertaining to bile
but chol(e) is used more often to write terms
174
biliary tract
The organs in the ducts that participate in the secretion, storage, and delivery of bio make up the biliary tract. Bile leave the liver by the hepatic duct and is taken to the gallbladder for storage until it is needed.
175
Bile
Is stored in the gallbladder and released when fats are ingested
176
Pancreas
Secretes, many substances, including digestive, enzymes, and insulin
Is both digestive and hormonal functions
This elongated gland stretches transversely across the posterior abdominal wall
177
Pancreatic juice
Place an important role in the digestion of all classes of food.
Pancreatic juice contains lipase, amylase, and several other enzymes that are essential to normal digestion.
The pancreas also produces hormones, including insulin that play a primary role in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
178
Clusters of cells in the pancreas
(the islets of Langerhans)
Produce glucagon and insulin
179
Glucagon
Increases blood glucose levels
180
Insulin
Lowers blood glucose levels
181
Blood glucose
The two hormones, glucagon and insulin work together to regulate blood glucose.
182
Hypo/glycemia
Hypoglycemia
Is a decreased level of glucose in the blood
Secretion of glucagon is stimulated by hypoglycemia
small amounts of insulin are secreted continuously in the fasting state, but secretion rises in response to the increase in blood glucose levels
183
Hyper/glyc/emia
Is greater than normal amount of sugar in the blood. This condition is often associated with diabetes mellitus.(DM),
primarily a result of insufficient production or improper use of insulin.
184
cholecystic
Pertaining to the gallbladder
185
cholecystogastric
Pertaining to the gallbladder and the stomach
186
choleochal
Pertaining to the common bile duct
187
extrahepatic
Situated or occurring outside the liver
188
Hepatic
Pertaining to the liver
189
Hepatotoxic Sometimes called hypatolytic
Destructive to the liver, sometimes called hepatolytic
190
Pancreatic
Pertaining to the pancreas
191
Suprahepatic
Situated about the liver
192
Diagnostic test and procedures
Physical assessment of the G.I. system
Begins with an examination, the patient’s mouth, pharynx, and abdomen
A systematic assessment of the internal abdominal organs can be made using auscultation , percussion and palpitation.
193
Diagnostic test and procedures
Assessment of the intestinal tract
Has been greatly facilitated by radiology and endoscopy(direct visualization of internal organs using an endoscope), revealing abnormalities, such as masses, tumors, and obstructions. And abdominal x-ray is usually one of the first radiographic studies performed.
194
Diagnostic test and procedures
Computed tomography, sonography, and endoscopic procedure’s
Are often used to detect gallstones. Each of the instruments used in endoscopy is specially designed for the examination of particular organs. The instruments used in endoscopy are called endoscopes.
Other instruments can be inserted through the endoscope to remove small pieces of tissue, to collect samples of tissues for the study, to inject agents, or to perform laser surgery.
195
Colonoscopy
Direct visualization of the large intestine
Endo scopic examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscopy
Visual examination of the mucosal lining of the colon
Same as colposcopy, but colonoscopy is more common
Instrument used is a colonoscope; tissue, biopsy, specimens, or polyps can often be removed
196
Duodenoscopy
Endo scopic examination of the duodenum, using a duodenoscope
197
esophagogastroscopy
Endo scopic examination of the esophagus and stomach using a gastroscope
198
esophagogastroduodenoscopy EGD
Endo, scopic, examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
If the esophagus is the focus of that examination, the procedure is called esophagoscopy; if the stomach is the focus, the procedure is a gastroscopy.
199
Proctosigmoidoscopy
Endoscopic examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope; also called sigmoidoscopy
200
Pyloroscopy
Endoscopic inspection of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
Endo scopic examination of the pyloric region of the stomach
201
Sonography
Is less invasive than endoscopy, and can be used to image soft tissues, such as the liver, the spleen, and the pancreas.
202
Nuclear imaging
Can be used to evaluate the size of organs and vessels as well as to detect the presence of tumors or abscesses.
One of the more common tests of this type is a liver scan, which involves intravenous injection of a radioactive compound that is readily absorbed by certain cells of the liver. The radiation emitted by the compound provides information about the size shape, and consistency of the liver.
203
Fluoroscopy
Visual examination using a fluoroscope
Permits, both structural and functional visualization of internal body structures is used to provide visualization of the digestive tract with the use of contrast media, the motion of the body part can be viewed, and the image can be permanently recorded. That equipment use and fluoroscopy is a specialized type of x-ray machine called a floor scope
204
Oral cholecystography
Radiography of the gallbladder is obtained 12 to 15 hours after ingestion contrast medium. Because nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are fairly common with this means of diagnosing biliary disease. It has been largely replaced by ultrasound.
Is radiography of the major bile ducts, and is useful in demonstrating gall stones and tumors
205
Endoscopic retrograde cholangipancreatography (ERCP)
Is a diagnostic and therapeutic combination of endoscopy and fluoroscopy that is used to evaluate the biliary and pancreatic ducts.
Injection of contrast medium facilitates visibility and radiographic images, and stones in the biliary tree can be retrieved via the endoscope.
206
Operative cholangiography
Is performed by injecting a contrast medium into the common bile duct through a catheter called a T tube. This allows residual stones in the bile ducts to be seen. This type of angiography is called operative cholangiography.
207
Cholecystography
Radiographic examination of the gallbladder accomplished, by rendering the gallbladder and ducts opaque with a contrast medium.
In an oral cholecystogram the patient is given a contrast agent in tablet form.
208
Esophagram
X-ray image of the esophagus taken after swallowing a liquid barium suspension; called also an esophagogram or a barium swallow.
209
Pancreatography
Visualization of the pancreas by various means, including CT & sonography
210
sialography
Radiographic examination of the salivary glands after injection, other radiopaque contrast medium.
211
Upper and lower gastrointestinal series
examination of the upper G.I. ( esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) and lower G.I. tract using barium as the contrast medium. A barium meal is ingested in a new G.I. series, also called barium swallow. A barium enema is administered in a lower gastrointestinal series.
212
Small bowel follow-through study (SBFT)
Often performed immediately after an upper gastrointestinal series, a small bowel follow through helps identify abnormalities in the small bowel.
This is an x-ray using contrast dyes.
213
Liver function test (LFT)
Several blood tests, provide information about functions of the liver, and these are aptly named liver function tests (LFT). Examples include serum, bilirubin, alkaline, phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT), and alanine aminotransferase ( ALT or SGPT). Increases in these laboratory values often indicate liver disease.
214
Hematochezia
Presence of blood in the stool
215
Occult blood
Is blood that is not obvious on examination, but can be detected by chemical tests.
The presence of occult blood in the stool may indicate gastrointestinal bleeding, finding associated with ulcers, ulcerative, colitis, or cancer.
216
Guanaco test ( hemoccult)
And occult blood test of the stool in healthy individuals is usually negative.
217
Stool samples
Are test for fat as an indication of pancreatic disease, or malabsorption, impaired absorption.
218
Stool samples
Are tested for fats as an indication of pancreatic disease, or malabsorption, impaired absorption.
Stool samples are also tested for ova and parasites to aid in the diet gnosis a parasites infection
219
Fat
Is normally absorbed in the small intestine, giving a negative test result for fecal fats
The presence of fat in stool samples is an abnormal finding. Literal translation of malabsorption is poor or bad absorption.
220
esophagogastroscopy
Visual examination of the esophagus and stomach
221
Cholecystogram
Radiographic record of the gallbladder
222
Nausea (N)
Vomiting (V)
Often occur together however, nausea is the urge to vomit, whether or not vomiting occurs
223
malaise
a feeling of general discomfort, uneasiness or lack of wellbeing and often the first sign of an infection or other disease.
224
An/orexia
Anorexia
Without/appetite
Lack or loss of appetite
225
Anorexia nervosa
Is sometimes life-threatening illness that is self induced starvation
Unless there is intervention, anorexia nervosa results in emaciation, excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition
226
Emaciation
Excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition; a wasted condition of the body
227
adipsia
Absence of thirst
Condition of the absence of thirst
228
Bulimia
:bous, ox; limos, hunger
Eating disorder that occurs predominantly in females with onset, usually in adolescence or early adulthood; characterized by episodes of binge eating that often and in purging (self induced, vomiting, or the use of laxatives) and depression
229
Celiac disease
An inborn error of metabolism, characterized by the inability to digest, gluten, resulting in abdominal distention, vomiting, diarrhea, extreme lethargic, and sometimes lactose intolerance.
Gluten is an insoluble protein found in wheat and other grains. Some individuals have gluten sensitivity or intolerance, but do not have celiac disease.
230
dyspepsia
Faulty or painful digestion, and symptomatic of other diseases or disorders; indigestion
231
Dysphagia
Difficulty or inability, to swallow ( it’s literal translation is difficult eating
232
Eructation
Belching; results from drawing up air from the stomach and expelling it through the mouth. Differs from a hiccup, produced by involuntary contraction of the diaphragm, followed by rapid closure of the glottis.
233
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood; indicates upper G.I. bleeding. Emesis means vomiting.
234
Hyperemesis
Excessive vomiting, usually accompanied by nausea
235
Malabsorption syndrome
Subnormal absorption of dietary constituents characterized by anorexia, weight, loss, abdominal bloating, muscle cramps, and the presence of fat in stool samples; can be caused by a number of disorders, including several inborn errors of metabolism, such as celiac disease
236
Malnutrition
Improper or poor nutrition
237
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst, characteristic of several conditions, including diabetes mellitus
238
Polyphagia
Excessive eating; if it occurs over a long period, it generally leads to weight gain
239
Emesis
Means vomiting
240
Obesity
Is an abnormal increase in the proportion of fat cells of the body, and a person is regarded as medically obese if he or she is 20% above desirable body weight for the persons age, sex, height, and body build.
Obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 or greater.
BMI is calculated by dividing a persons weight in kilograms by the square of the persons height in meters.
241
BMI body mass index
The calculated body mass index using weight to height ratios is an index of obesity, or altered body fat distribution
242
Exogenous obesity
exo/gen/ous
Pertaining to development outside the body
Is caused by a greater caloric intake than that needed to meet the metabolic needs of the body.
243
Endogenous obesity
Endo/gen/ous
Originates from within the body, as seen in hormonal disorders, such as uncontrolled diabetes.
244
United States
Statistics show that approximately 2/3 of adults and 1/5 of children in the United States, are either overweight or obese, placing them at high absolute risk for mortality from numerous chronic diseases.
245
Diseases of the upper digestive tract
Include those diseases or disorders that affect the mouth, the esophagus, and the stomach.
246
Aphagia
A/phag/ia
Absence of eating
And inability to swallow as a result of an organic or psychological cause
247
stomatomycosis
Any oral disease caused by a fungus
Is a fungal condition of the mouth
Mouth (structure)
248
Candida albicans
Is a yeast type of fungus that is part of the normal flora of the oral cavity.
Flora - the term used to describe the microorganisms that exist on or within the human body,
249
Candidiasis
Because antibiotic therapy destroys the normal bacteria, that usually prevent fungal infections, candidiasis (An infection caused by candida, usually C. albicans) can result.
Also, patients receiving chemotherapy often develop candidiasis, because chemotherapy diminishes the ability of the immune system to prevent infection.
250
Cheil/itis
Cheilitis
lip/inflammation
Inflammation of the lip
Often causing pain when one attempt to eat
251
gingiv/algia
gingivalgia
gum/pain
Painful gums
Gums (structure)
252
gingiv/itis
gingivitis
gum/inflammation
Inflammation of the gum
253
gingivo/gloss/itis
gingivoglossitis
gum/tongue/flammation
Inflammation of the gums and tongue
254
gingivo/stomat/itis
gingivostomatitis
gum/mouth/inflammation
Inflammation of the gums and mouth
255
gloss/itis
glossitis
tongue/inflammation
Inflammation of the tongue
256
Glosso/pathy
Glossopathy
tongue/disease
Any disease of the tongue
257
glosso/plegia
glossoplegia
Tongue/paralysis
Paralysis of the tongue
258
glosso/pyr/osis
glossopyrosis
Is an abnormal sensation of pain, burning, and stinging of the tongue without a parent, Lucians, or clause.
Tongue (structure)
259
Stomat/itis
Stomatitis
mouth/inflammation
Makes eating difficult because the mouth is painful. Inflammation of the mouth.
260
stomato/dynia
stomatodynia
Mouth/painful
Painful mouth
261
Ulcers
Are defined, crater like lesions.
262
Cold, sores, fever blisters
Ulcerations on the lips
Usually caused by the herpes symplex virus HSV
263
cheil/osis
cheilosis
It’s a condition of the lips.
In cheilosis there is splitting of the lips and angles of the mouth. Cheilosis is a characteristic of riboflavin deficiency in the diet.
Lips (structure)
264
dent/algia
dentalgia
Means to toothache. dentalgia is often caused by caries that have extended into the tooth pulp. Caries means decay.
Tooth (structure)
265
caries
Means decay. Neglected, dental, caries, overtime, invade, the flame, pupal tissues.
266
end/odont/itis
endodontitis
inside, internal, interior/pulp/inflammation
Inflammation of the endodontium, or the tooth pulp
Tooth (structure)
267
Overbite
Protrusion of the upper front teeth
268
Underbite
Positioning of the lower front teeth outside the upper front teeth
269
Halitosis (bad breath)
Is an offensive breath, resulting from poor oral hygiene, Dental, or oral infection, you some tobacco, ingestion of certain foods(such as garlic) , or some systemic diseases (such as the order of acetone in Diabetes or ammonia in liver disease)
270
Malposition
An impacted tooth is one that is unable to irrupt because of crowding by adjacent teeth, or malposition of the tooth
271
Malocclusion (or improper bite)
Is abnormal contact of the teeth of the upper jaw, the maxilla, with the teeth of the lower jaw, the mandible
272
Orthodontic braces
Are used to move the teeth into alignment, in other words, to straighten the teeth
273
Peri/odont/itis
Periodontitis
around/teeth/inflammation
Inflammation of the periodontium, the structure that supports the teeth
Tooth (structure)
274
Pyorrhea
pus/discharge
Discharge of pus
Is one type of periodontal disease. Pyorrhea is an inflammation of the gingiva and the periodontal ligament, the fibrous connective tissue that anchors the tooth to the base
275
TMJ temporo/mandibular/joint
Temporomandibular joint
TMJ pain dysfunction syndrome is an abnormal condition that interferes with eating and is believed to be caused by a defective or dislocated temporomandibular joint (one of a pair of joints, connecting the mandible (lower jaw) to the skull
276
TMJ syndrome
This condition is characterized by facial pain and clicking sounds while chewing. Malocclusion, ill, fitting, dentures, and a variety of conditions can cause TMJ syndrome.
277
Oral cancer
The mouth is examined for oral cancer during a routine dental examination. Tumors of the oral cavity can cause pain and change aspects of talking, swallowing, or chewing. Oral tumors can be classified as pre-malignant, malignant, or benign.
278
Leukoplakia
Slowly developing change in the buccal mucosa (cheek), characterized by white, sharply circumscribed patches, is a pre-cancerous lesion
Is a pre-cancerous, slowly developing change in a mucous membrane, characterized by white patches with sharply defined edges that are slightly raised. Leukoplakia may occur on the genitals, or the lips and buccal mucosa.
279
Cleft lip
Cleft lip in the upper lip is bilateral, but the congenital defect may be unilateral, median, or bilateral, and may be accompanied by cleft palate
280
Buccal mucosa
Is the mucous membrane that lines the insides of the cheeks?
281
Parotitis
Is inflammation of the parotid gland. epidemic or infectious parotitis is another name for the mumps, which is a contagious, viral disease, that can generally be prevented by immunization
282
Months
Is an acute viral infection that is characterized by swelling of the parotid glands and me affect one or both glands. The parotid gland is a salivary gland, located near the ear.
283
Cleft palate
Often associated with cleft lip is a congenital defect in which there is a division of the pallet, resulting from the failure of the two sides of the palate to fuse during development.
Failure of the two sides of the pallet to fuse during development results in cleft palate
284
Esophagus
Is susceptible to a variety of inflammatory, structural, and neoplastic disorders
285
Esophageal achalasia
Is an abnormal condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax properly in response to swallowing It is characterized by dysphagia. Regurgitation, the return of swallowed food into the mouth may also occur. changes in diet and certain drugs may be helpful, but dilation of the esophagus with progressively larger sizes of dilators is also used.
286
Esophageal atresia
Usually a congenital abnormality, is an esophagus that ends in a blind pouch, or narrows so much that it abstracts continuous passage of food to the stomach
287
Esophageal varices ( singular, varix)
Are enlarged and swollen beams at the lower end of the esophagus, which are especially susceptible to hemorrhage
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is usually caused by esophageal varices, gastritis, ulcerations, or cancer of either the esophagus or stomach
288
Gastroesophageal, reflux, disease (GERD)
Pertaining to the stomach and esophagus
Is a dysfunction that involves a backflow of the contents of the stomach into the esophagus
The cause is often a weak counteract sphincter
289
Esophag/itis
Esophagitis
Esophagus/inflammation
Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the esophagus caused by infection
Repeated episodes of reflux, can result in esophagitis, stricter (narrowing) of the esophagus, or an esophageal ulcer (craterlike lesion)
Treatment in early stages is elevation of the head of the bed, avoidance of acid, stimulating foods, and use of anti-acids or anti-ulcer medication’s
290
Hiatal hernia
Gerd is one of the major symptoms
Protrusion of a portion of the stomach upward through a defect in the diaphragm
Asymptomatic
Diagnosis generally confirmed by radiology, and surgery is seldom necessary
291
Gastritis
One of the most common stomach disorders, is inflammation of the lining of the stomach
Causes include medicines, food, allergies, and toxins of micro organisms
Chronic gastritis can be a sign of another disease, such as cancer of the stomach or peptic ulcer
292
Peptic ulcers
Occur in the stomach, the Duodenum, and occasionally the esophagus, and are sometimes caused by bacterium,
Helicobacter pylori.
The alterations are breaks in the continuity of the mucous membrane, that comes in contact with the assets of the stomach. That usually occur near the pyloric opening. these types of ulcers cause stomach ache, also called Gastralgia.
293
Gastralgia
Pain of the stomach
Most peptic ulcers, eventually heal, and the pain is controlled with drugs, that either neutralize or black secretion of acid
294
Pyloric stenosis
Is narrowing of the pyloric sphincter. The condition is a congenital defect, and it interferes with the flow of food into the small intestine
295
Gastric dysfunction
Prominent signs and symptoms
Pain, excessive belching, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, blood in the stool, and diarrhea.
296
Flatulence
Is excessive gas in the stomach or intestines.
297
Diarrhea
Is frequent passage of watery bowel movements, often accompanied by cramping.
298
esophago/dynia esophag/algia
esophagodynia. esophagalgia
Esophagus/pain
Pain of the esophagus
299
esophago/malacia
esophagomalacia
Esophagus/softening
Morbid softening of the esophagus
300
gastr/ectasia
gastrectasia
Stomach/stretching
301
gastr/ic carcin/oma
Gastric carcinoma
Stomach/pertaining to cancer/tumor
Cancer of the stomach
302
gastro/malacia
Gastromalacia
Stomach/softening
Morbid softening of the stomach
303
gastro/megaly
gastromegaly
Stomach/enlargement
Abnormal enlargement of the stomach or abdomen
304
gastro/pathy
gastropathy
Stomach/any disease of
Any disease of the stomach
305
Intestinal disorders
Can be classified as inflammatory, or non-inflammatory
306
Periton/itis
Peritonitis
Is an acute inflammation of the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity)
Causes
Rupture of abdominal organs, such as the appendix, peptic, ulcers, or perforations of an organ in the G.I. tract.
Without treatment, it becomes a life-threatening illness.
307
Acute inflammatory bowel problems
Appendicitis
Gastroenteritis
Dysentery
308
Gastro/enteritis
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestine (small)
Causes are Food poisoning Irritating food or drink, Viral or bacterial infections and Sometimes psychological factors such as stress
Symptoms
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and possibly fever. The feces may contain blood, mucus, pus, or excessive amounts of fat.
309
dys/enter/y
dysentery
Inflammation of the colon that is characterized by abdominal pain and frequent bloody stools
bad/intestine/condition
Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon. The most common types are caused by bacteria or amebae (parasitic organisms) characterized by frequent and bloody feces. Diarrhea, the frequent passage of loose, watery stools, is it important symptom of dysentery as well as several other disorders.
310
Two disorders of the anorectal area
Anal fissures - and ulceration or tear of the lining of the anal canal may be caused by excessive tissue stretching. These tears are very tender and tend to reopen when stool is passed.
Hemorrhoids - three types of hemorrhoids are shown internal external and prolapsed.
311
Internal hemorrhoid
Lie above the anal sphincter, and cannot be seen on inspection of the anal area
312
External hemorrhoids
Lie below the anal sphincter, and can be seen an inspection of the anal region
313
Prolapsed hemorrhoid
Hemorrhoids, that in large, fall down, and protrude through the anus
314
Col/itis
Colitis
Large intestine/inflammation
Inflammation of the large intestine
Inflammation of the colon
315
IBS common chronic inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitis
Is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon or rectum, characterized by profuse, watery, diarrhea, containing mucus blood and pus. The chronic inflammation means in a loss of the mucosal lining and ulceration or abscess formation. The causes unknown.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Crohn disease
is another IBD that can affect any part of the G.I. tract from the mouth to the anus. The lesions of prawn disease are patchy and often extend through all the bold layers.
316
Fistulas
An abnormal passage between two internal organs
Abnormal passages between internal organs or abnormal communications leading from internal organs to the body surface are called___________
317
Anal fistula
An abnormal opening near the anus
318
fissure
Is a cleft or a groove, or a crack like lesion of the skin. A painful alteration or tear at the anal opening is called an anal fissure.
Fissures are sometimes associated with constipation, diarrhea, or chron disease.
319
Hemorrhoids
Masses of dilated veins of the anal canal
Masses of dilated veins that are varicose and lie just inside or outside the rectum
A common cause of rectal bleeding, are masses of dilated beans of the anal canal that lie just inside or outside the rectum. Commonly called piles, hemorrhoids are often accompanied by pain and itching.
constipation, straining to defecate (evacuate feces), and prolonged sitting contribute to their development.
320
Food poisoning
When a person ingest, toxic substances, or infectious organisms in food, but unlike gastroenteritis, food poisoning cannot be passed directly to another person
Parasites and pathogenic, bacteria or viruses can invade the G.I. tract.
321
Common types of bacteria, food poisoning
Staphylococcal infection
Escherichia coli ( called E. coli) infection, botulism, and Salmonell/osis, caused by the bacterium salmonella
322
duodenal ulcer (most common type of peptic ulcer)
Is one that occurs in the duodenum
323
duodentitis
Inflammation of the duodenum
324
Ileitis
Inflammation of the ileum
325
Gastroduodenitis
Inflammation of the stomach and duodenum
326
Colonic polyps (small tumor - like growths)
Can arise from the mucosal surface of the colon; they are best considered as premalignant, and are thus removed. Some types of colonic polyps are closely linked to colorectal cancer, and, for this reason, should be removed when observed during colonoscopy
327
Common causes of gastrointestinal bleeding
Diverticulitis/diverticulosis
Ulcerative colitis
Polyps
Colon cancer
Rectal cancer
Hemorrhoids
328
Polyp/ectomy
Polypectomy
Removal of a polyp, can be performed during a colonoscopy. Small tumor-like growths on the colons will causal surface are called colonic polyps
329
Non-inflammatory intestinal disorders
Malignant diverticulosis
Tumors
Obstructions
Malabsorption
Trauma
330
Irritable bowel syndrome,(IBS)
Also called spastic colon, spastic bowel, and mucous colitis
Is a common chronic non-inflammatory, intestinal disorder.
Cause unknown
motility of the intestines, diarrhea, and pain in the lower abdomen.
Women affected more than men
IBS is a non-inflammatory condition with no specific treatment is required .
Roll out more serious conditions such as dysentery, lactose intolerance, and the inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease)
331
Diverticular disease
Diverticulitis - inflammation of one or more diverticula
Diverticulosis - if diverticula are present in the colon without inflammation or symptoms, the condition is called…….
Diverticulum is a poached like herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ. A diverticulum. (plural is diverticula.) is most commonly present in the colon but also can occur in the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine.
332
Diverticula
Abnormal out poaching in the wall of the intestine
333
Impaction
An accumulation of hardened feces in the rectum or sigmoid colon that the individual cannot expel
Impaction leads to colonic stasis, also called interostasis
334
Interior/stasis
335
entero/stasis
enterostasis
Intestine/stoppage or standing
Delay, or stopping of movement of food in the intestinal tract
There is a delay or a stopping of the movement of food in the intestinal tract
336
Inguinal hernias
Developed because of the weakness in the abdominal muscle wall, or a widened space at the inguinal ligament
337
Strangulated hernia
A hernia in which the blood vessels are constricted by the neck of the hernial sac.
The blood vessels become so constricted by the neck of the hernial sack. That circulation is stopped in the constricted area. Surgical intervention is necessary.
338
Intussusception
The telescopic folding back of one part of the intestine into itself
Is a telescopic folding back of the bowel into itself. mesenteric occlusion is a building, or closing off of a segment of the intestine by the mesentry, the peritoneum that suspends the intestines from the abdominal wall.
339
Volvulus
The twisting of the bowl
340
Bowl obstructions
Adhesion
Strangulated inguinal hernia
ileocecal intussusception
Polyp and intussusception
Mesenteric occlusion
Neoplasm
Volvulus of the sigmoid colon
341
Neoplasms or tumors
A new or abnormal growth either benigh or malignant
Are the most common cause of obstruction of the large intestine. Surgery is usually necessary to correct obstructions of the bowl.
342
Malabsorption syndrome
Is a disorder in which one or multiple nutrients are not digested or absorbed. The nutrient that is not absorbed, well depends on which abnormality exists. Various deficiencies can lead to malabsorption of fats, various vitamins, lactose, or iron.
343
Lipo/penia
Lipopenia
Fats/deficiency
Is a deficiency of fats
344
Appendic/itis
Appendicitis
Appendix/inflammation
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
345
Diverticulosis
The presence of diverticula in the colon without inflammation
346
Liver
Is one of the most vital internal organs. Degeneration of the liver may lead to severe consequences, including ascites (accumulation of abdominal fluid), defects in coagulation of the blood, jaundice, neurologic symptoms, and hepatic and renal failure.
The liver is often able to regenerate its tissue, but severe hepatitis may lead to chronic liver dysfunction
347
Hepato/renal syndrome
Hepatorenal syndrome
Liver/renal(kidney) failure
Is a type of kidney failure that is associated with hepatic failure. In hepatic failure, the liver cannot perform its vital functions for the body. Hepatorenal syndrome failure has poor prognosis, because both the kidneys and liver fail.
348
Hepato/pathy
Hepatopathy
Liver/disease
Any disease of the liver
349
Hepato/spleno/megaly
Liver/spleen/enlargement
Enlargement of the liver and spleen
350
Hepatoma
Tumor of the liver
This term is usually reserved for a specific type of primary liver carcinoma
351
Hepat/ic carcinoma
Hepatic carcinoma
Liver/pertaining to/cancer/tumor
Tumors of the liver may be benign or malignant.
Malignancy in the liver that is spread from another source (metastasis) is many times more common than primary tumor of the liver
352
Hepat/itis
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver it is characterized by jaundice, hepatomegaly, anorexia, abnormal liver function, clay, colored stools, and tea colored urine.
353
Hepato/megaly
Hepatomegaly
Liver/enlarged
Enlarged liver
354
Jaundice
Is a yellow discoloration of the skin, the mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes, caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin (a yellow-orange pigment of the bile) in the blood
355
Five major types of viral hepatitis and their associated viruses
Hepatitis A (hepatitis A virus(HAV))
Hepatitis B (hepatitis B virus(HBV))
Hepatitis C (hepatitis C virus (HCV))
Hepatitis D (hepatitis D virus(HDV))
Hepatitis E (hepatitis E virus(HEV))
356
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis
Can be acquired by ingestion of contaminated food, but the other types are acquired only by contact with an infected person or infected materials.
most of the latter types can be acquired by contaminated blood, sexual contact, or the use of contaminated needles and instruments.
357
Cirrhosis
Chronic degeneration of liver cells
Severe hepatitis may lead to cirrhosis, a chronic, progressive liver disease that is characterized by degeneration of liver cells with eventually increased resistance to flow of blood through the liver
358
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Occurs in approximately 20% of chronic alcoholics. Unless alcohol is avoided, coma, gastrointestinal, hemorrhage, and kidney failure may occur. Nutritional deficiencies, poisons, toxic drugs, some types of heart, disease, and prior viral hepatitis, can also lead to cirrhosis.
359
Bile
Is produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the duodenum via the common bile duct when needed for digestion. Anything that interferes with the flow of bio interferes with digestion.
360
Chole/stasis
Cholestasis
Is stoppage or suppression of bile flow. Obstruction of bio flow can cause inflammation of the gallbladder, the liver, or the pancreas.
361
Chol/angitis
cholangitis
Is inflammation of a bile vessel or duct
362
Chole/lith/iasis
Cholelithiasis
Gallbladder/stone/condition
Is the presence of gall stones in the gallbladder
363
Cholecyst/itis
Cholecystitis
Gallbladder/inflammation
Inflammation of the gallbladder is usually caused by gall stones.
His surgery is not perform to remove the gallbladder, perforation (opening or whole.) in its wall may occur.
364
Choledoch/itis
Choledochitis
bile duct/inflammation
Inflammation of the common bile duct
365
Choledocho/lith/iasis
Choledocholithiasis
Calculus in the common bile duct
common bile/stone/condition
Is the presence of a calculus (stone) in the common bile duct. Stones may remain in the gallbladder, may pass into the common bile duct, or pass into the duodenum.
366
Cholangitis
Pancreatitis
Can occur as complications of cholecystitis, resulting from the back of the file through the biliary tract
367
Pancreat/itis
Pancreatitis
Pancreas/inflammation of
inflammation of the pancreas. Acute pancreatitis can be life-threatening, resulting in destruction of the organ by its own enzymes.
368
Pancreatolysis
Destruction of pancreatic tissue
369
Factors that contribute to acute pancreatitis
Alcoholism
Gall stones
Trauma
Tumors
Peritonitis
Viral infections
Drug toxicity
370
Pancreatic abscess
A collection of pus in or around the pancreas, is the serious complication of pancreatitis
371
Pancreato/lithiasis
Is the presence of calculi in the pancreas, or pancreatic duct
372
Pancreato/lith
Pancreatolith
Means a pancreatic calculus (stone)
373
Pancreatic obstructions
Stones, tumors, or sis can cause
374
Pancreatic carcinoma
Is one of the most deadly malignancies. The cancer is usually discovered in the late stages, and the prognosis is poor.
375
Gallbladder carcinoma
Like pancreatic carcinoma, the prognosis of cancer of the gallbladder is poor. However, cancer of the gallbladder is rare.
376
Sialadenitis
Sialolithiasis
Two of the more likely disorders of the salivary glands
Tumors of the salivary glands are not common
377
sialadenitis
Inflammation of the salivary glands, can be caused by an infectious microorganism, an allergic reaction, or radiation therapy
378
sialolithiasis
The presence of salivary stones, either within the gland itself, or in the salivary ducts, may cause few symptoms, unless the duct becomes obstructed.
379
Ascites
Accumulation of abdominal fluid
380
Gastroentrologist
Physician specializing in G.I. tract
381
Gastrocele
Herniation of the stomach
382
Diabetes mellitus
Is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosuria resulting from inadequate production or use of insulin.
it’s a carbohydrate metabolism disorder due to the lack of insulin production
A disease characterized by resistance to install or lack of insulin secretion
Results primarily from either a deficiency or lack of insulin, secretion by the pancreas, or a resistance to insulin. Some forms of diabetes are treated with diet, exercise, and weight control; other forms require glucose lowering agents. (oral agents or insulin by injection)
383
Gingiv/ectomy
Gingivectomy
Gums/excision, cutting out, removal
Surgical removal of all loose and diseased gum, tissue, is performed by a dentist or periodontist to arrest the progress of periodontal disease
384
Cheilo/plasty
Cheiloplasty
lip/surgical repair
Surgical repair of the lip
385
cheilo/rrhaphy
cheilorraphy
Lip/suture
Suture of the lip bless you
386
Gloss/ectomy
Glossectomy
tongue/excision, or removal
Excision of the tongue
387
Glosso/plasty
Glossoplasty
Tongue/surgical repair
Surgical repair of the tongue
388
Glosso/rrhaphy
Glossorrhaphy
Tongue/suture
Suture of the tongue
389
Stomato/plasty
Stomatoplasty
Mouth/surgical repair
Surgical repair of the mouth
390
Cheilo/stomato/plasty
Cheilostomatoplasty
Lip/mouth/surgical repair
Surgical repair of the lips and mouth
391
Esophagectomy
Surgical excision of all or part of the esophagus
The surgical procedure may be required to treat, severe bleeding of the esophagus or esophageal cancer
392
Esophago/myo/tomy
Esophagomyotomy
esophagus/muscle/incision
Is an incision into the muscle of the lower part of the esophagus, performed to expedite the passage of food in esophageal achalasia, an abnormal condition, characterized by the inability of the muscle to relax
393
Enternal nutrition
Patients who can digest and absorb nutrients, but need nutritional support, may receive “Enternal nutrition” (provision of liquid nutrients through the G.I. tract when the patient cannot ingest, to, or swallow food, but can digest and absorb nutrients; it is accomplish using an enternal feeding tube)
394
Naso/gastr/ic NG
nasogastric
nose/stomach/pertaining to
Means pertaining to the nose and stomach, and nasal gastric internal feeding uses nasogastric tube that is inserted through the nose and into the stomach
395
Nasogastric tube NG tube
A nasogastric internal feeding uses a nasogastric tube (NG tube) that is inserted into the stomach
396
Esophago/stomy esophagoscopy
Gastro/stomy Gastrostomy
Jejuno/stomy jejunostomy
These are terms for surgical procedures, to establish this means of feeding by placement of the Enternal tube directly into the esophagus, stomach, or jejunum.
Which means formation of a new opening into these structures.
397
Jejunum
The portion of the small intestine that extends from the duodenum to the ileum
398
Par/enternal
399
Parenteral
Injection into the body, not through the alimentary canal, a place to give nutrients.
Means not through the alimentary tract, but through some other route; in other words, by injection
400
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) this method of feeding has several names
Intravenous alignmentation
Hyperalimentation,
Is the administration of all nutrition through an indwelling catheter in to the vena cava or other main vein.
401
Hyper/alimentation
Hyperalimentation
Excessive/nutrition
1) meaning is the administration of all nutrition through an indwelling catheter into the vena cava or other main vein
2) meaning of overfeeding, or the ingestion or administration of an amount of nutrients that exceeds the demands of the body. Over feeding on one’s own can lead to obesity.
402
Bariatrics
Focuses on obesity
Is the field of medicine that focuses on the treatment and control of obesity
403
Three options available for managing obesity
1) lifestyle modification (alterations in diet and physical activity)
2) Pharmacotherapy (anorexiants are drugs or other agents that suppress appetite)
3) bariatric surgery
404
Anorexiants
Drugs or other agents that suppress my appetite
405
Surgical procedures for limiting nutrient intake
1) adjustable, gastric band system
2) gastric bypass
4) complex bariatric surgery; removing much of the stomach (creating a smaller “ gastric sleeve”) and linking it to a very short part of the duodenum.
406
Gastro/plasty
Gastroplasty
Stomach/surgical repair/replace
Any surgery performed to reshape or repair the stomach
407
Lipectomy
Liposuction
Procedures that are performed to remove an slightly flabby folds of fat tissue or to improve body contours.
Both procedures are performed for cosmetic reasons rather than weight reduction.
408
Lipectomy
Is excision of subcutaneous fat
Excision of a mass of subcutaneous adipose (pertaining to fat, fat deposits beneath the skin ) tissue
409
Lipo/suction
Liposuction
Fats/suction
Remove fat with a suction pump device
Surgical removal of localized, fat deposits, using high-pressure vacuum, applied by means of a sub dermal cannula
410
Esophago/stomy
Esophagostomy
Esophagus/surgical formation of a new opening
Creation of an opening into the esophagus
411
Gastro/stomy
Gastrostomy
Stomach/surgical formation of a new opening
Surgical creation of an artificial opening in the stomach through the abdominal wall
412
Jejuno/stomy
Jejunostomy
jejunum/surgical formation of a new opening
Surgical creation of a permanent opening between the GGM and the surface of the abdominal wall; also, the opening it creates
413
Lavage
Is irrigation or washing out of an organ, such as the stomach or bowel
414
Gastric/lavage
Gastriclavage
Stomach/washing out
Washing out of the stomach, which is performed to remove irritants or toxic substances, and it’s done before or after surgery on the stomach
415
Colonic irrigation
Flushing of the inside of the colon.
Maybe use to remove any material high in the colon.
416
Enema
Introduction of a solution into the rectum, either for cleansing the rectum, or as a treatment for constipation
417
Helicobacter pylori
A bacterium that causes ulcers in the stomach, esophagus and duodenum. They can’t be treated with antibiotics.
418
Gastric ulcers
Treatment:
antibiotics, change of a suspected medication, dietary management, and anti-acids to counteract the acidic gastric contents
419
Hyper/acidity
Hyperacidity
Excessive/acid
Excessive acid in the stomach. Treatment is necessary.
Gastric hyperacidity may lead to ulcers
420
Gastr/ectomy
Gastrectomy
Stomach/excision
Which is excision/removal or part of the stomach
Persons with ulcers, who do not respond to medical treatment or who developed complications (perforation or hemorrhage) may require partial gastrectomy
Is also done to remove malignancy
421
Vagotomy
Severing of certain branches of the vagus nerve, vagotomy, is sometimes done to reduce the amount of gastric secretion and lessen the chance of recurrence of gastric ulcer.
Severing of vagus nerve branches to reduce stomach acid
422
Anastomosis
A connection between two organs
Means a connection between two vessels. It may be created by surgical, traumatic, or pathologic means between two normal, distinct organs or spaces.
The communication (union) it’s self is also called anastomosis.
423
Anastomose
The verb that means to join the structures
424
Esophagojejunostomy
Means surgical anastomosis of the esophagus to the jejunum.
A total gastrectomy requires anastomosis of the esophagus to the small intestine
425
Esophago/duodeno/stomy
Esophagoduodenostomy
Esophagus/duodenum/formation of a new opening
Anastomosis is between the esophagus and the duodenum
426
Esophagogastrostomy
A trauma or tumor in the cardiac region of the stomach may necessitate creation of a new opening between the esophagus and stomach
427
Jejuno/ileo/stomy
Jejunoileostomy
Jejunum/ilium/formation of a new opening
Formation of an opening between the jejunum and ileum
Trauma or tumor of the gym or ileum may require anastomosis
Is formation of an opening between the gym and the ileum
428
Proximal organ
In writing terms pertaining to anastomosis, the term begins with the proximal Oran (Organ nearest the place where nutrition begins)
429
Gastro/entero/stomy
Gastroenterostomy
Stomach/small intestine formation of a new opening
the body of the stomach is joined with some part of the small intestine, often the jejunum
430
Gastro/duodeno/stomy
Gastroduodenoatomy
Stomach/duodenum/formation of a new opening
Anastomosis of the gastric stump with the duodenum, same as gastroduodenal Anastomosis
Anastomosis of the stomach and the duodenum
The lower portion of the stomach is removed, and the remainder is anastomosed to the duodenum. It doesn’t have to be exactly like that but you wanna be able to make it look like that fruit yeah.
431
Gastro/jejuno/stomy
Gastrojejunostomy
Anastomosis of the gastric stump with the jejunum; same as gastrojejunal anastomosis
The lower portion of the stomach is removed, and the remainder is anastomosed to the jejunum. The remaining dual Dino stop is closed.
432
Gastroduodenal anastomoses
Gastrojejunal anastomoses
Note that in both, the lower portion of the stomach is removed before the gastric stump is joint to some part of the small intestine
433
Pyloro/plasty
Pyloric sphincter/surgical repair
It may be done when other methods of treating peptic ulcers have not been effective. Play, Laura plasty consists of surgical enlargement of the pyloric sphincter to facilitate the easy passage of the stomach contents to the duodenum.
434
Esophago/gastro/plasty
Esophagogastroplasty
Esophagus/stomach/surgical repair
Surgical repair of the esophagus and stomach in the area of the cardiac sphincter
435
Gastro/pexy
Gastropexy
Stomach/surgical fixation
Surgical fixation of the stomach that involves suturing the stomach to the abdominal wall to prevent displacement
436
Gastro/rrhaphy
Gastrorrhaphy
Stomach/suture
Suture of the stomach
437
Pyloro/tomy
Pylorotomy
Phyloro/myo/tomy
Phyloromyotomy
Pylorus/incision
Incision of the pylorus; often called
Pylorus/muscle/incision
Pyloromyotomy, which is incision of the muscles of the pylorus, and has done to expedite the passage of food from the stomach
438
Colo/stomy
Colostomy
Is generally performed after partial colectomy. Colostomy is surgical creation of an artificial anus on the abdominal wall, by drawing the colon out to the surface or, in other words, creating an artificial opening (stoma) from the colon on the abdominal surface.
permanent or temporary
Colostomy irrigation is used to clear the bowel of fecal matter
439
Laparoscopy
Of the abdominal cavity is performed for both diagnostic and surgical procedures. In cases of acute appendicitis, laparoscopic appendectomy may be performed.
440
Append/ectomy
Appendectomy
Appendix/excision or removal
Removal (excision) of the appendix
441
Ceco/ileo/stomy
Cecoileostomy
Cecum/ileum/artificial opening
Formation of a new opening between the cecum and the ileum
442
Col/ectomy
Colectomy
Large/excision
Excision of all, or a part, of the:
443
Hemi/col/ectomy
Hemicolectomy
Half/large intestine/excision
Is excision of approximately half of the colon and is sometimes referred to as either left hemicolectomy or right hemicolectomy
444
Diverticul/ectomy
Diverticulectomy
Diverticulum/excision
surgical excision of a diverticulum; it may be performed if repeated bouts of diverticulitis result in obstruction of the colon
445
Duodeno/tomy
Duodenotomy
Duodeno/stomy
Duodenostomy
Duodenum/incision
Surgical incision of the Duodenum
Duodenum/artificial opening
Formation of a new opening into the duodenum
446
Ileo/stomy
Ileostomy
Ileum/artificial opening
Forming of an ideal stoma onto the surface of the abdomen - this is necessary if all of the colon is removed; fecal material drains from the ileum into a bag worn on the abdomen
447
Jejuno/tomy
Jejunotomy
Jejunum/incision
Surgical incision of the jejunum.
448
laparo/entero/stomy
Laparoenterostomy
Abdominal wall/small intestine/artificial opening
449
Palato/pharyngo/plasty
Palatopharyngoplasty also called
Uvulo/palato/pharyngo/plasty
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Pallet/pharynx/surgical repair
Surgical excision of palatal and oropharyngeal tissue; may be performed to remove obstructions, thought to be causing, snoring, or sleep apnea, also called uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Uvula/palate/pharynx/surgical repair
450
Procto/plasty
Proctoplasty
Anus and rectum/surgical repair
Surgical repair of the rectum and anus
451
Topi/cal
Topical
Place/pertaining to
A particular place on the surface.
452
Topical anesthetic
Is to alleviate pain on a particular area of the skin
453
Hemorrhoidectomy
Exception of the hemorrhoids
Surgical methods are available if symptoms, persist, and treatment is determined by the type of hemorrhoid. Treatments include elastic band like ation and hemorrhoidectomy. If elastic band ligation, the hemorrhoids are bound with rubber bands, and become necrotic, and eventually slough off.
454
Gallstones
Are a common disorder of the gallbladder and bile ducts, and are usually associated with Cholecystitis. Several non-surgical approaches are available, including oral drugs, that dissolve stones, laser lithotripsy, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
455
ESWL Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
A lithotriptor uses high energy shockwave to disintegrate the stone. The patient is positioned over a shock wave generator. (lithotriptor) by means of a table that moves up word and downward, forward and backward, and side to side. Particle slough off the gallstone as the lithotriptor expired, and the particles pass through the biliary ducts and are eliminated. 
456
Lithotriptor
The name of the shockwave generator in biliary lithotripsy
457
Lithotripsy
It’s a non-surgical management of gall stones, and can sometimes be an alternative to cholecystectomy, surgical removal of the gallbladder
458
Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gallbladder. The gallbladder stores bile, but is not essential for life, because bile is produced continuously.
459
Endoscopic sphincterotomy
Endoscopic removal of biliary stones, because the endoscope is passed to the duodenum, and then the sphincter muscle is incised to reach and retrieve the stones
460
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Removal of the gallbladder through four small incisions in the abdominal wall, is currently preferred to open cholecystectomy whenever possible. This is commonly done as an outpatient surgery. The surgical site is exposed to four small portals, inserted into the abdominal wall, allowing the gallbladder to be exercised and removed easily.
461
Cholecystotomy
Surgical incision of the gallbladder monitor. This new term means incision of the gallbladder for the purpose of exploration, drainage, or removal of stones.
462
Laparo/cholecysto/tomy
Laprocholecystotomy
Means incision into the gallbladder through the abdominal wall
463
Choledocho/litho/tripsy
Choledocholithotripsy
Means the mechanical crushing of gall stones in the common bile duct
464
Choledochostomy
Formation of an opening into the common bile duct
Is surgical formation of an opening into the common bile duct through the abdominal wall? This is commonly done for temporary drainage of the duct after cholecystectomy.
465
Choledochojejunostomy
Is surgical formation of a new opening between the common bile duct and the jejunum.
466
Hepatic lobectomy
Excision of the lobe of the liver
467
Getting the books
468
Hitting the books
469
Hepato/tomy
Hepatotomy
Liver/surgical incision
Surgical incision of the liver
470
Hepat/ectomy
Hepatectomy
Liver/excision
Excision of part of the liver
Liver transplant may be performed in some cases, usually for liver disease related to chronic viral hepatitis
471
Pancreato/tomy
Pancreatotomy
Pancreas/incision
Incision of the pancreas
472
Pancreato/lith/ectomy
Pancreatolithectomy
Pancreas/stones/excision or removal
Removal of pancreatic stones
473
Pancreatectomy
Removal of all, or part of the pancreas
474
Treatment of infected salivary glands
Includes antibiotics
Warm compresses
if the floor of saliva is obstructed by a storm, the ducts. They may be dilated and massaged. If these measures fail, surgery may be necessary to remove the store.
475
Tumors of the salivary glands
Either benign or malignant are excised. However, radiation therapy may be used for highly malignant or very large, tumors, or for recurrence of tumor after surgery.
476
Litho/tripsy
Lithotripsy
Stone/surgical crushing
Surgical crushing of a stone
477
Pancreato/lith/ectomy
Pancreatolithectomy
Surgical removal of a stone from the pancreas
478
Antidiarrheals
Medication’s to treat diarrhea
479
Gastric bypass
A type of gastroplasty
480
Enternal
Pertaining to the small intestine
481
Dental caries
Means the same as tooth decay
482
Enteral
Pertains to the intestines
483
Gastric hypertrophy
Gastromegaly is the term for………
