Definition Flashcards
primary function of the respiratory system
Is to provide oxygen for the body and remove gaseous waste carbon dioxide
secondary function of the respiratory system
Maintaining the acid, base, balance, producing speech, facilitating, smell, and maintaining the bodies heat and water balances
external respiration
Moves oxygen from the air into the blood
External respiration is the process involved in breathing, the ventilation of the lungs, and the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide(CO2) between the air in the lungs and the blood
internal
Moves oxygen from the blood to the tissues
Internal, this change of oxygen, internal, this change of oxygen, (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is called cellular respiration
Respiratory system
cooperates with the circulatory system, to provide oxygen for body cells, and to expel waste carbon dioxide through breathing.
In/spir(o)/ation
inspiration
In(into) + spitro)( to breathe) + action(process)
Means drawing of air into the lungs (inhalation)
The process of breathing in
A.k.a. in/halation
inhalation
expiration a.k.a. exhalation
Expelling air from the lungs (breathing out) by active breathing out or letting out one’s breath
Pulmonologist
Is a physician specializing in evaluating and treating lung disorders
A physician who specializes in lungs and respiratory disorders
Ventilation
Another term for breathing
Breathing/pulmonary ventilation
pulmon/ary
Pertains to the lungs
Conducting passages
Are known as the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract
upper respiratory tract
Nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx
lower respiratory tract
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lung capillaries
Pleura
There are two types, and are separated by a lubricating fluid
Nasopharynx
Is the upper part of the pharynx
Is nearest to the nasal cavity
Larynx
Is the organ of the respiratory tract that is indicated in laryngitis
The glottis is the vocal apparatus of the
The organs of respiration
Air first enters the body through the nose and passes through the nasal cavity 1. or it enters through the mouth and passes through the oral cavity 2. The air reaches the pharynx 3. And passes through the larynx 4. And the trachea 5. The trachea divides into a left and right bronchus 6. Each Bronchus divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles 7. At the end of each bronchiole are clusters of air sacs called alveoli 8. Where oxygen is exchanged for waste carbon dioxide.
diaphragm
Normal quiet, breathing is accomplished almost entirely by movement of the
epiglottis
Covers the Larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx and trachea
Parts of the lung starting from the top
Apex - the very top of the lung
Trachea - in between the two longs
Left primary bronchus - splits off from the trachea
Right pulmonary artery
right pulmonary veins
Coastal surface of the lung
Base of lung
Two types of pleura
Visceral pleura - inner layer of the lung
Parietal pleura - outer layer of the lung
Clusters of alveoli
are at the end of the bronchioles and reassemble a bunch of grapes
About 300 million alveoli
in a pair of healthy adult lungs, providing a large surface for exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen,
Which structure is nearest the larynx? which structure is nearest the Lorax?
Trachea
which structures are composed of clusters of air sacs
Alveoli
trachea
Also known as the windpipe
pathway of air from the nose/mouth to the lung capillaries
nose/mouth—nasal cavity/oral cavity— nasopharynx— oropharynx—laryngopharynx—larynx—trachea—bronchi—bronchioles—alveoli—lung capillaries
what gives structure to the nose?
Cartilage and bone
external part of the nose
Contains two openings
Nostrils a.k.a., nares, singular naris
nasal septum
Is a partition that divides the two nasal cavities
The hollow interior of the nose is separated into right, and left cavities by the nasal septum, which is composed of cartilage
para/nas/al sinuses
Means the air cavities near the nose.
Pairs of air cavities around the nose
Larynx
Means voicebox
pharynx
Means throat
Serves as a passageway for both the respiratory and digestive tracts
nose has nerve endings
That detects many odors
olfactory
Is derived from olfactory, to smell
Pertains to the sense of smell
olfaction
The sense of smell, is a function of the nose.
palate (roof of the mouth)
Is the roof of the mouth which separates the oral and nasal cavities
The anterior portion that separates the nasal cavity and the oral cavity
palate
Consists of bone in the membrane that covers it. Because the anterior portion contains bone it is called the hard palate.
Palatine uvula
The pendant, fleshy tissue that hangs from the soft palate
palatine
Refers to the palate
naso/lacrimal duct
nasolacrimal duct
Opens into the nasal cavity.
is a tubular passage that carries fluid (tears) from the eye to the nasal cavity
The reason the nose fills with fluid when a person cries.
lacrimal
Pertains to tears
endo/nas/al
endonasal
inside/nose/pertaining to
within the nose
nas/al
nasal
nose/pertaining to
naso/lacrim/al
nasolacrimal
nose/tear/pertaining to
Pertaining to the nose and tearing apparatus
or/al
oral
mouth/pertaining to
retro/nas/al
retronasal
behind/nose/pertaining to
supra/nas/al
supranasal
above/nose/pertaining to
When referring to the pharynx, three divisions are recognized
nasopharynx— located behind the nasal cavity; it is the uppermost of the three regions of the pharynx
oropharynx— the part of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth
laryngopharynx— the lowermost part of the pharynx; it lives near the larynx
hard palate
Is the anterior is the anterior(front) portion. It is hard because it contains bone.
Forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
soft palate
lies posterior to the hard palate
pharyng/eal
pharyngeal
Means pertaining to the pharynx
oro/pharyngeal
oropharyngeal
Means pertaining to the mouth and pharynx
Also pertains to the oropharynx
oropharynx
Contains the palatine tonsils, which are visible when the mouth is open wide,
At the level of the larynx
the pharynx divides into the larynx and the esophagus. Air passes through the larynx, and food passes through the esophagus
nasopharynx
Is the upper part of the pharynx and is continuous with the nasal passages
Is the opening to the auditory tube
The adenoids are also located in the nasopharynx
auditory tube formerly called eustachian tube
The narrow canal that connects the middle ear, and the nasal phonics is the ____________tube
The narrow channel connect in the middle ear, and the nasopharynx
naso/pharyng/eal
nasopharyngeal
A term that means pertaining to the nose and throat
Pertains to the nasopharynx
laryngeal
Means pertaining to the larynx
laryngo/pharyng/eal
laryngopharyngeal
means pertaining to the voicebox and throat
pertains to the larynx and the pharynx
glottis
Is the vocal apparatus of the larynx. It consist of the vocal cords and the opening between them.
vocal cords
Also called, vocal folds, are a pair of strong bands of elastic tissue with a mouth-like opening through which air passes, creating sound
Muscles
Open and close the glottis during inspiration and expiration, and they regulate the vocal cords during the production of sound
epiglottis
A lidlike structure is composed of cartilage and covers the larynx during the swallowing of food
muscles close off a lid like structure that covers the glottis during swallowing
Foreign bodies
May be aspirated into the nose, throat, or lungs and inspiration. If a person inspires, while attempting to swallow, food may be accidentally expired into the larynx. spontaneous coughing is the bodies effort to clear the obstructed airway. Respiration stops if complete obstruction of the airway occurs.
Heimlich maneuver
This emergency procedure is performed for dislodging food or another obstruction from the trachea to prevent damage or death
Epiglottides
is the plural form of epiglottis
Esophagus
In usual situation, food does not enter the larynx but passes on to the esophagus. Food is not enter the larynx, because a lid-like structure, the epiglottis is closed.
Cilia
Hair like projections, that propel mucus up and away from the lower airway
Bronchiolus
Structures that lead to alveolar
Alveoli
Small pockets where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged
between the inspired air and capillary blood
most of the lower respiratory
Are located in the chest cavity
Mediastinum
is the middle portion of the thoracic cavity between the two lungs?
In the mediastinum, the trachea (windpipe) divides into the right, and left primary bronchi;
Bronchial tubes
Is another term for bronchi Is another term for bronchi (singular is bronchus)
Bronchioles
Are small airways that extend from the bronchi into the lungs
Translated, literally bronchiole means little bronchus
alveol/ar
alveolar
alveoli/pertaining to
Pertaining to the alveoli
Bronchi/al
Bronchial
Bronchi/pertaining to
pertaining to the bronchi
Broncho/alveol/ar
Broncoalveolar
bronchi/alveoli/pertaining to
pertaining to the Broncos and the alveoli
endo/trache/al
endotracheal
Inside/trachea/pertaining to
Pertaining to inside the trachea
within the trachea
inter/alveol/ar
Interalveolar
Refers to between the air sacs of the lungs
between/alveoli/pertaining to
Pertaining to the area between alveoli
tracheal
teache/al
trachea/pertaining to
pertaining to the trachea
The two lungs
Have similar characteristics, but have a different number of lobes
Left lung has two lobes
Right lung has three lobes
each lung
Is conical and has an Apex (pointed on top) and a base (lower portion)
Apical
Refers to the Apex
pertaining to upper portion of the lung (pointed top)
Hilum
The depression where blood vessels, enter and leave the long
pleura
pleurae is plural
This is the membrane that surrounds each lung
Visceral pleura
One layer of the membrane, covers the lungs surface
surrounds the lungs
parietal pleura
Parietal means pertains to the outer wall of a cavity or organ
is a membrane that lines, the walls of the thoracic (chest) cavity
The other layer, the ________ lines, the walls of the thoracic cavity
Visceral
Means pertaining to the iscera, the large internal organs enclosed within a body cavity, especially the abdominal cavity
parietal
Pertains to the ultra wall of a cavity or Oregon
Pleura cavity
is the space between the pleurae, which contains a thin film of pleural fluid that acts as a lubricant as the lungs expand and contract during respiration
extra/pleura/al
outside/pleura/al pertaining to
Pertaining to outside the pleural cavity
extra/pulmon/ary
extrapulmonary
outside/lung/pertaining to
Pertaining to outside the lung
Outside of or unrelated to the lungs
pleur/al
pleural
pleural/pertaining to
pertaining to the pleural
pulmon/ic
pulmonic
lung/pertaining to
pertaining to the lung or the respiratory system
sub/pulmon/ary
subpulmonary
beneath/lung/pertaining to
pertaining to beneath the lung
Lungs and diaphragm during respiration
1.) diaphragm, relaxed, just before inspiration.
lungs and diaphragm during
2.) Inspiration. The diaphragm contracts, moving downward and increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. Inspiration is also aided by contraction of the intercostal muscles, which are between the ribs. Air moves into the lungs until pressure inside the lungs equals atmospheric pressure.
lungs and diaphragm during
3.) Expiration. Respiratory muscles, relax, and the chest cavity decreases in size as air moves from the lungs out into the atmosphere.
Normal lungs
Are highly elastic, and fill the chest cavity during inspiration
diaphragm
The muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, contracts and increases the size of the thoracic cavity during inspiration. It aids respiration by moving up and down as we exhale and inhale.
diaphragm a
A formal an atomic name for diaphragm
diaphragma/tic
diaphragmatic
Means pertaining to the diaphragm.
The diaphragm is pierced by several openings through which pass the aorta, the inferior vena cava, and the esophagus
Alveoli
tiny structures of the respiratory system where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged between the inspired air and capillary blood
pleura
Each lung is surrounded by a membrane
Apex
The pointed top of the lung
Lobes
The division into which lungs are anatomically divided are called
Diaphragm
The muscle partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity is the
respiratory rate
Number of breaths per minute
Varies by age, but is easily measured as the examiner watches, a quietly sitting patient, and should be approximately 12 to 30 breaths per minute in adults.
Pulse oximeter
oxygen content of the blood is measured by using this…..
a photo/electric device for determining the oxygen saturation of the blood in a pulsating capillary bed.
Finger probe
Is most commonly used for monitoring the patient’s oxygenation status in a physicians office
Hospital
during pulmonary rehabilitation programs, or during stress testing; however, an ear oximeter is sometimes used
pulse oximetry
The procedure that determines the oxygen saturation of the blood in a capillary bed
percussion
Is helpful in assessing the lungs
Chest auscultation
listening to breath, sounds, provides information about the flow of air through the trachea/bronchial tree
Crackles (also called rales) and friction rub
Abnormal sounds that are heard during inspiration include rhonchi, wheezes.…..
finger probe
Is most frequently used for stationary measurements of oxygen saturation
Auscultation
This is the procedure when abnormal sounds can be heard when a stethoscope is used to evaluate the sound of air moving in and out of the lungs
Rhonchus
Is the abnormal sound consisting of continuous rumbling sound that clears on coughing?
wheeze
Is a whistling sound made during respiration (breathing)
Is a musical noise that sounds like a squeak
Crackles
Are abnormal discontinuous bubbling noises during inspiration that are not cleared by coughing
friction rub
is an abnormal dry grating sound heard in the lungs
Is a dry, grading sound. If the friction rub is heard over the pleural area, it may be a sign of lung disease, although it may be normal if heard over another area such as the liver.
Stridor
is an abnormal high-pitched musical sound caused by an obstruction in the trachea or larynx, most often heard, during inspiration
consolidation
Means the process of becoming solid, as when the lungs become firm and elastic in pneumonia
common terms used to describe, sounds heard in the ill patient
Rhonchi
Wheeze
Friction rub
Crackles (tales)
Rhonchi
ill patient
Course, low pitched; may clear with cough
wheeze
ill patient
Whistling, high-pitched bronchus
bronchial
ill patient
Course, loud; heard with consolidation
rub
ill patient
Scratchy, high-pitched
Crackles
ill patient
fine crackling, high-pitched
bronchial
Well patient
coarse, loud
bronchovesicular
well patient
Combination bronchial, and vesicular, normal in some areas
Visceral
well patient
High-pitched, breezy
naso/scope
nasoscope
A nasal speculum is one of various types of specula that is used for inspecting the nasal cavity
septal deviation
A structural defect of the nasal septum in which it is shifted toward one side of the nose or the other
Pharyngoscope
Is an instrument for examining the lining of the structure that is commonly called the throat, pharynx
arterial blood gas (ABG)
Is a blood test that measures the amount of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in a blood sample collected from an artery
other laboratory tests
Include cultures for bacteria or fungi in sputum or material collected from throat swabs
phlegm
Is abnormally thick, mucus secreted by the membranes of the respiratory passages
sputum is phlegm
Is phlegm or other material that is coughed up from the lungs
spiro/metry
spirometry
refers to an instrument used to measure air taken in and expelled from the lungs
spir(o) = breath or breathing
Is a measurement of the amount of air taken into and expelled from the lungs
The instrument used is a spirometer
spirometry measures ventilation (the ability of the lungs to move air) and is one type of pulmonary function test (PFT) that helps determine the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide effectively
vital capacity (VC)
The largest volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration is the
A reduction in vital capacity often indicates a loss of functioning lung tissue
spirometry
Evaluation of the air capacity of the lungs uses a spirometer. The spirometer is used to assess pulmonary function by measuring and recording the volume of inhaled and exhaled air.
Tracheobronchial tree
In looking at the respiratory structures in a chest x-ray, it is understandable why the Trachea and bronchial branches are referred to as………
Clavicle
Collarbone
bronchoscopy
Visual inspection of the tracheobronchial tree with an instrument designed to pass through the trachea is
Other uses for this procedure include suctioning, obtaining a biopsy specimen, or fluid or removing foreign bodies
Broncho/scopy or broncho/scopic examination
bronchoscopy or bronchoscopic
is a direct viewing of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
Broncho/graphy
Bronchography
Involves the use of x-rays after installation of contrast media
bronchograham
The image obtained by a bronchography
Pulmonary angiography
is a radiography of the vessels of the lungs after injection of a contrast medium.
it is primarily performed on patients with suspected thromboembolic disease.
thrombus
Is an internal blood clot
If parts of it breaks off, the clot fragment may travel in the bloodstream to another site
embolus
Any foreign object that circulates in the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a vessel is called
thrombo/embol/ic
thromboembolic
pertains to obstruction of a blood vessel with material from a blood clot that is carried by the bloodstream from its sight of origin
pulmonary embo/lism
The presence of an embolus in the lungs
Other diagnostic radiologic studies of respiratory organs in
Computed, tomography, magnetic, resonance, imaging and lung scan’s
Lung scans
Uses radioactive material to test blood flow or air distribution in the lungs
laryngo/graphy
Larynx/process of recording
radiographic examination of the larynx that usually also includes the pharynx
laryngo/scope
larynx/instrument used for viewing
An endoscope used to examine the larynx
laryngo/scopy
larynx/visual examination
Examination of the larynx with a laryngoscope
mediastino/scope
mediastinum/instrument used for viewing
An endoscope used to examine the mediastinum
Mediastino/scopy
refers to examination of the mediastinum with an endoscope
mediastinum/visual examination
examination of the mediastinum by means of a mediastinoscope inserted through a chest incision
tracheo/scopy
Tracheoscopy
A term for viewing the interior of the trachea using a tracheal scope
trachea/visual examination
viewing the interior of the trachea, with the use of a tracheoscope
oximeter
A device that determines oxygen saturation
Spirometry
Measurement of the amount of air taken into and expelled from the lungs
Bronchography
Process of visualizing the bronchi with x-rays
laryngoscopy
Examination of the larynx with an endoscope
pharyngoscope
Instrument for examining the pharynx
disorders of the respiratory system
Are major cause of illness and death
acute or chronic respiratory problems
Can progress rapidly, and become life-threatening emergencies
chronic lung disease
Often causes heart disease because of the lungs functional role in circulation
pulmonary hypertensi
Is a condition of abnormally high blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation, caused by resistance of blood flow in the vessels of the long.
This brings on an increase workload for the heart, and eventually leads to heart failure
apnea
Absence of breathing
to cessation (stopping) of breathing
Absence of spontaneous breathing
Cessation of breathing
Sleep apnea
is a sleep disorder, characterized by transient periods of cessation of breathing
Two primary types of sleep apnea
- Central sleep apnea (from failure of stimulation by the nervous system)
- obstructive sleep apnea obstructive sleep apnea (from collapse or obstruction of the airway)
Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR)
is an abnormal pattern of respiration that is characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing, occurring more frequently during sleep
dys/pnea
difficult/breathing
means labored or difficult breathing
dys/pne/ic
Is an adjective that means pertaining to, or caused by dyspnea
Asphyxia
Asphyxiation
The inability to breathe
Is a condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
this leads to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, loss of consciousness, and death, if not corrected.
extrinsic
Causes, those originating outside the body include drowning, crushing injuries of the chest and inhalation of carbon monoxide
intrinsic
Causes include hemorrhage into the lungs or pleural cavity, foreign bodies in the throat and diseases of the air passages
an/ox/ia
anoxia
more severe than hypoxia
means an absence or deficiency of oxygen in blood tissues below the level needed for proper functioning
Oxygen deficiency
Hypoxia
Refers to a condition of decreased oxygen
is a reduction of oxygen in body tissues, to levels below those required
for normal metabolic functioning
Hypoxia leads to confusion and impaired judgment, and diving bodies must be alert to its signs
Oxygen deficiency
asphyxia
Cyanosis, dyspnea, and tachycardia accompanied by mental disturbances are seen in__________
In extreme cases, convulsions, unconsciousness, and death may occur
tachy/cardia
tachycardia
an increased heart rate
Increased pulse rate
asphyxia or asphyxiation
means a condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
Scuba diving
must be aware of the possibilities of hypoxia in themselves, as well as their diving partners.
Mild hypoxia or asphyxia in divers, has many causes, including poorly function, equipment, ascending to the surface too quickly, or an improper air mixture.
Hyper/pnea
hyperpnea
An increased respiratory rate or breathing, that is deeper than normal
Refers to increase in rate and depth of respiration (breathing)
Increased respiratory rate
Excessive/breathing
Is an exaggerated deep, rapid, or labored respiration. It occurs normally with exercise and abnormally in several conditions, including pain, fever, hysteria, or in adequate oxygen.
hyper/ventilation
hyperpnea may lead to _____________
(excessive aeration of the lungs), which commonly reduces carbon dioxide levels in the body. Carbon dioxide contributes to the acidity of body, fluids, and if too much carbon dioxide is lost, alkalosis results.
alkal/osis
alkalosis
alkaline, basic/abnormal condition
Is a pathological condition, resulting from the accumulation of basic substances, or from the loss of acid by the body. Transient alkalosis can be caused by hyperventilation.
Condition of accumulation of basic substances in the body
transient
Means not lasting for a brief duration
Breath odors
Are usually produce by substances or diseases in the lungs or mouth. Specific orders are associated with some diseases for example, a fruity order associated with diabetes. Law enforcement uses a breathalyzer to measure, exhaled air for blood alcohol levels.
pH= potential hydrogen, and is the symbol for hydrogen ion concentration, a calculated scale that represents the relative assiduity or alkalinity of a solution. A value of 7.0 is neutral, below 7.0 is acidic, and above 7.0 is alkaline.
The normal pH of body fluids (plasma and intracellular and interstitial fluids)is 7.35 to 7.45.
acid-base balance
The state of equilibrium of the blood pH
Cellular metabolism
Produces substances (such as excess carbon dioxide) that would upset the pH balance were it not for the buffer systems of the blood, along with respiratory and urinary functions that help keep the pH constant. The expelling of carbon dioxide during exhalation is part of the regulatory mechanism that maintains the constancy of the pH…— that is, the acid—-base balance
alkal/osis
alkalosis
alkaline condition
alkal/emia
alkalemia
Is increased alkalinity of the blood is an aspect of alkalosis, the general term for accumulation of basic substances in the body fluids
Acidosis
The opposite of alkalosis
hyper/capnia
hypercapnia
increased/carbon dioxide
Greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
hypo/ventilation
hypoventilation
they reduce the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli, results in hypercapnia carbon dioxide contributes to the acidity of blood hypercapnia results in lowering blood pH
Hypo/capnia
hypocapnia
Increase/carbon dioxide
is the opposite of hyperCapnia and means an abnormally low level of carbon dioxide in the blood
A/capnia
acapnia
is the synonym for hypocapnia, although in its strictest sense, acapania means absence of carbon dioxide
Hypocapnia
Hyperventilation leads to
Acid/emia
is an arterial blood pH below 7.35, whereas alkalemia is recognized as a blood pH above 7.45. Either of these conditions can be considered an acid base imbalance. 
Potential causes of acid-base imbalances
Acidemia
ingestion of highly acidic drugs
severe, diarrhea
severe diabetes
asphyxia
Vomiting disease, particularly respiratory or kidney failure
Potential causes of acid-base imbalances
Alkalemia
ingestion of alkaline drugs
intense hyperventilation
Vomiting of gastric acid
metabolic problems
dyspnea
Labored or difficult breathing
Oxygen
Asphyxia is a condition caused by insufficient intake
hyperventilation
Means excessive aeration of the lungs
Increased aeration of the lungs
Acidemia
A term for an artery blood pH below 7.35
acute respiratory failure
Is sudden inability of the lungs to maintain normal respiratory function. It may be caused by an obstruction in the airways or failure of the lungs. Respiratory failure leads to hypoxia.
Acute (or adult) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Is severe pulmonary congestion, characterized by respiratory insufficiency and hypoxemia and can result in acute respiratory failure.
Hyp/ox/emia
Hypoxemia
decrease/oxygen/blood
Is decreased oxygen in the blood
Ortho/pnea
orthopnea
refers to a condition where breathing is only possible if seated in an upright position
Straight/breathing ———
the person experiences chronic airflow limitations (CAL) and is unable to breathe when lying flat
Breathing is difficult, except in an upright position
orthopneic patients breathe more comfortably in an upright position.
dia/phragm
diaphragm
Abnormalities in the diaphragm will affect breathing, because the diaphragm normally moves downward as the lungs expand during inspiration
The muscular partition that separates the chest and the abdomen cavities and serves at the major inspiratory muscle
phreno/dynia
phrenodynia
diaphragm/pain
Is pain in the diaphragm
phreno/plegia
phrenoplegia
diaphragm/paralysis
Paralysis of the diaphragm
Phreno/ptosis
Phrenoptosis
Downward displacement of the diaphragm
diaphragm/prolapse or sagging
Is a prolapsed or downward displacement of the diaphragm
Phren/itis
phrenitis
diaphragm/inflammation
inflammation of the diaphragm
respiration rate
Adults normally have a respiration rate of about 12 to 20 breaths per minute
Eu/pnea
Eupnea
good or normal/breathing
Usually means normal breathing
tachypnea
tachy/pnea
fast/breathing
Means breathing fast
Brady/pnea
bradypnea
Refers to abnormal slowness of breathing
slow/breathing
Breathing slow
hypo/pnea
hypopnea
shallow/breathing
The breathing is shallow, in addition, to being slow this can occur if it is painful to breathe, or if there is damage to the brain stem. Hypopnea may be appropriate and well conditioned athlete.
Respiratory arrest
Is cessation of respiration or breathing
An upper airway obstruction is any significant interruption in the airflow through the nose, mouth, pharynx, or larynx. laryngoscopy may be helpful in locating and removing the cause of the obstruction. If the cause is not removed, respiratory arrest occurs.
Nasal polyp
It may be possible to see a nasal polyp with the help of the nasoscope.
polyp is a growth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane. (Polyps are usually (but not always) benign. They can grow on almost any mucous membrane.
deviated septum
This shift a partition of the nasal cavity, may obstruct the nasal passages. Severe septal deviation may be corrected by rhinoplasty or septoplasty.
sinus/itis
sinusitis
is inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses.
A structural defect, such as deviated septum of the nose can also result in sinusitis.
rhin/itis also known as coryza
rhinitis
Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose
inflammation of the nasal membrane
meaning of profuse discharge of the mucous membranes of the nose
Rhino/rrhea
rhinorrhea
Means runny nose
nose/discharge
Discharge from the nose. This is commonly called a runny nose.
Discharge from the nasal membranes
rhino/rrhagia. A.k.a..epistaxis
rhinorrhagia
means nosebleed
Nose/hemorrhage
profuse bleeding from the nose
many causes bleeding from the nose
irritation of the nasal membranes, fragility of these membranes, violent sneezing, trauma, high blood pressure, vitamin K, deficiency, or in children, picking the nose.
pharyng/itis
pharyngitis
Inflammation or infection of the pharynx, usually causing symptoms of a sore throat. Canker, sores, or ulcerations, especially inside the mouth
tonsill/itis
tonsillitis
Is one reason for a sore throat. The tonsils are located in the oropharynx.
enlarged tonsils can fill the space behind the nares and may completely block the passage of air from the nose into the throat
naris ————nares plural
either of the external orifices (opening) of the nose
Sore throat
Other causes of a sore throat include streptococcal infections, herpes, Symplex virus (HSV), or infectious mononucleosis .
rheumatic fever
Untreated, strep, infections, sometimes lead to rheumatic fever.
Herpes simplex
caused by the herpes, Symplex virus, usually produces small transient, irritating, and sometimes fluid filled blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. Infections tend to occur, particularly around the nose and mouth.
dys/phas/ia
dysphasia
Bad or difficult/speech/condition
is impairment of speech, characterized by a lack of coordination, and an ability to arrange words in the proper order, a problem resulting from a brain lesion.
Difficulty in speech caused by a brain lesion
a/phas/ia
aphasia
No, not, without/speech, inability to communicate
is the absence of speech. Aphasia is an ability to communicate through speech or writing as a result of dysfunction of the brain. A person who has aphasia is said to be aphasic.
aphonia
Loss of voice
A condition characterized by the inability to produce normal speech sounds, resulting from overuse of the vocal cords, organic disease, or emotional problems, such as anxiety.
dysphonia
Refers to difficulty in speaking or weak voice (hoarseness)
Hoarseness or abnormality in the speaking voice, that may precede aphonia.
laryngalgia
Laryngeal pain; same as laryngodynia, but this term is not generally used
Laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx ( voice box) that would likely result in temporary loss of voice. It may be caused not only by infectious microorganisms, but also by overuse of the voice, allergies, or irritant.
nasopharyngitis
inflammation of the nasopharynx
palatitis
inflammation of the hard palate, the bony portion of the roof of the mouth
pharyngalgia
Sore throat (pharyngeal); same as pharyngodynia
Throat pain
pharyngomycosis
A fungal infection of the pharynx
pharyngopathy
any disease of the pharynx
rhinolithiasis
The presence of a calculus or stone in the nasal cavity. A nasal calculus, a rhinolith, can interfere with breathing through the nose
laryngeal polyp
A tumor like growth on the vocal cords,
cause hoarseness. they are generally caused by smoking, allergies, or abuse of the voice, and eliminating the cause often relieves the hoarseness. Surgery can be performed using direct laryngoscopy if rest does not correct the problem.
common cold
Is a contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Some of its major characteristics are rhinitis, rhinorrhea, tearing and eye discomfort and sometimes low-grade fever.
Croup
barking cough
is an acute viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract that occurs primarily in infants and young children
Upper respiratory tract infection (URI)
Include the common cold, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis,
Diphtheria and pertussis
are too acute contagious respiratory diseases. They are both caused by specific pathogenic bacteria and are both preventable by vaccinations. Immunization for diphtheria, and pertussis is usually begun in conjunction with tetanus immunizations early in infancy.
exotoxin of the tetanus bacillus
Affects the nervous system, resulting in paralysis. For this reason, the common name of tetanus is lockjaw.
pertussis
Is highly contagious and is characterized by a whooping cough sound
Is commonly called whooping cough, named for the coughing that ends in a loud whooping inspiration. it occurs primarily in infants and young children, but kennel, Kurt, and anyone who has not been immunized.
corona/virus
Named for its appearance under the electron microscope, has been identified as the organism responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome. (SARS) it is spread by close contact with an infected person. Illness begins with a fever and bodyaches. Some people experience mild respiratory symptoms. After 3 to 7 days, lower respiratory phase begins, and patients may develop a dry cough and have trouble breathing severity of the disease ranges from causing mild illness to death.
influenza
Is highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by various strains of influenza virus. Three main types. (type A, type B, and type C) have been identified, but new strains emerge at regular intervals (for example, Asian flu virus, bird flu, and H1 N1 influenza)
H1N1 influenza, also known as swine flu
influenza is characterized by a fever, sore throat, coughing, muscle aches, and weakness.
epiglott/itis
epiglottitis
epiglottis/inflammation of
laryngo/pathy
laryngopathy
larynx/any disease of
laryngo/plegia
laryngoplegia
larynx/paralysis
laryngo/spasm
laryngospasm
larynx/spasm
lower respiratory tract LRT
Is a common site of infections, obstructive conditions, and malignancies
lung cancer accounts for more deaths in the United States than any other cancer, in both men and women, although cancers of the lung and bronchi, are not the most common types
Pulmonary malignancies
The majority of pulmonary malignancies are attributed to cigarette smoking. Lung cancer develops most often in scarred or chronically diseased lungs.
Vaping
Can cause deadly lung diseases, including cancer, and damage to unborn babies. These devices deliver an aerosol by heating a liquid that contains nicotine (e-cigarettes) , flavorings, marijuana, or other chemicals.
clubbing
Abnormal enlargement of the distal phalanges is seen in advanced, chronic pulmonary disease, but may be associated with other disorders, such as cyanotic heart, disease, chronic kidney disease, and cystic fibrosis.
funnel chest or pigeon cheat
The skeletal abnormality of the chest is characterized by indentation of the lower sternum
The breast bone has a prominent anterior projection in pigeon chest, and it is depressed in funnel chest. Breathing is not affected in either of these structural defects.
Chronic respiratory conditions
Fatigue is common
clubbing is a sign that is often associated with advanced, chronic pulmonary disease
Flail chest
contracting and bulging of the lung during inspiration and expiration
occurs when multiple rib fractures, cause instability of the chest wall. The lung underlying the injury contracts and bulges with each inspiration and expiration. This condition must be surgically corrected to prevent hypoxia.
flail chest is best defined as a thorax in which there are fractures on at least two adjacent ribs, causing instability, in part of the chest wall and unusual breathing that is insufficient unless corrected.
Barrel chest
rounded chest
A Large, Rounded thorax may be normal in some individuals, but may also be a sign of pulmonary emphysema. The common name for a large from the thorax.
funnel chest
Depression of the breastbone
pigeon chest
Prominent anterior projection of the breastbone
A/plasia
Aplasia
Refers to lack of development of an organ or tissue
no, not, without/formation, or development
Means absence of formation or development
Incomplete formation or development of the lung
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Also called acute respiratory distress syndrome
Is respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury, characterized by severe pulmonary congestion
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Of the newborn is an acute lung disease of the newborn that occurs most often in premature babies.
in most cases, the infant dies only a few days after birth, or recovers with no after effects.
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Is the unexpected and sudden death of an apparently normal and healthy infant that occurs during sleep, and may be linked with respiration
bronchi/ectasis
bronchiectasis
bronchi/dilation or stretching of a structure or part
dilation of the bronchi
However, bronchiectasis is an abnormal condition of the bronchial tree that is characterized by irreversible dilation and destruction of the bronchial walls. Signs and symptoms include chronic sinusitis, a constant cough producing a great deal of sputum, hemoptysis (hem(o), blood + ptysis, spitting), and persistent crackles
broncho/spasm
bronchospasm
means bronchial spa. Bronchospasm brings about bronchoconstriction, resulting in an acute narrowing and obstruction of the respiratory airway. There is usually a cough with generalized wheezing, a chief characteristic of asthma and bronchitis..
asthma
Is characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal (attacks) wheezing, and dyspnea(difficulty breathing), constriction of the bronchi, coughing, and vicious (thick) bronchial secretions.
It is also called bronchial asthma.
paroxysmal- occurring in sudden, periodic attacks, or recurrence of symptoms of a disease
paroxysmal
Refers to a sudden reoccurrence or intensity of symptoms
Hydrothorax
Watery/chest
is a non-inflammatory accumulation of fluid in one or both pleural cavities.
Hemo/thorax
hemothorax
An accumulation of blood, and fluid in the pleural cavity.
Trauma such as a knife wound, is the most common cause of my products, but it can occur as a result of inflammation or tumors
pneumo/thorax
Pneumothorax
A pathological condition that can lead to collapse of the lungs
is air or gas in the pleural cavity;
it leads to collapse of the lung. This may be the result of an open chest wound that permits the entrance of the air, rupture of a vesicle on the surface of the lung, or a severe bout of coughing; it may even occur spontaneously without a parent clause.
Pneumo/hemo/thorax
Pneumohemothorax
accumulation of air and blood in the pleural cavity.
Pleur/itis
Pleuritis
Is inflammation of the pleura
pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura
Another name for pleuritis. Pleurisy may be caused by an infection, injury, tumor, or a complication of certain lung disease. A sharp pain on inspiration is characteristic of pleurisy.
pneumon/ia
pneumonia
lung/condition.
The highly elastic lungs are the main components of the respiratory system.
Means inflammation of the lungs
pneumon/itis
pneumonitis
Is another word for pneumonia. It means inflammation of the lungs.
lungs/inflammation
Means inflammation of the lungs
double pneumonia
Acute pneumonia involving both lungs
Pneumo/coccal pneumonia
Several micro organisms, including bacteria, fungus, and viruses, have been identified as causes of pneumonia, but the disease is often caused by pneumococci, a type of pathogenic coccal bacteria.
A vaccine is available and is recommended for persons older than 65 years of age and or those with immuno deficiency’s
broncho/pneumon/ia
bronchopneumonia
Acute inflammation of the lungs and bronchi
involves both of the bronchi and the lungs and it’s usually a result of the spread of infection from the upper to the lower respiratory tract. Lobar pneumonia involves one or more of the five major lobes of lungs.
pleuro/pneumon/ia
Pleurpneumonia
pleuro/lungs/conditions
it’s a combination of pleurisy and pneumonia. You will need to remember the pleuropneumonia is inflammation of both the pleura and the lungs.
pleural effusion
is a collection of nonpurulent fluid in the pleural.
Nonpurulent means not containing pus
Pyo/thorax or empyema
pyothorax
when pleural effusion contains pus. This condition is an extension of infection from nearby structures.
Pulmonary fibrosis
fibrosis condition of the lungs resulting from scar tissue
pertaining to the lungs/fiber (tough, threadlike)
Fibrosis of the lungs. Untreated empyema can lead to pulmonary fibrosis.
is a fibrous condition of the connective tissue of the lungs, resulting from the formation of scar tissue
Aplasia
results in the absence of an organ or tissue, and it applies also to failure of normal cell generation and development in the bone marrow
pleuro/dynia
pleurodynia
Is pain of the pleura
This can be caused by inflammation of the pleura or by pleural adhesions.
pleural adhesions
Pleura/pertaining to/sticking together
In which the pleural membrane stick together or to the wall of the chest and produce pain on movement or breathing.
pleural adhesion may be associated with
pleur/itis
Which is inflammation of the pleura
pulmonary edema
Is an accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissue.
Pulmonary edema also involves the alveoli and progresses to fluid entering the bronchioles and bronchi. Dyspnea on exertion is one of the earliest symptoms of pulmonary edema. As the condition becomes more advanced, the patient may become orthopneic. acute pulmonary edema is an emergency situation. Congestive heart failure is the most common cause of pulmonary edema.
Congestive heart failure
The work demanded of the heart is greater than its ability to perform. Decreased output of blood by the left ventricles produces congestion and engorgement of the pulmonary vessels with escape of fluid into pulmonary tissues. Congestive heart failure can result in the lung disorder pulmonary edema.
Pulmon/ary embolus
pulmonary embolus
is an obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches
by a blood clot.
Obstruction of a large pulmonary vessel can cause sudden death.
pulmonary abscess
Localized pus Dash containing cavity surrounded by inflamed lung tissue
abscess
A localized collection of pus, that forms, a cavity in tissues, organs, or confined spaces
Pneumo/coni/osis
pneumoconiosis
Is one condition caused by permanent deposits of death particles in the lungs
lungs/dust/condition (often abnormal)
it’s a condition (disease) of the lungs caused by inhalation of dust
is any disease of the lung caused by chronic inhalation of dust, usually mineral dust of either occupational or environmental origin.
Anthrac/osis
anthracosis
Is caused by inhalation of coal dust
Coal/condition
is a chronic lung disease characterized by the deposit of coal dust in the lungs. It occurs in coal miners and is aggravated by cigarette smoking.
Three kinds of pneumoconiosis
Anthracosis, asbestosis, silicosis
Anthracosis is a chronic lung disease characterized by the deposit of coal dust in the lungs
Asbestosis is a chronic lung disease that results from prolonged exposure to asbestos
silicosis pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of the dust of stone, sand, or flint containing silicone dioxide with formation of generalized nodular fibrotic changes in both lung
Asbest/osis
Asbestosis
Is caused by inhalation of asbestos dust
is a chronic lung disease that results from prolonged exposure to asbestos.
mesothelioma
A rare malignant tumor is associated with exposure to asbestos and is almost always fatal. The mesothelioma is a layer of epithelial cells that covers the pleura in the peritoneum.
Silic/osis
silicosis
is caused by inhalation of stone or sand dust
Is a lung disorder caused by long term inhalation of silica dust, which is found in sands, quartz, and many other stones. This lung disorder is a type of pneumoconiosis.
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas (COPD) also called chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD)
is a non-specific designation that includes a group of progressive an irreversible respiratory problems in which dyspnea and a chronic cough are prominent features. Airflow obstruction ultimately occurs. Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthmatic, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis are often included in this group. COPD is aggravated by cigarette smoking and air pollution.
Emphysema
A chronic, non-infectious pulmonary disease characterized by an increase in the size of alveoli, and by destructive changes in their walls
characterized by over inflation and destructive changes in alveolar walls, is probably the most severe COPD. Permanent hyper inflation of the lungs occurs as alveoli are destroyed, and alveolar air is trapped, thus interfering with exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Over inflation, and destruction of the alveolar walls are major characteristics.
Tuberculosis (TB)
Is an infectious disease that often is chronic, and commonly affects the lungs.
Resistance to tuberculosis depends a great deal on a persons general health. The disease is named after tubercles, which are small round nodules produced in the lungs by the infective bacteria
Tubercles
Are small, round nodules produced in the lungs by the infective bacteria
Liquefaction of the tubercles not only results in tubercular cavities in the lungs but can also cause the production of a large quantity of highly infectious sputum that is raised in the infected person cough
ex/pectorate
expectorate
means spitting or coughing up materials from the passageways at the lungs
Is to cough up and spit out material from the lungs and air passages. (the material, coughed up from the lungs and sputum) blood stained sputum is often produced in tuberculosis
hemo/ptysis
hemoptysis
Is the spitting of blood or blood stained sputum
cystic fibrosis
Is an inherited disorder of the endocrine glands; it causes those glands to produce abnormally, thick secretions of mucus and an elevation of sweet electrolytes. The disease primarily involves the lungs, pancreas and sweat glands. Heavy secretion of thick mucus clogs the bronchi and leads to a chronic cough and persistent upper respiratory infections.
Excessive salt loss (3 to 6 times the normal concentrations) in the perspiration of persons who have cystic fibrosis forms the basis of the sweat test, a laboratory test to determine the amount of sodium and chloride excretion from the sweat glands.
Sweat test
is performed to diagnose cystic fibrosis. this disease is usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood by not only the sweat test, but also in genetic testing for the specific gene that causes cystic fibrosis.
atel/ectasis
means airlessness or collapse of all or part of the ling
(imperfect/stretching)
abnormal condition in which there is incomplete expansion of a lung at birth, or airlessness of a lung that once functioned:
is an abnormal condition characterized by the collapse of all or part of a lung.
Failure of the lungs to expand Foley at birth, is called primary atelectasis. Other causes of atelectasis include obstructions of the airways, compression of the lung as a result of fluid or air, and pressure from a tumor
Bronchiolectasis
Dilation of the bronchioles
bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the bronchioles
bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi
broncogenic
Originated in a bronchus
broncholithiasis
A condition in which stones are present in the lining of the bronchi
broncopathy
Any disease of the bronchi
Bronchopulmonary
Pertaining to the bronchi and lungs
Laryngotracheal
pertaining to the larynx and the trachea
laryngotracheitis
Inflammation of the larynx and trachea
laryngotracheobronchitis
inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi
Pulmonary abscess
A localized cavity containing pus and surrounded by inflamed lung tissue
trachealgia
pain of the trachea
Tracheitis
Information of the trachea, a type of lower respiratory tract infection, which also includes bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia
tracheomalacia
Softening of the trachea
Tracheostenosis
narrowing of the lumen of the trachea
Lumen means the cavity or channel within a tube
asphyxiation
The inability to breathe, requires immediate corrective measures to prevent damage or death. Removal of a foreign body in the airway may be needed before oxygen, an artificial respiration are administered.
Heimlich maneuver
A method of dislodging food or other obstruction from the windpipe
Acute bronchitis
irritation of the bronchi caused the spread of an upper respiratory infection
tracheotomy
Incision is performed to gain access to the airway below a blockage with a foreign object or, for example, below a tumor
Is an incision into the trachea through the neck below the larynx
tracheostomy
Surgical creation of an opening in the trache, may be necessary in upper airway obstruction
it’s not always an emergency procedure and can be temporary or permanent
Laryngectomy
surgical removal of the voicebox
Excision of larynx
A tracheotomy is performed after a laryngectomy or when prolonged mechanical ventilation is needed. A tube is inserted through an incision in the neck into the trachea. There are many types of tracheostomy tubes, some permit speech
stoma
A general term for mouth like opening
sometimes a person has a stoma at the base of the neck. Surgical creation of this type of opening into the trachea is called a tracheostomy.
COPD or other problems in hypoxic patients
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Oxygen therapy may be prescribed by the physician. Oxygen is sometimes administered after general surgery. In patients who can breathe but are hypoxic, oxygen is delivered through tubing via:
A simple face mask
nasal cannula, small tubes, inserted into the nares (nostrils)
A Venturi mask
trans/tracheal oxygen(TTO) delivery
Transtracheal
Which means delivering oxygen to the lungs
A Venturi mask and transtracheal oxygen system deliver a more consistent and accurate oxygen concentration
Four means of administering oxygen
- A simple oxygen mask - delivers high concentrations of oxygen and is used for short term oxygen therapy or in an emergency.
- The nasal cannula - a device that delivers oxygen by way of two small tubes that are inserted into the nostrils.
- Venturi mask - a facemask designed to allow inspired air to mix with oxygen a facemask designed to allow inspired air to mix with oxygen transtracheal oxygen.
- Transtracheal oxygen - is a long-term method of delivering oxygen directly into the lungs.
oraltracheal intubation
Is used for short term airway management
nasaltracheal intubation
For short term airway management
tracheostomy tube
For longer maintenance so that your way
Oxygen tent or canopy
Enclosed is the head and neck and provides humidified oxygen. It is used most often with pediatric patients.
Hypoxic patients
oxygen is administered to increase the amount of oxygen in circulating blood. It is also administered during anesthesia because oxygen functions as a carrier, gas for the delivery of anesthetic agents to the tissues of the body and overdose of oxygen can have toxic effects, which include respiration, depression, and damage to the lungs.
Hyperoxemia
Means increase the oxygen content of the blood
Oxygen by intubation is administered in one of the following ways
(insertion of a tube into a body canal or cavity
- Transtracheal oxygen delivered through a Tracheostomy tube is used for prolonged airway management.
- endotracheal intubation (an airway catheter inserted through the mouth or nose)
- Orotracheal intubation and nasotracheal intubation are inserted of a tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea.
Mechanical ventilation
is the use of an artificial device to assist in breathing.
it is a means of supporting patients until either they recover sufficiently to breathe independently, or the decision is made to withdraw respiratory support.
In a hospital, setting, artificial respiration is supplied by a medical ventilator.
noninvasive, negative pressure
Pulls the chest outward, producing ventilation similar to normal breathing.
An early type was the Iron Man developed during the polio epidemic in the United States in the 1950s
positive pressure ventilation
this type of ventilation requires an artificial airway and is the primary method used with acutely ill patients. It pushes air into the lungs under positive pressure.
Oxygenation
means the act or process of adding oxygen
Extra/corpor/eal
extracorporeal
means outside the body
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO)
is the device used in a hospital to provide respiratory support by circulating the blood through an artificial lung, then returning the blood to the patient’s circulatory system. It is used in newborns and occasionally in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
pneumonectomy (pneumectomy)
partial or complete surgical removal of a lung
Is that excision of lung tissue, either a complete lung (total pneumonectomy) or part of it (partial pneumonectomy)
Pulmonary lobectomy
excision (removal) of a lung lobe
removal of a lobe of the lung.
Wedge resection is the removal of a small, localized area of diseased tissue; however, the cancer must be near the lungs surface
Adenoidectomy
Excision of the adenoids
Palatoplasty
Surgical repair (reconstruction) of the pallet. Along with additional plastic surgery, palatoplasty is used to correct cleft palate, a congenital defect characterized by a fissure (split) in the midline of the palate.
Pneumocentesis
refers to surgical puncture of a lung
Puncturing of the lung to drain fluid that has accumulated in the organ itself
It’s a surgical puncture of a lung to drain fluid contents
thoracentesis
Removal of fluid from the thoracic cavity chest
Surgical puncture of the chest wall and pleural space with a needle to aspirate fluid or to obtain a specimen for biopsy. It has both therapeutic and diagnostic uses, and can be used in the treatment of pleural effusion shortened form of thoracocentesis.
thoracostomy
an opening into the chest wall for insertion of a chest tube. The chest tube is inserted into the pleural space to remove air and or fluid and is commonly used after chest surgery.
chest tube
Is a catheter that is inserted through the thorax into the pleura space and it’s attached to a water seal chest drainage device. The chest tube is used to remove fluid or ear after chest surgery and lung collapse.
Rhinoplasty
plastic surgery of the nose, for trauma of the head and face, but usually done for cosmetic reasons
tracheoplasty
Plastic surgery to repair the trachea
Septoplasty
Surgical construction of the nasal septum
Septorhinoplasty
Plastic surgery of the nasal septum, and the external nose
Thoracoplasty
is the surgical removal of ribs, allowing the chest wall to collapse a diseased lung?
surgical procedure that involves removing ribs and allowing the chest wall to collapse a lung. The procedure is sometimes done to gain access during thoracic surgery.
uvulectomy
excision of the uvula, the pendant tissue in the back of the pharynx, either by conventional or laser surgery
Thoracentesis
The insertion site of the needle in thoracentesis depends on the location of the fluid
continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP)
Non-invasive
Used in the home setting to maintain adequate blood oxygen levels while sleeping
A non-surgical method to prevent airway collapse is the use of ……..
a small electric compressor delivers positive pressure through a face mask during sleep.
for mild sleep apnea, weight loss or a change in sleeping position, may reduce or correct the problem.
antineoplastic
Is a treatment that acts against neoplasms
Malignant lesion
May be curable if detected in the early stage
treatment selection depends on the site, stage of the cancer, and unique characteristics of the individual
Spirometer
A small apparatus that provides visual feedback about the inspired volume of air.
A method of encouraging voluntary deep breathing after surgery or with patients who have chronic air obstruction involves the use of the incentive spirometer.
While in the hospital, a registered pulmonary function therapist while in the hospital, a registered pulmonary function therapist (RPFT) is involved in respiratory treatments and evaluating progress
Inhaler
Is the device for administering medication’s that are breathe in such as vapors or fine powders
nebulizer
hand held nebulizers, are powered devices that convert a liquid into a fine spray before delivering it into the respiratory passages, either with or without oxygen to carry it into the lungs
Antiasthmatics
A term for drugs used to invent asthma
Prevent or treat the symptoms of asthma
antihistamines
Drugs used to block histamines
Block, histamine, receptors to reduce allergic response, reduce the effects of histamine. Used to treat or prevent allergic rhinitis or asthma.
antitussives
Medication used to stop coughing
Suppress coughing, benzonatate
Drugs used to suppress coughing
Bronchodilators
A medication that expands the bronchi and other air passages
Open the airways to improve respiration to treat asthma, COPD, or symptoms of bronchitis
Anticholinergics anti-Clore Genex
Dilate the bronchi and bronchioles
Beta-2 agonist
Relax, smooth muscle and airways albuterol, arformoterol, metaproterenol, salmeterol, terbutaline
Inhaled corticosteroids
reduce inflammation of the airways. Used for allergic rhinitis when available as a nasal spray.
beclomethasone, ciclesonide, fluticasone, mometasone, triamcinolone
Methylxanthines
relax airway muscles to open airways, increase diaphragm contractions to draw more air into the lungs and mildly reduce inflammation
aminophylline, theophylline
Decongestants
reduce swelling of mucus membranes to treat nasal and sinus congestion
phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine
Expectorants
improve expulsion of mucus from lungs
ammonium chloride, guaifenesin
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
block leukotrienes in the long-acting, inflammatory response to allergens
Montelukast (Singulair), zileuton (zyflo)
mast cell stabilizers
Prevent mast cell’s release of histamine. Used to prevent allergic rhinitis or asthma.
cromolyn (install), nedocromil (Tilade)
Mucolytics
A general term for drugs that break up or thin mucus in the lungs
acetylcysteine (Mucomyst), dornase alfa (pulmozyme)
smoking sensation drugs
Aid in quitting, smoking, or the use of other tobacco products.
Therapy types: nicotine replacement, therapy, or anti-addiction medication (Acts on the brain to reduce cravings and/or withdrawal symptoms)
bupropion (Zyban), nicotine polacrilex (Nicorette), varenicline (Chantix)
uvula
Is the fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate?
Bronchoscope
Refers to instrument for viewing the bronchi
Tracheostomy tube
Transtracheal oxygen delivered through a tracheostomy tube is used for prolonged airway management
endotracheal intubation
An airway catheter inserted through the mouth or nose
orotracheal intubation
nasotracheal intubation
Art insertion of a tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea
nasotracheal intubation is insertion of a nasotrachea tube through the nose into the trachea
