Definition Flashcards
(395 cards)
1
Q
primary function of the respiratory system
A
Is to provide oxygen for the body and remove gaseous waste carbon dioxide
2
Q
secondary function of the respiratory system
A
Maintaining the acid, base, balance, producing speech, facilitating, smell, and maintaining the bodies heat and water balances
3
Q
external respiration
A
Moves oxygen from the air into the blood
External respiration is the process involved in breathing, the ventilation of the lungs, and the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide(CO2) between the air in the lungs and the blood
4
Q
internal
A
Moves oxygen from the blood to the tissues
Internal, this change of oxygen, internal, this change of oxygen, (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is called cellular respiration
5
Q
Respiratory system
A
cooperates with the circulatory system, to provide oxygen for body cells, and to expel waste carbon dioxide through breathing.
6
Q
In/spir(o)/ation
inspiration
In(into) + spitro)( to breathe) + action(process)
A
Means drawing of air into the lungs (inhalation)
The process of breathing in
A.k.a. in/halation
inhalation
7
Q
expiration a.k.a. exhalation
A
Expelling air from the lungs (breathing out) by active breathing out or letting out one’s breath
8
Q
Pulmonologist
A
Is a physician specializing in evaluating and treating lung disorders
A physician who specializes in lungs and respiratory disorders
9
Q
Ventilation
A
Another term for breathing
Breathing/pulmonary ventilation
10
Q
pulmon/ary
A
Pertains to the lungs
11
Q
Conducting passages
A
Are known as the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract
12
Q
upper respiratory tract
A
Nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx
13
Q
lower respiratory tract
A
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lung capillaries
14
Q
Pleura
A
There are two types, and are separated by a lubricating fluid
15
Q
Nasopharynx
A
Is the upper part of the pharynx
Is nearest to the nasal cavity
16
Q
Larynx
A
Is the organ of the respiratory tract that is indicated in laryngitis
The glottis is the vocal apparatus of the
17
Q
The organs of respiration
A
Air first enters the body through the nose and passes through the nasal cavity 1. or it enters through the mouth and passes through the oral cavity 2. The air reaches the pharynx 3. And passes through the larynx 4. And the trachea 5. The trachea divides into a left and right bronchus 6. Each Bronchus divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles 7. At the end of each bronchiole are clusters of air sacs called alveoli 8. Where oxygen is exchanged for waste carbon dioxide.
18
Q
diaphragm
A
Normal quiet, breathing is accomplished almost entirely by movement of the
19
Q
epiglottis
A
Covers the Larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx and trachea
20
Q
Parts of the lung starting from the top
A
Apex - the very top of the lung
Trachea - in between the two longs
Left primary bronchus - splits off from the trachea
Right pulmonary artery
right pulmonary veins
Coastal surface of the lung
Base of lung
21
Q
Two types of pleura
A
Visceral pleura - inner layer of the lung
Parietal pleura - outer layer of the lung
22
Q
Clusters of alveoli
A
are at the end of the bronchioles and reassemble a bunch of grapes
23
Q
About 300 million alveoli
A
in a pair of healthy adult lungs, providing a large surface for exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen,
24
Q
Which structure is nearest the larynx? which structure is nearest the Lorax?
A
Trachea
25
which structures are composed of clusters of air sacs
Alveoli
26
trachea
Also known as the windpipe
27
pathway of air from the nose/mouth to the lung capillaries
nose/mouth—nasal cavity/oral cavity— nasopharynx— oropharynx—laryngopharynx—larynx—trachea—bronchi—bronchioles—alveoli—lung capillaries
28
what gives structure to the nose?
Cartilage and bone
29
external part of the nose
Contains two openings
Nostrils a.k.a., nares, singular naris
30
nasal septum
Is a partition that divides the two nasal cavities
The hollow interior of the nose is separated into right, and left cavities by the nasal septum, which is composed of cartilage
31
para/nas/al sinuses
Means the air cavities near the nose.
Pairs of air cavities around the nose
32
Larynx
Means voicebox
33
pharynx
Means throat
Serves as a passageway for both the respiratory and digestive tracts
34
nose has nerve endings
That detects many odors
35
olfactory
Is derived from olfactory, to smell
Pertains to the sense of smell
36
olfaction
The sense of smell, is a function of the nose.
37
palate (roof of the mouth)
Is the roof of the mouth which separates the oral and nasal cavities
The anterior portion that separates the nasal cavity and the oral cavity
38
palate
Consists of bone in the membrane that covers it. Because the anterior portion contains bone it is called the hard palate.
39
Palatine uvula
The pendant, fleshy tissue that hangs from the soft palate
40
palatine
Refers to the palate
41
naso/lacrimal duct
nasolacrimal duct
Opens into the nasal cavity.
is a tubular passage that carries fluid (tears) from the eye to the nasal cavity
The reason the nose fills with fluid when a person cries.
42
lacrimal
Pertains to tears
43
endo/nas/al
endonasal
inside/nose/pertaining to
within the nose
44
nas/al
nasal
nose/pertaining to
45
naso/lacrim/al
nasolacrimal
nose/tear/pertaining to
Pertaining to the nose and tearing apparatus
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or/al
oral
mouth/pertaining to
47
retro/nas/al
retronasal
behind/nose/pertaining to
48
supra/nas/al
supranasal
above/nose/pertaining to
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When referring to the pharynx, three divisions are recognized
nasopharynx— located behind the nasal cavity; it is the uppermost of the three regions of the pharynx
oropharynx— the part of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth
laryngopharynx— the lowermost part of the pharynx; it lives near the larynx
50
hard palate
Is the anterior is the anterior(front) portion. It is hard because it contains bone.
Forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
51
soft palate
lies posterior to the hard palate
52
pharyng/eal
pharyngeal
Means pertaining to the pharynx
53
oro/pharyngeal
oropharyngeal
Means pertaining to the mouth and pharynx
Also pertains to the oropharynx
54
oropharynx
Contains the palatine tonsils, which are visible when the mouth is open wide,
55
At the level of the larynx
the pharynx divides into the larynx and the esophagus. Air passes through the larynx, and food passes through the esophagus
56
nasopharynx
Is the upper part of the pharynx and is continuous with the nasal passages
Is the opening to the auditory tube
The adenoids are also located in the nasopharynx
57
auditory tube formerly called eustachian tube
The narrow canal that connects the middle ear, and the nasal phonics is the ____________tube
The narrow channel connect in the middle ear, and the nasopharynx
58
naso/pharyng/eal
nasopharyngeal
A term that means pertaining to the nose and throat
Pertains to the nasopharynx
59
laryngeal
Means pertaining to the larynx
60
laryngo/pharyng/eal
laryngopharyngeal
means pertaining to the voicebox and throat
pertains to the larynx and the pharynx
61
glottis
Is the vocal apparatus of the larynx. It consist of the vocal cords and the opening between them.
62
vocal cords
Also called, vocal folds, are a pair of strong bands of elastic tissue with a mouth-like opening through which air passes, creating sound
63
Muscles
Open and close the glottis during inspiration and expiration, and they regulate the vocal cords during the production of sound
64
epiglottis
A lidlike structure is composed of cartilage and covers the larynx during the swallowing of food
muscles close off a lid like structure that covers the glottis during swallowing
65
Foreign bodies
May be aspirated into the nose, throat, or lungs and inspiration. If a person inspires, while attempting to swallow, food may be accidentally expired into the larynx. spontaneous coughing is the bodies effort to clear the obstructed airway. Respiration stops if complete obstruction of the airway occurs.
66
Heimlich maneuver
This emergency procedure is performed for dislodging food or another obstruction from the trachea to prevent damage or death
67
Epiglottides
is the plural form of epiglottis
68
Esophagus
In usual situation, food does not enter the larynx but passes on to the esophagus. Food is not enter the larynx, because a lid-like structure, the epiglottis is closed.
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Cilia
Hair like projections, that propel mucus up and away from the lower airway
70
Bronchiolus
Structures that lead to alveolar
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Alveoli
Small pockets where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged
between the inspired air and capillary blood
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most of the lower respiratory
Are located in the chest cavity
73
Mediastinum
is the middle portion of the thoracic cavity between the two lungs?
In the mediastinum, the trachea (windpipe) divides into the right, and left primary bronchi;
74
Bronchial tubes
Is another term for bronchi Is another term for bronchi (singular is bronchus)
75
Bronchioles
Are small airways that extend from the bronchi into the lungs
Translated, literally bronchiole means little bronchus
76
alveol/ar
alveolar
alveoli/pertaining to
Pertaining to the alveoli
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Bronchi/al
Bronchial
Bronchi/pertaining to
pertaining to the bronchi
78
Broncho/alveol/ar
Broncoalveolar
bronchi/alveoli/pertaining to
pertaining to the Broncos and the alveoli
79
endo/trache/al
endotracheal
Inside/trachea/pertaining to
Pertaining to inside the trachea
within the trachea
80
inter/alveol/ar
Interalveolar
Refers to between the air sacs of the lungs
between/alveoli/pertaining to
Pertaining to the area between alveoli
81
tracheal
teache/al
trachea/pertaining to
pertaining to the trachea
82
The two lungs
Have similar characteristics, but have a different number of lobes
Left lung has two lobes
Right lung has three lobes
83
each lung
Is conical and has an Apex (pointed on top) and a base (lower portion)
84
Apical
Refers to the Apex
pertaining to upper portion of the lung (pointed top)
85
Hilum
The depression where blood vessels, enter and leave the long
86
pleura
pleurae is plural
This is the membrane that surrounds each lung
87
Visceral pleura
One layer of the membrane, covers the lungs surface
surrounds the lungs
88
parietal pleura
Parietal means pertains to the outer wall of a cavity or organ
is a membrane that lines, the walls of the thoracic (chest) cavity
The other layer, the ________ lines, the walls of the thoracic cavity
89
Visceral
Means pertaining to the iscera, the large internal organs enclosed within a body cavity, especially the abdominal cavity
90
parietal
Pertains to the ultra wall of a cavity or Oregon
91
Pleura cavity
is the space between the pleurae, which contains a thin film of pleural fluid that acts as a lubricant as the lungs expand and contract during respiration
92
extra/pleura/al
outside/pleura/al pertaining to
Pertaining to outside the pleural cavity
93
extra/pulmon/ary
extrapulmonary
outside/lung/pertaining to
Pertaining to outside the lung
Outside of or unrelated to the lungs
94
pleur/al
pleural
pleural/pertaining to
pertaining to the pleural
95
pulmon/ic
pulmonic
lung/pertaining to
pertaining to the lung or the respiratory system
96
sub/pulmon/ary
subpulmonary
beneath/lung/pertaining to
pertaining to beneath the lung
97
Lungs and diaphragm during respiration
1.) diaphragm, relaxed, just before inspiration.
98
lungs and diaphragm during
2.) Inspiration. The diaphragm contracts, moving downward and increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. Inspiration is also aided by contraction of the intercostal muscles, which are between the ribs. Air moves into the lungs until pressure inside the lungs equals atmospheric pressure.
99
lungs and diaphragm during
3.) Expiration. Respiratory muscles, relax, and the chest cavity decreases in size as air moves from the lungs out into the atmosphere.
100
Normal lungs
Are highly elastic, and fill the chest cavity during inspiration
101
diaphragm
The muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, contracts and increases the size of the thoracic cavity during inspiration. It aids respiration by moving up and down as we exhale and inhale.
102
diaphragm a
A formal an atomic name for diaphragm
103
diaphragma/tic
diaphragmatic
Means pertaining to the diaphragm.
The diaphragm is pierced by several openings through which pass the aorta, the inferior vena cava, and the esophagus
104
Alveoli
tiny structures of the respiratory system where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged between the inspired air and capillary blood
105
pleura
Each lung is surrounded by a membrane
106
Apex
The pointed top of the lung
107
Lobes
The division into which lungs are anatomically divided are called
108
Diaphragm
The muscle partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity is the
109
respiratory rate
Number of breaths per minute
Varies by age, but is easily measured as the examiner watches, a quietly sitting patient, and should be approximately 12 to 30 breaths per minute in adults.
110
Pulse oximeter
oxygen content of the blood is measured by using this…..
a photo/electric device for determining the oxygen saturation of the blood in a pulsating capillary bed.
111
Finger probe
Is most commonly used for monitoring the patient’s oxygenation status in a physicians office
112
Hospital
during pulmonary rehabilitation programs, or during stress testing; however, an ear oximeter is sometimes used
113
pulse oximetry
The procedure that determines the oxygen saturation of the blood in a capillary bed
114
percussion
Is helpful in assessing the lungs
115
Chest auscultation
listening to breath, sounds, provides information about the flow of air through the trachea/bronchial tree
116
Crackles (also called rales) and friction rub
Abnormal sounds that are heard during inspiration include rhonchi, wheezes.…..
117
finger probe
Is most frequently used for stationary measurements of oxygen saturation
118
Auscultation
This is the procedure when abnormal sounds can be heard when a stethoscope is used to evaluate the sound of air moving in and out of the lungs
119
Rhonchus
Is the abnormal sound consisting of continuous rumbling sound that clears on coughing?
120
wheeze
Is a whistling sound made during respiration (breathing)
Is a musical noise that sounds like a squeak
121
Crackles
Are abnormal discontinuous bubbling noises during inspiration that are not cleared by coughing
122
friction rub
is an abnormal dry grating sound heard in the lungs
Is a dry, grading sound. If the friction rub is heard over the pleural area, it may be a sign of lung disease, although it may be normal if heard over another area such as the liver.
123
Stridor
is an abnormal high-pitched musical sound caused by an obstruction in the trachea or larynx, most often heard, during inspiration
124
consolidation
Means the process of becoming solid, as when the lungs become firm and elastic in pneumonia
125
common terms used to describe, sounds heard in the ill patient
Rhonchi
Wheeze
Friction rub
Crackles (tales)
126
Rhonchi
ill patient
Course, low pitched; may clear with cough
127
wheeze
ill patient
Whistling, high-pitched bronchus
128
bronchial
ill patient
Course, loud; heard with consolidation
129
rub
ill patient
Scratchy, high-pitched
130
Crackles
ill patient
fine crackling, high-pitched
131
bronchial
Well patient
coarse, loud
132
bronchovesicular
well patient
Combination bronchial, and vesicular, normal in some areas
133
Visceral
well patient
High-pitched, breezy
134
naso/scope
nasoscope
A nasal speculum is one of various types of specula that is used for inspecting the nasal cavity
135
septal deviation
A structural defect of the nasal septum in which it is shifted toward one side of the nose or the other
136
Pharyngoscope
Is an instrument for examining the lining of the structure that is commonly called the throat, pharynx
137
arterial blood gas (ABG)
Is a blood test that measures the amount of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in a blood sample collected from an artery
138
other laboratory tests
Include cultures for bacteria or fungi in sputum or material collected from throat swabs
139
phlegm
Is abnormally thick, mucus secreted by the membranes of the respiratory passages
140
sputum is phlegm
Is phlegm or other material that is coughed up from the lungs
141
spiro/metry
spirometry
refers to an instrument used to measure air taken in and expelled from the lungs
spir(o) = breath or breathing
Is a measurement of the amount of air taken into and expelled from the lungs
The instrument used is a spirometer
spirometry measures ventilation (the ability of the lungs to move air) and is one type of pulmonary function test (PFT) that helps determine the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide effectively
142
vital capacity (VC)
The largest volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration is the
A reduction in vital capacity often indicates a loss of functioning lung tissue
143
spirometry
Evaluation of the air capacity of the lungs uses a spirometer. The spirometer is used to assess pulmonary function by measuring and recording the volume of inhaled and exhaled air.
144
Tracheobronchial tree
In looking at the respiratory structures in a chest x-ray, it is understandable why the Trachea and bronchial branches are referred to as……...
145
Clavicle
Collarbone
146
bronchoscopy
Visual inspection of the tracheobronchial tree with an instrument designed to pass through the trachea is
Other uses for this procedure include suctioning, obtaining a biopsy specimen, or fluid or removing foreign bodies
147
Broncho/scopy or broncho/scopic examination
bronchoscopy or bronchoscopic
is a direct viewing of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
148
Broncho/graphy
Bronchography
Involves the use of x-rays after installation of contrast media
149
bronchograham
The image obtained by a bronchography
150
Pulmonary angiography
is a radiography of the vessels of the lungs after injection of a contrast medium.
it is primarily performed on patients with suspected thromboembolic disease.
151
thrombus
Is an internal blood clot
If parts of it breaks off, the clot fragment may travel in the bloodstream to another site
152
embolus
Any foreign object that circulates in the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a vessel is called
153
thrombo/embol/ic
thromboembolic
pertains to obstruction of a blood vessel with material from a blood clot that is carried by the bloodstream from its sight of origin
154
pulmonary embo/lism
The presence of an embolus in the lungs
155
Other diagnostic radiologic studies of respiratory organs in
Computed, tomography, magnetic, resonance, imaging and lung scan’s
156
Lung scans
Uses radioactive material to test blood flow or air distribution in the lungs
157
laryngo/graphy
Larynx/process of recording
radiographic examination of the larynx that usually also includes the pharynx
158
laryngo/scope
larynx/instrument used for viewing
An endoscope used to examine the larynx
159
laryngo/scopy
larynx/visual examination
Examination of the larynx with a laryngoscope
160
mediastino/scope
mediastinum/instrument used for viewing
An endoscope used to examine the mediastinum
161
Mediastino/scopy
refers to examination of the mediastinum with an endoscope
mediastinum/visual examination
examination of the mediastinum by means of a mediastinoscope inserted through a chest incision
162
tracheo/scopy
Tracheoscopy
A term for viewing the interior of the trachea using a tracheal scope
trachea/visual examination
viewing the interior of the trachea, with the use of a tracheoscope
163
oximeter
A device that determines oxygen saturation
164
Spirometry
Measurement of the amount of air taken into and expelled from the lungs
165
Bronchography
Process of visualizing the bronchi with x-rays
166
laryngoscopy
Examination of the larynx with an endoscope
167
pharyngoscope
Instrument for examining the pharynx
168
disorders of the respiratory system
Are major cause of illness and death
169
acute or chronic respiratory problems
Can progress rapidly, and become life-threatening emergencies
170
chronic lung disease
Often causes heart disease because of the lungs functional role in circulation
171
pulmonary hypertensi
Is a condition of abnormally high blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation, caused by resistance of blood flow in the vessels of the long.
This brings on an increase workload for the heart, and eventually leads to heart failure
172
apnea
Absence of breathing
to cessation (stopping) of breathing
Absence of spontaneous breathing
Cessation of breathing
173
Sleep apnea
is a sleep disorder, characterized by transient periods of cessation of breathing
174
Two primary types of sleep apnea
1. Central sleep apnea (from failure of stimulation by the nervous system)
2. obstructive sleep apnea obstructive sleep apnea (from collapse or obstruction of the airway)
175
Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR)
is an abnormal pattern of respiration that is characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing, occurring more frequently during sleep
176
dys/pnea
difficult/breathing
means labored or difficult breathing
177
dys/pne/ic
Is an adjective that means pertaining to, or caused by dyspnea
178
Asphyxia
Asphyxiation
The inability to breathe
Is a condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
this leads to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, loss of consciousness, and death, if not corrected.
179
extrinsic
Causes, those originating outside the body include drowning, crushing injuries of the chest and inhalation of carbon monoxide
180
intrinsic
Causes include hemorrhage into the lungs or pleural cavity, foreign bodies in the throat and diseases of the air passages
181
an/ox/ia
anoxia
more severe than hypoxia
means an absence or deficiency of oxygen in blood tissues below the level needed for proper functioning
Oxygen deficiency
182
Hypoxia
Refers to a condition of decreased oxygen
is a reduction of oxygen in body tissues, to levels below those required
for normal metabolic functioning
Hypoxia leads to confusion and impaired judgment, and diving bodies must be alert to its signs
Oxygen deficiency
183
asphyxia
Cyanosis, dyspnea, and tachycardia accompanied by mental disturbances are seen in__________
In extreme cases, convulsions, unconsciousness, and death may occur
184
tachy/cardia
tachycardia
an increased heart rate
Increased pulse rate
185
asphyxia or asphyxiation
means a condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
186
Scuba diving
must be aware of the possibilities of hypoxia in themselves, as well as their diving partners.
Mild hypoxia or asphyxia in divers, has many causes, including poorly function, equipment, ascending to the surface too quickly, or an improper air mixture.
187
Hyper/pnea
hyperpnea
An increased respiratory rate or breathing, that is deeper than normal
Refers to increase in rate and depth of respiration (breathing)
Increased respiratory rate
Excessive/breathing
Is an exaggerated deep, rapid, or labored respiration. It occurs normally with exercise and abnormally in several conditions, including pain, fever, hysteria, or in adequate oxygen.
188
hyper/ventilation
hyperpnea may lead to _____________
(excessive aeration of the lungs), which commonly reduces carbon dioxide levels in the body. Carbon dioxide contributes to the acidity of body, fluids, and if too much carbon dioxide is lost, alkalosis results.
189
alkal/osis
alkalosis
alkaline, basic/abnormal condition
Is a pathological condition, resulting from the accumulation of basic substances, or from the loss of acid by the body. Transient alkalosis can be caused by hyperventilation.
Condition of accumulation of basic substances in the body
190
transient
Means not lasting for a brief duration
191
Breath odors
Are usually produce by substances or diseases in the lungs or mouth. Specific orders are associated with some diseases for example, a fruity order associated with diabetes. Law enforcement uses a breathalyzer to measure, exhaled air for blood alcohol levels.
192
pH= potential hydrogen, and is the symbol for hydrogen ion concentration, a calculated scale that represents the relative assiduity or alkalinity of a solution. A value of 7.0 is neutral, below 7.0 is acidic, and above 7.0 is alkaline.
The normal pH of body fluids (plasma and intracellular and interstitial fluids)is 7.35 to 7.45.
193
acid-base balance
The state of equilibrium of the blood pH
194
Cellular metabolism
Produces substances (such as excess carbon dioxide) that would upset the pH balance were it not for the buffer systems of the blood, along with respiratory and urinary functions that help keep the pH constant. The expelling of carbon dioxide during exhalation is part of the regulatory mechanism that maintains the constancy of the pH…— that is, the acid—-base balance
195
alkal/osis
alkalosis
alkaline condition
196
alkal/emia
alkalemia
Is increased alkalinity of the blood is an aspect of alkalosis, the general term for accumulation of basic substances in the body fluids
197
Acidosis
The opposite of alkalosis
198
hyper/capnia
hypercapnia
increased/carbon dioxide
Greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
199
hypo/ventilation
hypoventilation
they reduce the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli, results in hypercapnia carbon dioxide contributes to the acidity of blood hypercapnia results in lowering blood pH
200
Hypo/capnia
hypocapnia
Increase/carbon dioxide
is the opposite of hyperCapnia and means an abnormally low level of carbon dioxide in the blood
201
A/capnia
acapnia
is the synonym for hypocapnia, although in its strictest sense, acapania means absence of carbon dioxide
202
Hypocapnia
Hyperventilation leads to
203
Acid/emia
is an arterial blood pH below 7.35, whereas alkalemia is recognized as a blood pH above 7.45. Either of these conditions can be considered an acid base imbalance. 
204
Potential causes of acid-base imbalances
Acidemia
ingestion of highly acidic drugs
severe, diarrhea
severe diabetes
asphyxia
Vomiting disease, particularly respiratory or kidney failure
205
Potential causes of acid-base imbalances
Alkalemia
ingestion of alkaline drugs
intense hyperventilation
Vomiting of gastric acid
metabolic problems
206
dyspnea
Labored or difficult breathing
207
Oxygen
Asphyxia is a condition caused by insufficient intake
208
hyperventilation
Means excessive aeration of the lungs
Increased aeration of the lungs
209
Acidemia
A term for an artery blood pH below 7.35
210
acute respiratory failure
Is sudden inability of the lungs to maintain normal respiratory function. It may be caused by an obstruction in the airways or failure of the lungs. Respiratory failure leads to hypoxia.
211
Acute (or adult) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Is severe pulmonary congestion, characterized by respiratory insufficiency and hypoxemia and can result in acute respiratory failure.
212
Hyp/ox/emia
Hypoxemia
decrease/oxygen/blood
Is decreased oxygen in the blood
213
Ortho/pnea
orthopnea
refers to a condition where breathing is only possible if seated in an upright position
Straight/breathing ———
the person experiences chronic airflow limitations (CAL) and is unable to breathe when lying flat
Breathing is difficult, except in an upright position
orthopneic patients breathe more comfortably in an upright position.
214
dia/phragm
diaphragm
Abnormalities in the diaphragm will affect breathing, because the diaphragm normally moves downward as the lungs expand during inspiration
The muscular partition that separates the chest and the abdomen cavities and serves at the major inspiratory muscle
215
phreno/dynia
phrenodynia
diaphragm/pain
Is pain in the diaphragm
216
phreno/plegia
phrenoplegia
diaphragm/paralysis
Paralysis of the diaphragm
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Phreno/ptosis
Phrenoptosis
Downward displacement of the diaphragm
diaphragm/prolapse or sagging
Is a prolapsed or downward displacement of the diaphragm
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Phren/itis
phrenitis
diaphragm/inflammation
inflammation of the diaphragm
219
respiration rate
Adults normally have a respiration rate of about 12 to 20 breaths per minute
220
Eu/pnea
Eupnea
good or normal/breathing
Usually means normal breathing
221
tachypnea
tachy/pnea
fast/breathing
Means breathing fast
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Brady/pnea
bradypnea
Refers to abnormal slowness of breathing
slow/breathing
Breathing slow
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hypo/pnea
hypopnea
shallow/breathing
The breathing is shallow, in addition, to being slow this can occur if it is painful to breathe, or if there is damage to the brain stem. Hypopnea may be appropriate and well conditioned athlete.
224
Respiratory arrest
Is cessation of respiration or breathing
An upper airway obstruction is any significant interruption in the airflow through the nose, mouth, pharynx, or larynx. laryngoscopy may be helpful in locating and removing the cause of the obstruction. If the cause is not removed, respiratory arrest occurs.
225
Nasal polyp
It may be possible to see a nasal polyp with the help of the nasoscope.
polyp is a growth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane. (Polyps are usually (but not always) benign. They can grow on almost any mucous membrane.
226
deviated septum
This shift a partition of the nasal cavity, may obstruct the nasal passages. Severe septal deviation may be corrected by rhinoplasty or septoplasty.
227
sinus/itis
sinusitis
is inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses.
A structural defect, such as deviated septum of the nose can also result in sinusitis.
228
rhin/itis also known as coryza
rhinitis
Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose
inflammation of the nasal membrane
meaning of profuse discharge of the mucous membranes of the nose
229
Rhino/rrhea
rhinorrhea
Means runny nose
nose/discharge
Discharge from the nose. This is commonly called a runny nose.
Discharge from the nasal membranes
230
rhino/rrhagia. A.k.a..epistaxis
rhinorrhagia
means nosebleed
Nose/hemorrhage
profuse bleeding from the nose
many causes bleeding from the nose
irritation of the nasal membranes, fragility of these membranes, violent sneezing, trauma, high blood pressure, vitamin K, deficiency, or in children, picking the nose.
231
pharyng/itis
pharyngitis
Inflammation or infection of the pharynx, usually causing symptoms of a sore throat. Canker, sores, or ulcerations, especially inside the mouth
232
tonsill/itis
tonsillitis
Is one reason for a sore throat. The tonsils are located in the oropharynx.
enlarged tonsils can fill the space behind the nares and may completely block the passage of air from the nose into the throat
233
naris ————nares plural
either of the external orifices (opening) of the nose
234
Sore throat
Other causes of a sore throat include streptococcal infections, herpes, Symplex virus (HSV), or infectious mononucleosis .
235
rheumatic fever
Untreated, strep, infections, sometimes lead to rheumatic fever.
236
Herpes simplex
caused by the herpes, Symplex virus, usually produces small transient, irritating, and sometimes fluid filled blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. Infections tend to occur, particularly around the nose and mouth.
237
dys/phas/ia
dysphasia
Bad or difficult/speech/condition
is impairment of speech, characterized by a lack of coordination, and an ability to arrange words in the proper order, a problem resulting from a brain lesion.
Difficulty in speech caused by a brain lesion
238
a/phas/ia
aphasia
No, not, without/speech, inability to communicate
is the absence of speech. Aphasia is an ability to communicate through speech or writing as a result of dysfunction of the brain. A person who has aphasia is said to be aphasic.
239
aphonia
Loss of voice
A condition characterized by the inability to produce normal speech sounds, resulting from overuse of the vocal cords, organic disease, or emotional problems, such as anxiety.
240
dysphonia
Refers to difficulty in speaking or weak voice (hoarseness)
Hoarseness or abnormality in the speaking voice, that may precede aphonia.
241
laryngalgia
Laryngeal pain; same as laryngodynia, but this term is not generally used
242
Laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx ( voice box) that would likely result in temporary loss of voice. It may be caused not only by infectious microorganisms, but also by overuse of the voice, allergies, or irritant.
243
nasopharyngitis
inflammation of the nasopharynx
244
palatitis
inflammation of the hard palate, the bony portion of the roof of the mouth
245
pharyngalgia
Sore throat (pharyngeal); same as pharyngodynia
Throat pain
246
pharyngomycosis
A fungal infection of the pharynx
247
pharyngopathy
any disease of the pharynx
248
rhinolithiasis
The presence of a calculus or stone in the nasal cavity. A nasal calculus, a rhinolith, can interfere with breathing through the nose
249
laryngeal polyp
A tumor like growth on the vocal cords,
cause hoarseness. they are generally caused by smoking, allergies, or abuse of the voice, and eliminating the cause often relieves the hoarseness. Surgery can be performed using direct laryngoscopy if rest does not correct the problem.
250
common cold
Is a contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Some of its major characteristics are rhinitis, rhinorrhea, tearing and eye discomfort and sometimes low-grade fever.
251
Croup
barking cough
is an acute viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract that occurs primarily in infants and young children
252
Upper respiratory tract infection (URI)
Include the common cold, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis,
253
Diphtheria and pertussis
are too acute contagious respiratory diseases. They are both caused by specific pathogenic bacteria and are both preventable by vaccinations. Immunization for diphtheria, and pertussis is usually begun in conjunction with tetanus immunizations early in infancy.
254
exotoxin of the tetanus bacillus
Affects the nervous system, resulting in paralysis. For this reason, the common name of tetanus is lockjaw.
255
pertussis
Is highly contagious and is characterized by a whooping cough sound
Is commonly called whooping cough, named for the coughing that ends in a loud whooping inspiration. it occurs primarily in infants and young children, but kennel, Kurt, and anyone who has not been immunized.
256
corona/virus
Named for its appearance under the electron microscope, has been identified as the organism responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome. (SARS) it is spread by close contact with an infected person. Illness begins with a fever and bodyaches. Some people experience mild respiratory symptoms. After 3 to 7 days, lower respiratory phase begins, and patients may develop a dry cough and have trouble breathing severity of the disease ranges from causing mild illness to death.
257
influenza
Is highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by various strains of influenza virus. Three main types. (type A, type B, and type C) have been identified, but new strains emerge at regular intervals (for example, Asian flu virus, bird flu, and H1 N1 influenza)
H1N1 influenza, also known as swine flu
influenza is characterized by a fever, sore throat, coughing, muscle aches, and weakness.
258
epiglott/itis
epiglottitis
epiglottis/inflammation of
259
laryngo/pathy
laryngopathy
larynx/any disease of
260
laryngo/plegia
laryngoplegia
larynx/paralysis
261
laryngo/spasm
laryngospasm
larynx/spasm
262
lower respiratory tract LRT
Is a common site of infections, obstructive conditions, and malignancies
lung cancer accounts for more deaths in the United States than any other cancer, in both men and women, although cancers of the lung and bronchi, are not the most common types
263
Pulmonary malignancies
The majority of pulmonary malignancies are attributed to cigarette smoking. Lung cancer develops most often in scarred or chronically diseased lungs.
264
Vaping
Can cause deadly lung diseases, including cancer, and damage to unborn babies. These devices deliver an aerosol by heating a liquid that contains nicotine (e-cigarettes) , flavorings, marijuana, or other chemicals.
265
clubbing
Abnormal enlargement of the distal phalanges is seen in advanced, chronic pulmonary disease, but may be associated with other disorders, such as cyanotic heart, disease, chronic kidney disease, and cystic fibrosis.
266
funnel chest or pigeon cheat
The skeletal abnormality of the chest is characterized by indentation of the lower sternum
The breast bone has a prominent anterior projection in pigeon chest, and it is depressed in funnel chest. Breathing is not affected in either of these structural defects.
267
Chronic respiratory conditions
Fatigue is common
clubbing is a sign that is often associated with advanced, chronic pulmonary disease
268
Flail chest
contracting and bulging of the lung during inspiration and expiration
occurs when multiple rib fractures, cause instability of the chest wall. The lung underlying the injury contracts and bulges with each inspiration and expiration. This condition must be surgically corrected to prevent hypoxia.
flail chest is best defined as a thorax in which there are fractures on at least two adjacent ribs, causing instability, in part of the chest wall and unusual breathing that is insufficient unless corrected.
269
Barrel chest
rounded chest
A Large, Rounded thorax may be normal in some individuals, but may also be a sign of pulmonary emphysema. The common name for a large from the thorax.
270
funnel chest
Depression of the breastbone
271
pigeon chest
Prominent anterior projection of the breastbone
272
A/plasia
Aplasia
Refers to lack of development of an organ or tissue
no, not, without/formation, or development
Means absence of formation or development
Incomplete formation or development of the lung
273
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Also called acute respiratory distress syndrome
Is respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury, characterized by severe pulmonary congestion
274
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Of the newborn is an acute lung disease of the newborn that occurs most often in premature babies.
in most cases, the infant dies only a few days after birth, or recovers with no after effects.
275
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Is the unexpected and sudden death of an apparently normal and healthy infant that occurs during sleep, and may be linked with respiration
276
bronchi/ectasis
bronchiectasis
bronchi/dilation or stretching of a structure or part
dilation of the bronchi
However, bronchiectasis is an abnormal condition of the bronchial tree that is characterized by irreversible dilation and destruction of the bronchial walls. Signs and symptoms include chronic sinusitis, a constant cough producing a great deal of sputum, hemoptysis (hem(o), blood + ptysis, spitting), and persistent crackles
277
broncho/spasm
bronchospasm
means bronchial spa. Bronchospasm brings about bronchoconstriction, resulting in an acute narrowing and obstruction of the respiratory airway. There is usually a cough with generalized wheezing, a chief characteristic of asthma and bronchitis..
278
asthma
Is characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal (attacks) wheezing, and dyspnea(difficulty breathing), constriction of the bronchi, coughing, and vicious (thick) bronchial secretions.
It is also called bronchial asthma.
paroxysmal- occurring in sudden, periodic attacks, or recurrence of symptoms of a disease
279
paroxysmal
Refers to a sudden reoccurrence or intensity of symptoms
280
Hydrothorax
Watery/chest
is a non-inflammatory accumulation of fluid in one or both pleural cavities.
281
Hemo/thorax
hemothorax
An accumulation of blood, and fluid in the pleural cavity.
Trauma such as a knife wound, is the most common cause of my products, but it can occur as a result of inflammation or tumors
282
pneumo/thorax
Pneumothorax
A pathological condition that can lead to collapse of the lungs
is air or gas in the pleural cavity;
it leads to collapse of the lung. This may be the result of an open chest wound that permits the entrance of the air, rupture of a vesicle on the surface of the lung, or a severe bout of coughing; it may even occur spontaneously without a parent clause.
283
Pneumo/hemo/thorax
Pneumohemothorax
accumulation of air and blood in the pleural cavity.
284
Pleur/itis
Pleuritis
Is inflammation of the pleura
285
pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura
Another name for pleuritis. Pleurisy may be caused by an infection, injury, tumor, or a complication of certain lung disease. A sharp pain on inspiration is characteristic of pleurisy.
286
pneumon/ia
pneumonia
lung/condition.
The highly elastic lungs are the main components of the respiratory system.
Means inflammation of the lungs
287
pneumon/itis
pneumonitis
Is another word for pneumonia. It means inflammation of the lungs.
lungs/inflammation
Means inflammation of the lungs
288
double pneumonia
Acute pneumonia involving both lungs
289
Pneumo/coccal pneumonia
Several micro organisms, including bacteria, fungus, and viruses, have been identified as causes of pneumonia, but the disease is often caused by pneumococci, a type of pathogenic coccal bacteria.
A vaccine is available and is recommended for persons older than 65 years of age and or those with immuno deficiency’s
290
broncho/pneumon/ia
bronchopneumonia
Acute inflammation of the lungs and bronchi
involves both of the bronchi and the lungs and it’s usually a result of the spread of infection from the upper to the lower respiratory tract. Lobar pneumonia involves one or more of the five major lobes of lungs.
291
pleuro/pneumon/ia
Pleurpneumonia
pleuro/lungs/conditions
it’s a combination of pleurisy and pneumonia. You will need to remember the pleuropneumonia is inflammation of both the pleura and the lungs.
292
pleural effusion
is a collection of nonpurulent fluid in the pleural.
Nonpurulent means not containing pus
293
Pyo/thorax or empyema
pyothorax
when pleural effusion contains pus. This condition is an extension of infection from nearby structures.
294
Pulmonary fibrosis
fibrosis condition of the lungs resulting from scar tissue
pertaining to the lungs/fiber (tough, threadlike)
Fibrosis of the lungs. Untreated empyema can lead to pulmonary fibrosis.
is a fibrous condition of the connective tissue of the lungs, resulting from the formation of scar tissue
295
Aplasia
results in the absence of an organ or tissue, and it applies also to failure of normal cell generation and development in the bone marrow
296
pleuro/dynia
pleurodynia
Is pain of the pleura
This can be caused by inflammation of the pleura or by pleural adhesions.
297
pleural adhesions
Pleura/pertaining to/sticking together
In which the pleural membrane stick together or to the wall of the chest and produce pain on movement or breathing.
298
pleural adhesion may be associated with
pleur/itis
Which is inflammation of the pleura
299
pulmonary edema
Is an accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissue.
Pulmonary edema also involves the alveoli and progresses to fluid entering the bronchioles and bronchi. Dyspnea on exertion is one of the earliest symptoms of pulmonary edema. As the condition becomes more advanced, the patient may become orthopneic. acute pulmonary edema is an emergency situation. Congestive heart failure is the most common cause of pulmonary edema.
300
Congestive heart failure
The work demanded of the heart is greater than its ability to perform. Decreased output of blood by the left ventricles produces congestion and engorgement of the pulmonary vessels with escape of fluid into pulmonary tissues. Congestive heart failure can result in the lung disorder pulmonary edema.
301
Pulmon/ary embolus
pulmonary embolus
is an obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches
by a blood clot.
Obstruction of a large pulmonary vessel can cause sudden death.
302
pulmonary abscess
Localized pus Dash containing cavity surrounded by inflamed lung tissue
303
abscess
A localized collection of pus, that forms, a cavity in tissues, organs, or confined spaces
304
Pneumo/coni/osis
pneumoconiosis
Is one condition caused by permanent deposits of death particles in the lungs
lungs/dust/condition (often abnormal)
it’s a condition (disease) of the lungs caused by inhalation of dust
is any disease of the lung caused by chronic inhalation of dust, usually mineral dust of either occupational or environmental origin.
305
Anthrac/osis
anthracosis
Is caused by inhalation of coal dust
Coal/condition
is a chronic lung disease characterized by the deposit of coal dust in the lungs. It occurs in coal miners and is aggravated by cigarette smoking.
306
Three kinds of pneumoconiosis
Anthracosis, asbestosis, silicosis
Anthracosis is a chronic lung disease characterized by the deposit of coal dust in the lungs
Asbestosis is a chronic lung disease that results from prolonged exposure to asbestos
silicosis pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of the dust of stone, sand, or flint containing silicone dioxide with formation of generalized nodular fibrotic changes in both lung
307
Asbest/osis
Asbestosis
Is caused by inhalation of asbestos dust
is a chronic lung disease that results from prolonged exposure to asbestos.
308
mesothelioma
A rare malignant tumor is associated with exposure to asbestos and is almost always fatal. The mesothelioma is a layer of epithelial cells that covers the pleura in the peritoneum.
309
Silic/osis
silicosis
is caused by inhalation of stone or sand dust
Is a lung disorder caused by long term inhalation of silica dust, which is found in sands, quartz, and many other stones. This lung disorder is a type of pneumoconiosis.
310
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas (COPD) also called chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD)
is a non-specific designation that includes a group of progressive an irreversible respiratory problems in which dyspnea and a chronic cough are prominent features. Airflow obstruction ultimately occurs. Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthmatic, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis are often included in this group. COPD is aggravated by cigarette smoking and air pollution.
311
Emphysema
A chronic, non-infectious pulmonary disease characterized by an increase in the size of alveoli, and by destructive changes in their walls
characterized by over inflation and destructive changes in alveolar walls, is probably the most severe COPD. Permanent hyper inflation of the lungs occurs as alveoli are destroyed, and alveolar air is trapped, thus interfering with exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Over inflation, and destruction of the alveolar walls are major characteristics.
312
Tuberculosis (TB)
Is an infectious disease that often is chronic, and commonly affects the lungs.
Resistance to tuberculosis depends a great deal on a persons general health. The disease is named after tubercles, which are small round nodules produced in the lungs by the infective bacteria
313
Tubercles
Are small, round nodules produced in the lungs by the infective bacteria
Liquefaction of the tubercles not only results in tubercular cavities in the lungs but can also cause the production of a large quantity of highly infectious sputum that is raised in the infected person cough
314
ex/pectorate
expectorate
means spitting or coughing up materials from the passageways at the lungs
Is to cough up and spit out material from the lungs and air passages. (the material, coughed up from the lungs and sputum) blood stained sputum is often produced in tuberculosis
315
hemo/ptysis
hemoptysis
Is the spitting of blood or blood stained sputum
316
cystic fibrosis
Is an inherited disorder of the endocrine glands; it causes those glands to produce abnormally, thick secretions of mucus and an elevation of sweet electrolytes. The disease primarily involves the lungs, pancreas and sweat glands. Heavy secretion of thick mucus clogs the bronchi and leads to a chronic cough and persistent upper respiratory infections.
Excessive salt loss (3 to 6 times the normal concentrations) in the perspiration of persons who have cystic fibrosis forms the basis of the sweat test, a laboratory test to determine the amount of sodium and chloride excretion from the sweat glands.
317
Sweat test
is performed to diagnose cystic fibrosis. this disease is usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood by not only the sweat test, but also in genetic testing for the specific gene that causes cystic fibrosis.
318
atel/ectasis
means airlessness or collapse of all or part of the ling
(imperfect/stretching)
abnormal condition in which there is incomplete expansion of a lung at birth, or airlessness of a lung that once functioned:
is an abnormal condition characterized by the collapse of all or part of a lung.
Failure of the lungs to expand Foley at birth, is called primary atelectasis. Other causes of atelectasis include obstructions of the airways, compression of the lung as a result of fluid or air, and pressure from a tumor
319
Bronchiolectasis
Dilation of the bronchioles
320
bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the bronchioles
321
bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi
322
broncogenic
Originated in a bronchus
323
broncholithiasis
A condition in which stones are present in the lining of the bronchi
324
broncopathy
Any disease of the bronchi
325
Bronchopulmonary
Pertaining to the bronchi and lungs
326
Laryngotracheal
pertaining to the larynx and the trachea
327
laryngotracheitis
Inflammation of the larynx and trachea
328
laryngotracheobronchitis
inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi
329
Pulmonary abscess
A localized cavity containing pus and surrounded by inflamed lung tissue
330
trachealgia
pain of the trachea
331
Tracheitis
Information of the trachea, a type of lower respiratory tract infection, which also includes bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia
332
tracheomalacia
Softening of the trachea
333
Tracheostenosis
narrowing of the lumen of the trachea
Lumen means the cavity or channel within a tube
334
asphyxiation
The inability to breathe, requires immediate corrective measures to prevent damage or death. Removal of a foreign body in the airway may be needed before oxygen, an artificial respiration are administered.
335
Heimlich maneuver
A method of dislodging food or other obstruction from the windpipe
336
Acute bronchitis
irritation of the bronchi caused the spread of an upper respiratory infection
337
tracheotomy
Incision is performed to gain access to the airway below a blockage with a foreign object or, for example, below a tumor
Is an incision into the trachea through the neck below the larynx
338
tracheostomy
Surgical creation of an opening in the trache, may be necessary in upper airway obstruction
it’s not always an emergency procedure and can be temporary or permanent
339
Laryngectomy
surgical removal of the voicebox
Excision of larynx
A tracheotomy is performed after a laryngectomy or when prolonged mechanical ventilation is needed. A tube is inserted through an incision in the neck into the trachea. There are many types of tracheostomy tubes, some permit speech
340
stoma
A general term for mouth like opening
sometimes a person has a stoma at the base of the neck. Surgical creation of this type of opening into the trachea is called a tracheostomy.
341
COPD or other problems in hypoxic patients
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Oxygen therapy may be prescribed by the physician. Oxygen is sometimes administered after general surgery. In patients who can breathe but are hypoxic, oxygen is delivered through tubing via:
A simple face mask
nasal cannula, small tubes, inserted into the nares (nostrils)
A Venturi mask
trans/tracheal oxygen(TTO) delivery
Transtracheal
Which means delivering oxygen to the lungs
A Venturi mask and transtracheal oxygen system deliver a more consistent and accurate oxygen concentration
342
Four means of administering oxygen
1. A simple oxygen mask - delivers high concentrations of oxygen and is used for short term oxygen therapy or in an emergency.
2. The nasal cannula - a device that delivers oxygen by way of two small tubes that are inserted into the nostrils.
3. Venturi mask - a facemask designed to allow inspired air to mix with oxygen a facemask designed to allow inspired air to mix with oxygen transtracheal oxygen.
4. Transtracheal oxygen - is a long-term method of delivering oxygen directly into the lungs.
343
oraltracheal intubation
Is used for short term airway management
344
nasaltracheal intubation
For short term airway management
345
tracheostomy tube
For longer maintenance so that your way
346
Oxygen tent or canopy
Enclosed is the head and neck and provides humidified oxygen. It is used most often with pediatric patients.
347
Hypoxic patients
oxygen is administered to increase the amount of oxygen in circulating blood. It is also administered during anesthesia because oxygen functions as a carrier, gas for the delivery of anesthetic agents to the tissues of the body and overdose of oxygen can have toxic effects, which include respiration, depression, and damage to the lungs.
348
Hyperoxemia
Means increase the oxygen content of the blood
349
Oxygen by intubation is administered in one of the following ways
(insertion of a tube into a body canal or cavity
1. Transtracheal oxygen delivered through a Tracheostomy tube is used for prolonged airway management.
2. endotracheal intubation (an airway catheter inserted through the mouth or nose)
3. Orotracheal intubation and nasotracheal intubation are inserted of a tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea.
350
Mechanical ventilation
is the use of an artificial device to assist in breathing.
it is a means of supporting patients until either they recover sufficiently to breathe independently, or the decision is made to withdraw respiratory support.
In a hospital, setting, artificial respiration is supplied by a medical ventilator.
351
noninvasive, negative pressure
Pulls the chest outward, producing ventilation similar to normal breathing.
An early type was the Iron Man developed during the polio epidemic in the United States in the 1950s
352
positive pressure ventilation
this type of ventilation requires an artificial airway and is the primary method used with acutely ill patients. It pushes air into the lungs under positive pressure.
353
Oxygenation
means the act or process of adding oxygen
354
Extra/corpor/eal
extracorporeal
means outside the body
355
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO)
is the device used in a hospital to provide respiratory support by circulating the blood through an artificial lung, then returning the blood to the patient’s circulatory system. It is used in newborns and occasionally in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
356
pneumonectomy (pneumectomy)
partial or complete surgical removal of a lung
Is that excision of lung tissue, either a complete lung (total pneumonectomy) or part of it (partial pneumonectomy)
357
Pulmonary lobectomy
excision (removal) of a lung lobe
removal of a lobe of the lung.
Wedge resection is the removal of a small, localized area of diseased tissue; however, the cancer must be near the lungs surface
358
Adenoidectomy
Excision of the adenoids
359
Palatoplasty
Surgical repair (reconstruction) of the pallet. Along with additional plastic surgery, palatoplasty is used to correct cleft palate, a congenital defect characterized by a fissure (split) in the midline of the palate.
360
Pneumocentesis
refers to surgical puncture of a lung
Puncturing of the lung to drain fluid that has accumulated in the organ itself
It’s a surgical puncture of a lung to drain fluid contents
361
thoracentesis
Removal of fluid from the thoracic cavity chest
Surgical puncture of the chest wall and pleural space with a needle to aspirate fluid or to obtain a specimen for biopsy. It has both therapeutic and diagnostic uses, and can be used in the treatment of pleural effusion shortened form of thoracocentesis.
362
thoracostomy
an opening into the chest wall for insertion of a chest tube. The chest tube is inserted into the pleural space to remove air and or fluid and is commonly used after chest surgery.
363
chest tube
Is a catheter that is inserted through the thorax into the pleura space and it’s attached to a water seal chest drainage device. The chest tube is used to remove fluid or ear after chest surgery and lung collapse.
364
Rhinoplasty
plastic surgery of the nose, for trauma of the head and face, but usually done for cosmetic reasons
365
tracheoplasty
Plastic surgery to repair the trachea
366
Septoplasty
Surgical construction of the nasal septum
367
Septorhinoplasty
Plastic surgery of the nasal septum, and the external nose
368
Thoracoplasty
is the surgical removal of ribs, allowing the chest wall to collapse a diseased lung?
surgical procedure that involves removing ribs and allowing the chest wall to collapse a lung. The procedure is sometimes done to gain access during thoracic surgery.
369
uvulectomy
excision of the uvula, the pendant tissue in the back of the pharynx, either by conventional or laser surgery
370
Thoracentesis
The insertion site of the needle in thoracentesis depends on the location of the fluid
371
continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP)
Non-invasive
Used in the home setting to maintain adequate blood oxygen levels while sleeping
A non-surgical method to prevent airway collapse is the use of ……..
a small electric compressor delivers positive pressure through a face mask during sleep.
for mild sleep apnea, weight loss or a change in sleeping position, may reduce or correct the problem.
372
antineoplastic
Is a treatment that acts against neoplasms
373
Malignant lesion
May be curable if detected in the early stage
treatment selection depends on the site, stage of the cancer, and unique characteristics of the individual
374
Spirometer
A small apparatus that provides visual feedback about the inspired volume of air.
A method of encouraging voluntary deep breathing after surgery or with patients who have chronic air obstruction involves the use of the incentive spirometer.
While in the hospital, a registered pulmonary function therapist while in the hospital, a registered pulmonary function therapist (RPFT) is involved in respiratory treatments and evaluating progress
375
Inhaler
Is the device for administering medication’s that are breathe in such as vapors or fine powders
376
nebulizer
hand held nebulizers, are powered devices that convert a liquid into a fine spray before delivering it into the respiratory passages, either with or without oxygen to carry it into the lungs
377
Antiasthmatics
A term for drugs used to invent asthma
Prevent or treat the symptoms of asthma
378
antihistamines
Drugs used to block histamines
Block, histamine, receptors to reduce allergic response, reduce the effects of histamine. Used to treat or prevent allergic rhinitis or asthma.
379
antitussives
Medication used to stop coughing
Suppress coughing, benzonatate
Drugs used to suppress coughing
380
Bronchodilators
A medication that expands the bronchi and other air passages
Open the airways to improve respiration to treat asthma, COPD, or symptoms of bronchitis
381
Anticholinergics anti-Clore Genex
Dilate the bronchi and bronchioles
382
Beta-2 agonist
Relax, smooth muscle and airways albuterol, arformoterol, metaproterenol, salmeterol, terbutaline
383
Inhaled corticosteroids
reduce inflammation of the airways. Used for allergic rhinitis when available as a nasal spray.
beclomethasone, ciclesonide, fluticasone, mometasone, triamcinolone
384
Methylxanthines
relax airway muscles to open airways, increase diaphragm contractions to draw more air into the lungs and mildly reduce inflammation
aminophylline, theophylline
385
Decongestants
reduce swelling of mucus membranes to treat nasal and sinus congestion
phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine
386
Expectorants
improve expulsion of mucus from lungs
ammonium chloride, guaifenesin
387
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
block leukotrienes in the long-acting, inflammatory response to allergens
Montelukast (Singulair), zileuton (zyflo)
388
mast cell stabilizers
Prevent mast cell’s release of histamine. Used to prevent allergic rhinitis or asthma.
cromolyn (install), nedocromil (Tilade)
389
Mucolytics
A general term for drugs that break up or thin mucus in the lungs
acetylcysteine (Mucomyst), dornase alfa (pulmozyme)
390
smoking sensation drugs
Aid in quitting, smoking, or the use of other tobacco products.
Therapy types: nicotine replacement, therapy, or anti-addiction medication (Acts on the brain to reduce cravings and/or withdrawal symptoms)
bupropion (Zyban), nicotine polacrilex (Nicorette), varenicline (Chantix)
391
uvula
Is the fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate?
392
Bronchoscope
Refers to instrument for viewing the bronchi
393
Tracheostomy tube
Transtracheal oxygen delivered through a tracheostomy tube is used for prolonged airway management
394
endotracheal intubation
An airway catheter inserted through the mouth or nose
395
orotracheal intubation
nasotracheal intubation
Art insertion of a tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea
nasotracheal intubation is insertion of a nasotrachea tube through the nose into the trachea
