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Chapter 5 Respiratory system > Definition > Flashcards

Definition Flashcards

1
Q

primary function of the respiratory system

A

Is to provide oxygen for the body and remove gaseous waste carbon dioxide

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2
Q

secondary function of the respiratory system

A

Maintaining the acid, base, balance, producing speech, facilitating, smell, and maintaining the bodies heat and water balances

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3
Q

external respiration

A

Moves oxygen from the air into the blood
External respiration is the process involved in breathing, the ventilation of the lungs, and the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide(CO2) between the air in the lungs and the blood

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4
Q

internal

A

Moves oxygen from the blood to the tissues
Internal, this change of oxygen, internal, this change of oxygen, (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is called cellular respiration

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5
Q

Respiratory system

A

cooperates with the circulatory system, to provide oxygen for body cells, and to expel waste carbon dioxide through breathing.

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6
Q

In/spir(o)/ation
inspiration
In(into) + spitro)( to breathe) + action(process)

A

Means drawing of air into the lungs (inhalation)

The process of breathing in

A.k.a. in/halation
inhalation

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7
Q

expiration a.k.a. exhalation

A

Expelling air from the lungs (breathing out) by active breathing out or letting out one’s breath

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8
Q

Pulmonologist

A

Is a physician specializing in evaluating and treating lung disorders

A physician who specializes in lungs and respiratory disorders

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9
Q

Ventilation

A

Another term for breathing

Breathing/pulmonary ventilation

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10
Q

pulmon/ary

A

Pertains to the lungs

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11
Q

Conducting passages

A

Are known as the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract

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12
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx

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13
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lung capillaries

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14
Q

Pleura

A

There are two types, and are separated by a lubricating fluid

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15
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Is the upper part of the pharynx

Is nearest to the nasal cavity

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16
Q

Larynx

A

Is the organ of the respiratory tract that is indicated in laryngitis

The glottis is the vocal apparatus of the

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17
Q

The organs of respiration

A

Air first enters the body through the nose and passes through the nasal cavity 1. or it enters through the mouth and passes through the oral cavity 2. The air reaches the pharynx 3. And passes through the larynx 4. And the trachea 5. The trachea divides into a left and right bronchus 6. Each Bronchus divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles 7. At the end of each bronchiole are clusters of air sacs called alveoli 8. Where oxygen is exchanged for waste carbon dioxide.

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18
Q

diaphragm

A

Normal quiet, breathing is accomplished almost entirely by movement of the

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19
Q

epiglottis

A

Covers the Larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx and trachea

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20
Q

Parts of the lung starting from the top

A

Apex - the very top of the lung
Trachea - in between the two longs
Left primary bronchus - splits off from the trachea
Right pulmonary artery
right pulmonary veins
Coastal surface of the lung
Base of lung

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21
Q

Two types of pleura

A

Visceral pleura - inner layer of the lung
Parietal pleura - outer layer of the lung

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22
Q

Clusters of alveoli

A

are at the end of the bronchioles and reassemble a bunch of grapes

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23
Q

About 300 million alveoli

A

in a pair of healthy adult lungs, providing a large surface for exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen,

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24
Q

Which structure is nearest the larynx? which structure is nearest the Lorax?

A

Trachea

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25
Q

which structures are composed of clusters of air sacs

A

Alveoli

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26
Q

trachea

A

Also known as the windpipe

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27
Q

pathway of air from the nose/mouth to the lung capillaries

A

nose/mouth—nasal cavity/oral cavity— nasopharynx— oropharynx—laryngopharynx—larynx—trachea—bronchi—bronchioles—alveoli—lung capillaries

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28
Q

what gives structure to the nose?

A

Cartilage and bone

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29
Q

external part of the nose
Contains two openings

A

Nostrils a.k.a., nares, singular naris

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30
Q

nasal septum

A

Is a partition that divides the two nasal cavities

The hollow interior of the nose is separated into right, and left cavities by the nasal septum, which is composed of cartilage

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31
Q

para/nas/al sinuses

A

Means the air cavities near the nose.
Pairs of air cavities around the nose

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32
Q

Larynx

A

Means voicebox

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33
Q

pharynx

A

Means throat
Serves as a passageway for both the respiratory and digestive tracts

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34
Q

nose has nerve endings

A

That detects many odors

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35
Q

olfactory
Is derived from olfactory, to smell

A

Pertains to the sense of smell

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36
Q

olfaction

A

The sense of smell, is a function of the nose.

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37
Q

palate (roof of the mouth)

A

Is the roof of the mouth which separates the oral and nasal cavities

The anterior portion that separates the nasal cavity and the oral cavity

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38
Q

palate

A

Consists of bone in the membrane that covers it. Because the anterior portion contains bone it is called the hard palate.

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39
Q

Palatine uvula

A

The pendant, fleshy tissue that hangs from the soft palate

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40
Q

palatine

A

Refers to the palate

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41
Q

naso/lacrimal duct
nasolacrimal duct

A

Opens into the nasal cavity.
is a tubular passage that carries fluid (tears) from the eye to the nasal cavity
The reason the nose fills with fluid when a person cries.

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42
Q

lacrimal

A

Pertains to tears

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43
Q

endo/nas/al
endonasal

A

inside/nose/pertaining to
within the nose

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44
Q

nas/al
nasal

A

nose/pertaining to

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45
Q

naso/lacrim/al
nasolacrimal

A

nose/tear/pertaining to
Pertaining to the nose and tearing apparatus

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46
Q

or/al
oral

A

mouth/pertaining to

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47
Q

retro/nas/al
retronasal

A

behind/nose/pertaining to

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48
Q

supra/nas/al
supranasal

A

above/nose/pertaining to

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49
Q

When referring to the pharynx, three divisions are recognized

A

nasopharynx— located behind the nasal cavity; it is the uppermost of the three regions of the pharynx
oropharynx— the part of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth
laryngopharynx— the lowermost part of the pharynx; it lives near the larynx

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50
Q

hard palate

A

Is the anterior is the anterior(front) portion. It is hard because it contains bone.

Forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

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51
Q

soft palate

A

lies posterior to the hard palate

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52
Q

pharyng/eal
pharyngeal

A

Means pertaining to the pharynx

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53
Q

oro/pharyngeal
oropharyngeal

A

Means pertaining to the mouth and pharynx
Also pertains to the oropharynx

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54
Q

oropharynx

A

Contains the palatine tonsils, which are visible when the mouth is open wide,

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55
Q

At the level of the larynx

A

the pharynx divides into the larynx and the esophagus. Air passes through the larynx, and food passes through the esophagus

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56
Q

nasopharynx

A

Is the upper part of the pharynx and is continuous with the nasal passages

Is the opening to the auditory tube
The adenoids are also located in the nasopharynx

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57
Q

auditory tube formerly called eustachian tube

A

The narrow canal that connects the middle ear, and the nasal phonics is the ____________tube

The narrow channel connect in the middle ear, and the nasopharynx

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58
Q

naso/pharyng/eal
nasopharyngeal

A

A term that means pertaining to the nose and throat

Pertains to the nasopharynx

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59
Q

laryngeal

A

Means pertaining to the larynx

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60
Q

laryngo/pharyng/eal
laryngopharyngeal

A

means pertaining to the voicebox and throat

pertains to the larynx and the pharynx

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61
Q

glottis

A

Is the vocal apparatus of the larynx. It consist of the vocal cords and the opening between them.

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62
Q

vocal cords

A

Also called, vocal folds, are a pair of strong bands of elastic tissue with a mouth-like opening through which air passes, creating sound

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63
Q

Muscles

A

Open and close the glottis during inspiration and expiration, and they regulate the vocal cords during the production of sound

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64
Q

epiglottis

A

A lidlike structure is composed of cartilage and covers the larynx during the swallowing of food
muscles close off a lid like structure that covers the glottis during swallowing

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65
Q

Foreign bodies

A

May be aspirated into the nose, throat, or lungs and inspiration. If a person inspires, while attempting to swallow, food may be accidentally expired into the larynx. spontaneous coughing is the bodies effort to clear the obstructed airway. Respiration stops if complete obstruction of the airway occurs.

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66
Q

Heimlich maneuver

A

This emergency procedure is performed for dislodging food or another obstruction from the trachea to prevent damage or death

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67
Q

Epiglottides

A

is the plural form of epiglottis

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68
Q

Esophagus

A

In usual situation, food does not enter the larynx but passes on to the esophagus. Food is not enter the larynx, because a lid-like structure, the epiglottis is closed.

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69
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like projections, that propel mucus up and away from the lower airway

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70
Q

Bronchiolus

A

Structures that lead to alveolar

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71
Q

Alveoli

A

Small pockets where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged

between the inspired air and capillary blood

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72
Q

most of the lower respiratory

A

Are located in the chest cavity

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73
Q

Mediastinum

A

is the middle portion of the thoracic cavity between the two lungs?
In the mediastinum, the trachea (windpipe) divides into the right, and left primary bronchi;

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74
Q

Bronchial tubes

A

Is another term for bronchi Is another term for bronchi (singular is bronchus)

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75
Q

Bronchioles

A

Are small airways that extend from the bronchi into the lungs
Translated, literally bronchiole means little bronchus

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76
Q

alveol/ar
alveolar

A

alveoli/pertaining to
Pertaining to the alveoli

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77
Q

Bronchi/al
Bronchial

A

Bronchi/pertaining to
pertaining to the bronchi

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78
Q

Broncho/alveol/ar
Broncoalveolar

A

bronchi/alveoli/pertaining to
pertaining to the Broncos and the alveoli

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79
Q

endo/trache/al
endotracheal

A

Inside/trachea/pertaining to
Pertaining to inside the trachea

within the trachea

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80
Q

inter/alveol/ar
Interalveolar

A

Refers to between the air sacs of the lungs

between/alveoli/pertaining to
Pertaining to the area between alveoli

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81
Q

tracheal
teache/al

A

trachea/pertaining to
pertaining to the trachea

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82
Q

The two lungs

A

Have similar characteristics, but have a different number of lobes
Left lung has two lobes
Right lung has three lobes

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83
Q

each lung

A

Is conical and has an Apex (pointed on top) and a base (lower portion)

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84
Q

Apical

A

Refers to the Apex

pertaining to upper portion of the lung (pointed top)

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85
Q

Hilum

A

The depression where blood vessels, enter and leave the long

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86
Q

pleura
pleurae is plural

A

This is the membrane that surrounds each lung

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87
Q

Visceral pleura

A

One layer of the membrane, covers the lungs surface
surrounds the lungs

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88
Q

parietal pleura

Parietal means pertains to the outer wall of a cavity or organ

A

is a membrane that lines, the walls of the thoracic (chest) cavity

The other layer, the ________ lines, the walls of the thoracic cavity

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89
Q

Visceral

A

Means pertaining to the iscera, the large internal organs enclosed within a body cavity, especially the abdominal cavity

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90
Q

parietal

A

Pertains to the ultra wall of a cavity or Oregon

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91
Q

Pleura cavity

A

is the space between the pleurae, which contains a thin film of pleural fluid that acts as a lubricant as the lungs expand and contract during respiration

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92
Q

extra/pleura/al

A

outside/pleura/al pertaining to
Pertaining to outside the pleural cavity

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93
Q

extra/pulmon/ary
extrapulmonary

A

outside/lung/pertaining to
Pertaining to outside the lung
Outside of or unrelated to the lungs

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94
Q

pleur/al
pleural

A

pleural/pertaining to
pertaining to the pleural

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95
Q

pulmon/ic
pulmonic

A

lung/pertaining to
pertaining to the lung or the respiratory system

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96
Q

sub/pulmon/ary
subpulmonary

A

beneath/lung/pertaining to
pertaining to beneath the lung

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97
Q

Lungs and diaphragm during respiration

A

1.) diaphragm, relaxed, just before inspiration.

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98
Q

lungs and diaphragm during

A

2.) Inspiration. The diaphragm contracts, moving downward and increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. Inspiration is also aided by contraction of the intercostal muscles, which are between the ribs. Air moves into the lungs until pressure inside the lungs equals atmospheric pressure.

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99
Q

lungs and diaphragm during

A

3.) Expiration. Respiratory muscles, relax, and the chest cavity decreases in size as air moves from the lungs out into the atmosphere.

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100
Q

Normal lungs

A

Are highly elastic, and fill the chest cavity during inspiration

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101
Q

diaphragm

A

The muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, contracts and increases the size of the thoracic cavity during inspiration. It aids respiration by moving up and down as we exhale and inhale.

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102
Q

diaphragm a

A

A formal an atomic name for diaphragm

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103
Q

diaphragma/tic
diaphragmatic

A

Means pertaining to the diaphragm.
The diaphragm is pierced by several openings through which pass the aorta, the inferior vena cava, and the esophagus

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104
Q

Alveoli

A

tiny structures of the respiratory system where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged between the inspired air and capillary blood

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105
Q

pleura

A

Each lung is surrounded by a membrane

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106
Q

Apex

A

The pointed top of the lung

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107
Q

Lobes

A

The division into which lungs are anatomically divided are called

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108
Q

Diaphragm

A

The muscle partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity is the

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109
Q

respiratory rate

A

Number of breaths per minute
Varies by age, but is easily measured as the examiner watches, a quietly sitting patient, and should be approximately 12 to 30 breaths per minute in adults.

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110
Q

Pulse oximeter

A

oxygen content of the blood is measured by using this…..
a photo/electric device for determining the oxygen saturation of the blood in a pulsating capillary bed.

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111
Q

Finger probe

A

Is most commonly used for monitoring the patient’s oxygenation status in a physicians office

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112
Q

Hospital

A

during pulmonary rehabilitation programs, or during stress testing; however, an ear oximeter is sometimes used

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113
Q

pulse oximetry

A

The procedure that determines the oxygen saturation of the blood in a capillary bed

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114
Q

percussion

A

Is helpful in assessing the lungs

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115
Q

Chest auscultation

A

listening to breath, sounds, provides information about the flow of air through the trachea/bronchial tree

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116
Q

Crackles (also called rales) and friction rub

A

Abnormal sounds that are heard during inspiration include rhonchi, wheezes.…..

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117
Q

finger probe

A

Is most frequently used for stationary measurements of oxygen saturation

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118
Q

Auscultation

A

This is the procedure when abnormal sounds can be heard when a stethoscope is used to evaluate the sound of air moving in and out of the lungs

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119
Q

Rhonchus

A

Is the abnormal sound consisting of continuous rumbling sound that clears on coughing?

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120
Q

wheeze

A

Is a whistling sound made during respiration (breathing)

Is a musical noise that sounds like a squeak

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121
Q

Crackles

A

Are abnormal discontinuous bubbling noises during inspiration that are not cleared by coughing

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122
Q

friction rub

A

is an abnormal dry grating sound heard in the lungs

Is a dry, grading sound. If the friction rub is heard over the pleural area, it may be a sign of lung disease, although it may be normal if heard over another area such as the liver.

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123
Q

Stridor

A

is an abnormal high-pitched musical sound caused by an obstruction in the trachea or larynx, most often heard, during inspiration

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124
Q

consolidation

A

Means the process of becoming solid, as when the lungs become firm and elastic in pneumonia

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125
Q

common terms used to describe, sounds heard in the ill patient

A

Rhonchi
Wheeze
Friction rub
Crackles (tales)

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126
Q

Rhonchi

ill patient

A

Course, low pitched; may clear with cough

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127
Q

wheeze

ill patient

A

Whistling, high-pitched bronchus

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128
Q

bronchial

ill patient

A

Course, loud; heard with consolidation

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129
Q

rub

ill patient

A

Scratchy, high-pitched

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130
Q

Crackles

ill patient

A

fine crackling, high-pitched

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131
Q

bronchial

Well patient

A

coarse, loud

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132
Q

bronchovesicular

well patient

A

Combination bronchial, and vesicular, normal in some areas

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133
Q

Visceral

well patient

A

High-pitched, breezy

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134
Q

naso/scope
nasoscope

A

A nasal speculum is one of various types of specula that is used for inspecting the nasal cavity

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135
Q

septal deviation

A

A structural defect of the nasal septum in which it is shifted toward one side of the nose or the other

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136
Q

Pharyngoscope

A

Is an instrument for examining the lining of the structure that is commonly called the throat, pharynx

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137
Q

arterial blood gas (ABG)

A

Is a blood test that measures the amount of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in a blood sample collected from an artery

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138
Q

other laboratory tests

A

Include cultures for bacteria or fungi in sputum or material collected from throat swabs

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139
Q

phlegm

A

Is abnormally thick, mucus secreted by the membranes of the respiratory passages

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140
Q

sputum is phlegm

A

Is phlegm or other material that is coughed up from the lungs

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141
Q

spiro/metry
spirometry

A

refers to an instrument used to measure air taken in and expelled from the lungs

spir(o) = breath or breathing
Is a measurement of the amount of air taken into and expelled from the lungs

The instrument used is a spirometer
spirometry measures ventilation (the ability of the lungs to move air) and is one type of pulmonary function test (PFT) that helps determine the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide effectively

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142
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

The largest volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration is the
A reduction in vital capacity often indicates a loss of functioning lung tissue

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143
Q

spirometry

A

Evaluation of the air capacity of the lungs uses a spirometer. The spirometer is used to assess pulmonary function by measuring and recording the volume of inhaled and exhaled air.

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144
Q

Tracheobronchial tree

A

In looking at the respiratory structures in a chest x-ray, it is understandable why the Trachea and bronchial branches are referred to as………

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145
Q

Clavicle

A

Collarbone

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146
Q

bronchoscopy

A

Visual inspection of the tracheobronchial tree with an instrument designed to pass through the trachea is

Other uses for this procedure include suctioning, obtaining a biopsy specimen, or fluid or removing foreign bodies

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147
Q

Broncho/scopy or broncho/scopic examination
bronchoscopy or bronchoscopic

A

is a direct viewing of the bronchi using a bronchoscope

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148
Q

Broncho/graphy
Bronchography

A

Involves the use of x-rays after installation of contrast media

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149
Q

bronchograham

A

The image obtained by a bronchography

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150
Q

Pulmonary angiography

A

is a radiography of the vessels of the lungs after injection of a contrast medium.
it is primarily performed on patients with suspected thromboembolic disease.

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151
Q

thrombus

A

Is an internal blood clot
If parts of it breaks off, the clot fragment may travel in the bloodstream to another site

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152
Q

embolus

A

Any foreign object that circulates in the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a vessel is called

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153
Q

thrombo/embol/ic
thromboembolic

A

pertains to obstruction of a blood vessel with material from a blood clot that is carried by the bloodstream from its sight of origin

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154
Q

pulmonary embo/lism

A

The presence of an embolus in the lungs

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155
Q

Other diagnostic radiologic studies of respiratory organs in

A

Computed, tomography, magnetic, resonance, imaging and lung scan’s

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156
Q

Lung scans

A

Uses radioactive material to test blood flow or air distribution in the lungs

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157
Q

laryngo/graphy

A

Larynx/process of recording

radiographic examination of the larynx that usually also includes the pharynx

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158
Q

laryngo/scope

A

larynx/instrument used for viewing

An endoscope used to examine the larynx

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159
Q

laryngo/scopy

A

larynx/visual examination

Examination of the larynx with a laryngoscope

160
Q

mediastino/scope

A

mediastinum/instrument used for viewing

An endoscope used to examine the mediastinum

161
Q

Mediastino/scopy

A

refers to examination of the mediastinum with an endoscope

mediastinum/visual examination

examination of the mediastinum by means of a mediastinoscope inserted through a chest incision

162
Q

tracheo/scopy
Tracheoscopy

A

A term for viewing the interior of the trachea using a tracheal scope

trachea/visual examination

viewing the interior of the trachea, with the use of a tracheoscope

163
Q

oximeter

A

A device that determines oxygen saturation

164
Q

Spirometry

A

Measurement of the amount of air taken into and expelled from the lungs

165
Q

Bronchography

A

Process of visualizing the bronchi with x-rays

166
Q

laryngoscopy

A

Examination of the larynx with an endoscope

167
Q

pharyngoscope

A

Instrument for examining the pharynx

168
Q

disorders of the respiratory system

A

Are major cause of illness and death

169
Q

acute or chronic respiratory problems

A

Can progress rapidly, and become life-threatening emergencies

170
Q

chronic lung disease

A

Often causes heart disease because of the lungs functional role in circulation

171
Q

pulmonary hypertensi

A

Is a condition of abnormally high blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation, caused by resistance of blood flow in the vessels of the long.
This brings on an increase workload for the heart, and eventually leads to heart failure

172
Q

apnea

A

Absence of breathing

to cessation (stopping) of breathing

Absence of spontaneous breathing

Cessation of breathing

173
Q

Sleep apnea

A

is a sleep disorder, characterized by transient periods of cessation of breathing

174
Q

Two primary types of sleep apnea

A
  1. Central sleep apnea (from failure of stimulation by the nervous system)
  2. obstructive sleep apnea obstructive sleep apnea (from collapse or obstruction of the airway)
175
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR)

A

is an abnormal pattern of respiration that is characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing, occurring more frequently during sleep

176
Q

dys/pnea

A

difficult/breathing

means labored or difficult breathing

177
Q

dys/pne/ic

A

Is an adjective that means pertaining to, or caused by dyspnea

178
Q

Asphyxia
Asphyxiation

A

The inability to breathe

Is a condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
this leads to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, loss of consciousness, and death, if not corrected.

179
Q

extrinsic

A

Causes, those originating outside the body include drowning, crushing injuries of the chest and inhalation of carbon monoxide

180
Q

intrinsic

A

Causes include hemorrhage into the lungs or pleural cavity, foreign bodies in the throat and diseases of the air passages

181
Q

an/ox/ia
anoxia

A

more severe than hypoxia
means an absence or deficiency of oxygen in blood tissues below the level needed for proper functioning

Oxygen deficiency

182
Q

Hypoxia

A

Refers to a condition of decreased oxygen

is a reduction of oxygen in body tissues, to levels below those required
for normal metabolic functioning

Hypoxia leads to confusion and impaired judgment, and diving bodies must be alert to its signs

Oxygen deficiency

183
Q

asphyxia

A

Cyanosis, dyspnea, and tachycardia accompanied by mental disturbances are seen in__________
In extreme cases, convulsions, unconsciousness, and death may occur

184
Q

tachy/cardia
tachycardia

A

an increased heart rate

Increased pulse rate

185
Q

asphyxia or asphyxiation

A

means a condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen

186
Q

Scuba diving

A

must be aware of the possibilities of hypoxia in themselves, as well as their diving partners.
Mild hypoxia or asphyxia in divers, has many causes, including poorly function, equipment, ascending to the surface too quickly, or an improper air mixture.

187
Q

Hyper/pnea
hyperpnea

A

An increased respiratory rate or breathing, that is deeper than normal

Refers to increase in rate and depth of respiration (breathing)

Increased respiratory rate
Excessive/breathing

Is an exaggerated deep, rapid, or labored respiration. It occurs normally with exercise and abnormally in several conditions, including pain, fever, hysteria, or in adequate oxygen.

188
Q

hyper/ventilation

A

hyperpnea may lead to _____________
(excessive aeration of the lungs), which commonly reduces carbon dioxide levels in the body. Carbon dioxide contributes to the acidity of body, fluids, and if too much carbon dioxide is lost, alkalosis results.

189
Q

alkal/osis
alkalosis

A

alkaline, basic/abnormal condition

Is a pathological condition, resulting from the accumulation of basic substances, or from the loss of acid by the body. Transient alkalosis can be caused by hyperventilation.

Condition of accumulation of basic substances in the body

190
Q

transient

A

Means not lasting for a brief duration

191
Q

Breath odors

A

Are usually produce by substances or diseases in the lungs or mouth. Specific orders are associated with some diseases for example, a fruity order associated with diabetes. Law enforcement uses a breathalyzer to measure, exhaled air for blood alcohol levels.

192
Q

pH= potential hydrogen, and is the symbol for hydrogen ion concentration, a calculated scale that represents the relative assiduity or alkalinity of a solution. A value of 7.0 is neutral, below 7.0 is acidic, and above 7.0 is alkaline.

A

The normal pH of body fluids (plasma and intracellular and interstitial fluids)is 7.35 to 7.45.

193
Q

acid-base balance

A

The state of equilibrium of the blood pH

194
Q

Cellular metabolism

A

Produces substances (such as excess carbon dioxide) that would upset the pH balance were it not for the buffer systems of the blood, along with respiratory and urinary functions that help keep the pH constant. The expelling of carbon dioxide during exhalation is part of the regulatory mechanism that maintains the constancy of the pH…— that is, the acid—-base balance

195
Q

alkal/osis
alkalosis

A

alkaline condition

196
Q

alkal/emia
alkalemia

A

Is increased alkalinity of the blood is an aspect of alkalosis, the general term for accumulation of basic substances in the body fluids

197
Q

Acidosis

A

The opposite of alkalosis

198
Q

hyper/capnia
hypercapnia

A

increased/carbon dioxide
Greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood

199
Q

hypo/ventilation
hypoventilation

A

they reduce the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli, results in hypercapnia carbon dioxide contributes to the acidity of blood hypercapnia results in lowering blood pH

200
Q

Hypo/capnia
hypocapnia

A

Increase/carbon dioxide

is the opposite of hyperCapnia and means an abnormally low level of carbon dioxide in the blood

201
Q

A/capnia
acapnia

A

is the synonym for hypocapnia, although in its strictest sense, acapania means absence of carbon dioxide

202
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Hyperventilation leads to

203
Q

Acid/emia

A

is an arterial blood pH below 7.35, whereas alkalemia is recognized as a blood pH above 7.45. Either of these conditions can be considered an acid base imbalance. 

204
Q

Potential causes of acid-base imbalances

A

Acidemia
ingestion of highly acidic drugs
severe, diarrhea
severe diabetes
asphyxia
Vomiting disease, particularly respiratory or kidney failure

205
Q

Potential causes of acid-base imbalances

A

Alkalemia

ingestion of alkaline drugs
intense hyperventilation
Vomiting of gastric acid
metabolic problems

206
Q

dyspnea

A

Labored or difficult breathing

207
Q

Oxygen

A

Asphyxia is a condition caused by insufficient intake

208
Q

hyperventilation

A

Means excessive aeration of the lungs

Increased aeration of the lungs

209
Q

Acidemia

A

A term for an artery blood pH below 7.35

210
Q

acute respiratory failure

A

Is sudden inability of the lungs to maintain normal respiratory function. It may be caused by an obstruction in the airways or failure of the lungs. Respiratory failure leads to hypoxia.

211
Q

Acute (or adult) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

Is severe pulmonary congestion, characterized by respiratory insufficiency and hypoxemia and can result in acute respiratory failure.

212
Q

Hyp/ox/emia
Hypoxemia

A

decrease/oxygen/blood
Is decreased oxygen in the blood

213
Q

Ortho/pnea
orthopnea

A

refers to a condition where breathing is only possible if seated in an upright position

Straight/breathing ———
the person experiences chronic airflow limitations (CAL) and is unable to breathe when lying flat
Breathing is difficult, except in an upright position
orthopneic patients breathe more comfortably in an upright position.

214
Q

dia/phragm
diaphragm

A

Abnormalities in the diaphragm will affect breathing, because the diaphragm normally moves downward as the lungs expand during inspiration

The muscular partition that separates the chest and the abdomen cavities and serves at the major inspiratory muscle

215
Q

phreno/dynia
phrenodynia

A

diaphragm/pain
Is pain in the diaphragm

216
Q

phreno/plegia
phrenoplegia

A

diaphragm/paralysis
Paralysis of the diaphragm

217
Q

Phreno/ptosis
Phrenoptosis

A

Downward displacement of the diaphragm

diaphragm/prolapse or sagging

Is a prolapsed or downward displacement of the diaphragm

218
Q

Phren/itis
phrenitis

A

diaphragm/inflammation
inflammation of the diaphragm

219
Q

respiration rate

A

Adults normally have a respiration rate of about 12 to 20 breaths per minute

220
Q

Eu/pnea
Eupnea

A

good or normal/breathing
Usually means normal breathing

221
Q

tachypnea
tachy/pnea

A

fast/breathing
Means breathing fast

222
Q

Brady/pnea
bradypnea

A

Refers to abnormal slowness of breathing

slow/breathing

Breathing slow

223
Q

hypo/pnea
hypopnea

A

shallow/breathing

The breathing is shallow, in addition, to being slow this can occur if it is painful to breathe, or if there is damage to the brain stem. Hypopnea may be appropriate and well conditioned athlete.

224
Q

Respiratory arrest

A

Is cessation of respiration or breathing

An upper airway obstruction is any significant interruption in the airflow through the nose, mouth, pharynx, or larynx. laryngoscopy may be helpful in locating and removing the cause of the obstruction. If the cause is not removed, respiratory arrest occurs.

225
Q

Nasal polyp

A

It may be possible to see a nasal polyp with the help of the nasoscope.
polyp is a growth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane. (Polyps are usually (but not always) benign. They can grow on almost any mucous membrane.

226
Q

deviated septum

A

This shift a partition of the nasal cavity, may obstruct the nasal passages. Severe septal deviation may be corrected by rhinoplasty or septoplasty.

227
Q

sinus/itis
sinusitis

A

is inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses.

A structural defect, such as deviated septum of the nose can also result in sinusitis.

228
Q

rhin/itis also known as coryza
rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose
inflammation of the nasal membrane

meaning of profuse discharge of the mucous membranes of the nose

229
Q

Rhino/rrhea
rhinorrhea

A

Means runny nose

nose/discharge

Discharge from the nose. This is commonly called a runny nose.
Discharge from the nasal membranes

230
Q

rhino/rrhagia. A.k.a..epistaxis
rhinorrhagia

A

means nosebleed

Nose/hemorrhage
profuse bleeding from the nose
many causes bleeding from the nose
irritation of the nasal membranes, fragility of these membranes, violent sneezing, trauma, high blood pressure, vitamin K, deficiency, or in children, picking the nose.

231
Q

pharyng/itis
pharyngitis

A

Inflammation or infection of the pharynx, usually causing symptoms of a sore throat. Canker, sores, or ulcerations, especially inside the mouth

232
Q

tonsill/itis
tonsillitis

A

Is one reason for a sore throat. The tonsils are located in the oropharynx.
enlarged tonsils can fill the space behind the nares and may completely block the passage of air from the nose into the throat

233
Q

naris ————nares plural

A

either of the external orifices (opening) of the nose

234
Q

Sore throat

A

Other causes of a sore throat include streptococcal infections, herpes, Symplex virus (HSV), or infectious mononucleosis .

235
Q

rheumatic fever

A

Untreated, strep, infections, sometimes lead to rheumatic fever.

236
Q

Herpes simplex

A

caused by the herpes, Symplex virus, usually produces small transient, irritating, and sometimes fluid filled blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. Infections tend to occur, particularly around the nose and mouth.

237
Q

dys/phas/ia
dysphasia

A

Bad or difficult/speech/condition

is impairment of speech, characterized by a lack of coordination, and an ability to arrange words in the proper order, a problem resulting from a brain lesion.

Difficulty in speech caused by a brain lesion

238
Q

a/phas/ia
aphasia

A

No, not, without/speech, inability to communicate

is the absence of speech. Aphasia is an ability to communicate through speech or writing as a result of dysfunction of the brain. A person who has aphasia is said to be aphasic.

239
Q

aphonia

A

Loss of voice

A condition characterized by the inability to produce normal speech sounds, resulting from overuse of the vocal cords, organic disease, or emotional problems, such as anxiety.

240
Q

dysphonia

A

Refers to difficulty in speaking or weak voice (hoarseness)

Hoarseness or abnormality in the speaking voice, that may precede aphonia.

241
Q

laryngalgia

A

Laryngeal pain; same as laryngodynia, but this term is not generally used

242
Q

Laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx ( voice box) that would likely result in temporary loss of voice. It may be caused not only by infectious microorganisms, but also by overuse of the voice, allergies, or irritant.

243
Q

nasopharyngitis

A

inflammation of the nasopharynx

244
Q

palatitis

A

inflammation of the hard palate, the bony portion of the roof of the mouth

245
Q

pharyngalgia

A

Sore throat (pharyngeal); same as pharyngodynia
Throat pain

246
Q

pharyngomycosis

A

A fungal infection of the pharynx

247
Q

pharyngopathy

A

any disease of the pharynx

248
Q

rhinolithiasis

A

The presence of a calculus or stone in the nasal cavity. A nasal calculus, a rhinolith, can interfere with breathing through the nose

249
Q

laryngeal polyp

A

A tumor like growth on the vocal cords,
cause hoarseness. they are generally caused by smoking, allergies, or abuse of the voice, and eliminating the cause often relieves the hoarseness. Surgery can be performed using direct laryngoscopy if rest does not correct the problem.

250
Q

common cold

A

Is a contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Some of its major characteristics are rhinitis, rhinorrhea, tearing and eye discomfort and sometimes low-grade fever.

251
Q

Croup

A

barking cough
is an acute viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract that occurs primarily in infants and young children

252
Q

Upper respiratory tract infection (URI)

A

Include the common cold, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis,

253
Q

Diphtheria and pertussis

A

are too acute contagious respiratory diseases. They are both caused by specific pathogenic bacteria and are both preventable by vaccinations. Immunization for diphtheria, and pertussis is usually begun in conjunction with tetanus immunizations early in infancy.

254
Q

exotoxin of the tetanus bacillus

A

Affects the nervous system, resulting in paralysis. For this reason, the common name of tetanus is lockjaw.

255
Q

pertussis

A

Is highly contagious and is characterized by a whooping cough sound

Is commonly called whooping cough, named for the coughing that ends in a loud whooping inspiration. it occurs primarily in infants and young children, but kennel, Kurt, and anyone who has not been immunized.

256
Q

corona/virus

A

Named for its appearance under the electron microscope, has been identified as the organism responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome. (SARS) it is spread by close contact with an infected person. Illness begins with a fever and bodyaches. Some people experience mild respiratory symptoms. After 3 to 7 days, lower respiratory phase begins, and patients may develop a dry cough and have trouble breathing severity of the disease ranges from causing mild illness to death.

257
Q

influenza

A

Is highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by various strains of influenza virus. Three main types. (type A, type B, and type C) have been identified, but new strains emerge at regular intervals (for example, Asian flu virus, bird flu, and H1 N1 influenza)
H1N1 influenza, also known as swine flu
influenza is characterized by a fever, sore throat, coughing, muscle aches, and weakness.

258
Q

epiglott/itis
epiglottitis

A

epiglottis/inflammation of

259
Q

laryngo/pathy
laryngopathy

A

larynx/any disease of

260
Q

laryngo/plegia
laryngoplegia

A

larynx/paralysis

261
Q

laryngo/spasm
laryngospasm

A

larynx/spasm

262
Q

lower respiratory tract LRT

A

Is a common site of infections, obstructive conditions, and malignancies
lung cancer accounts for more deaths in the United States than any other cancer, in both men and women, although cancers of the lung and bronchi, are not the most common types

263
Q

Pulmonary malignancies

A

The majority of pulmonary malignancies are attributed to cigarette smoking. Lung cancer develops most often in scarred or chronically diseased lungs.

264
Q

Vaping

A

Can cause deadly lung diseases, including cancer, and damage to unborn babies. These devices deliver an aerosol by heating a liquid that contains nicotine (e-cigarettes) , flavorings, marijuana, or other chemicals.

265
Q

clubbing

A

Abnormal enlargement of the distal phalanges is seen in advanced, chronic pulmonary disease, but may be associated with other disorders, such as cyanotic heart, disease, chronic kidney disease, and cystic fibrosis.

266
Q

funnel chest or pigeon cheat

A

The skeletal abnormality of the chest is characterized by indentation of the lower sternum
The breast bone has a prominent anterior projection in pigeon chest, and it is depressed in funnel chest. Breathing is not affected in either of these structural defects.

267
Q

Chronic respiratory conditions

A

Fatigue is common
clubbing is a sign that is often associated with advanced, chronic pulmonary disease

268
Q

Flail chest

A

contracting and bulging of the lung during inspiration and expiration

occurs when multiple rib fractures, cause instability of the chest wall. The lung underlying the injury contracts and bulges with each inspiration and expiration. This condition must be surgically corrected to prevent hypoxia.

flail chest is best defined as a thorax in which there are fractures on at least two adjacent ribs, causing instability, in part of the chest wall and unusual breathing that is insufficient unless corrected.

269
Q

Barrel chest

A

rounded chest

A Large, Rounded thorax may be normal in some individuals, but may also be a sign of pulmonary emphysema. The common name for a large from the thorax.

270
Q

funnel chest

A

Depression of the breastbone

271
Q

pigeon chest

A

Prominent anterior projection of the breastbone

272
Q

A/plasia
Aplasia

A

Refers to lack of development of an organ or tissue

no, not, without/formation, or development
Means absence of formation or development
Incomplete formation or development of the lung

273
Q

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

Also called acute respiratory distress syndrome
Is respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury, characterized by severe pulmonary congestion

274
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

A

Of the newborn is an acute lung disease of the newborn that occurs most often in premature babies.
in most cases, the infant dies only a few days after birth, or recovers with no after effects.

275
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

Is the unexpected and sudden death of an apparently normal and healthy infant that occurs during sleep, and may be linked with respiration

276
Q

bronchi/ectasis
bronchiectasis

A

bronchi/dilation or stretching of a structure or part
dilation of the bronchi
However, bronchiectasis is an abnormal condition of the bronchial tree that is characterized by irreversible dilation and destruction of the bronchial walls. Signs and symptoms include chronic sinusitis, a constant cough producing a great deal of sputum, hemoptysis (hem(o), blood + ptysis, spitting), and persistent crackles

277
Q

broncho/spasm
bronchospasm

A

means bronchial spa. Bronchospasm brings about bronchoconstriction, resulting in an acute narrowing and obstruction of the respiratory airway. There is usually a cough with generalized wheezing, a chief characteristic of asthma and bronchitis..

278
Q

asthma

A

Is characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal (attacks) wheezing, and dyspnea(difficulty breathing), constriction of the bronchi, coughing, and vicious (thick) bronchial secretions.

It is also called bronchial asthma.

paroxysmal- occurring in sudden, periodic attacks, or recurrence of symptoms of a disease

279
Q

paroxysmal

A

Refers to a sudden reoccurrence or intensity of symptoms

280
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Watery/chest

is a non-inflammatory accumulation of fluid in one or both pleural cavities.

281
Q

Hemo/thorax
hemothorax

A

An accumulation of blood, and fluid in the pleural cavity.
Trauma such as a knife wound, is the most common cause of my products, but it can occur as a result of inflammation or tumors

282
Q

pneumo/thorax
Pneumothorax

A

A pathological condition that can lead to collapse of the lungs

is air or gas in the pleural cavity;

it leads to collapse of the lung. This may be the result of an open chest wound that permits the entrance of the air, rupture of a vesicle on the surface of the lung, or a severe bout of coughing; it may even occur spontaneously without a parent clause.

283
Q

Pneumo/hemo/thorax
Pneumohemothorax

A

accumulation of air and blood in the pleural cavity.

284
Q

Pleur/itis
Pleuritis

A

Is inflammation of the pleura

285
Q

pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura

Another name for pleuritis. Pleurisy may be caused by an infection, injury, tumor, or a complication of certain lung disease. A sharp pain on inspiration is characteristic of pleurisy.

286
Q

pneumon/ia
pneumonia

A

lung/condition.
The highly elastic lungs are the main components of the respiratory system.

Means inflammation of the lungs

287
Q

pneumon/itis
pneumonitis

A

Is another word for pneumonia. It means inflammation of the lungs.

lungs/inflammation
Means inflammation of the lungs

288
Q

double pneumonia

A

Acute pneumonia involving both lungs

289
Q

Pneumo/coccal pneumonia

A

Several micro organisms, including bacteria, fungus, and viruses, have been identified as causes of pneumonia, but the disease is often caused by pneumococci, a type of pathogenic coccal bacteria.
A vaccine is available and is recommended for persons older than 65 years of age and or those with immuno deficiency’s

290
Q

broncho/pneumon/ia
bronchopneumonia

A

Acute inflammation of the lungs and bronchi

involves both of the bronchi and the lungs and it’s usually a result of the spread of infection from the upper to the lower respiratory tract. Lobar pneumonia involves one or more of the five major lobes of lungs.

291
Q

pleuro/pneumon/ia
Pleurpneumonia

A

pleuro/lungs/conditions

it’s a combination of pleurisy and pneumonia. You will need to remember the pleuropneumonia is inflammation of both the pleura and the lungs.

292
Q

pleural effusion

A

is a collection of nonpurulent fluid in the pleural.
Nonpurulent means not containing pus

293
Q

Pyo/thorax or empyema
pyothorax

A

when pleural effusion contains pus. This condition is an extension of infection from nearby structures.

294
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

fibrosis condition of the lungs resulting from scar tissue

pertaining to the lungs/fiber (tough, threadlike)
Fibrosis of the lungs. Untreated empyema can lead to pulmonary fibrosis.
is a fibrous condition of the connective tissue of the lungs, resulting from the formation of scar tissue

295
Q

Aplasia

A

results in the absence of an organ or tissue, and it applies also to failure of normal cell generation and development in the bone marrow

296
Q

pleuro/dynia
pleurodynia

A

Is pain of the pleura
This can be caused by inflammation of the pleura or by pleural adhesions.

297
Q

pleural adhesions

A

Pleura/pertaining to/sticking together

In which the pleural membrane stick together or to the wall of the chest and produce pain on movement or breathing.

298
Q

pleural adhesion may be associated with

A

pleur/itis
Which is inflammation of the pleura

299
Q

pulmonary edema

A

Is an accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissue.

Pulmonary edema also involves the alveoli and progresses to fluid entering the bronchioles and bronchi. Dyspnea on exertion is one of the earliest symptoms of pulmonary edema. As the condition becomes more advanced, the patient may become orthopneic. acute pulmonary edema is an emergency situation. Congestive heart failure is the most common cause of pulmonary edema.

300
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

The work demanded of the heart is greater than its ability to perform. Decreased output of blood by the left ventricles produces congestion and engorgement of the pulmonary vessels with escape of fluid into pulmonary tissues. Congestive heart failure can result in the lung disorder pulmonary edema.

301
Q

Pulmon/ary embolus
pulmonary embolus

A

is an obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches
by a blood clot.

Obstruction of a large pulmonary vessel can cause sudden death.

302
Q

pulmonary abscess

A

Localized pus Dash containing cavity surrounded by inflamed lung tissue

303
Q

abscess

A

A localized collection of pus, that forms, a cavity in tissues, organs, or confined spaces

304
Q

Pneumo/coni/osis
pneumoconiosis

A

Is one condition caused by permanent deposits of death particles in the lungs

lungs/dust/condition (often abnormal)

it’s a condition (disease) of the lungs caused by inhalation of dust

is any disease of the lung caused by chronic inhalation of dust, usually mineral dust of either occupational or environmental origin.

305
Q

Anthrac/osis
anthracosis

A

Is caused by inhalation of coal dust

Coal/condition
is a chronic lung disease characterized by the deposit of coal dust in the lungs. It occurs in coal miners and is aggravated by cigarette smoking.

306
Q

Three kinds of pneumoconiosis

A

Anthracosis, asbestosis, silicosis

Anthracosis is a chronic lung disease characterized by the deposit of coal dust in the lungs

Asbestosis is a chronic lung disease that results from prolonged exposure to asbestos

silicosis pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of the dust of stone, sand, or flint containing silicone dioxide with formation of generalized nodular fibrotic changes in both lung

307
Q

Asbest/osis
Asbestosis

A

Is caused by inhalation of asbestos dust

is a chronic lung disease that results from prolonged exposure to asbestos.

308
Q

mesothelioma

A

A rare malignant tumor is associated with exposure to asbestos and is almost always fatal. The mesothelioma is a layer of epithelial cells that covers the pleura in the peritoneum.

309
Q

Silic/osis
silicosis

A

is caused by inhalation of stone or sand dust

Is a lung disorder caused by long term inhalation of silica dust, which is found in sands, quartz, and many other stones. This lung disorder is a type of pneumoconiosis.

310
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas (COPD) also called chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD)

A

is a non-specific designation that includes a group of progressive an irreversible respiratory problems in which dyspnea and a chronic cough are prominent features. Airflow obstruction ultimately occurs. Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthmatic, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis are often included in this group. COPD is aggravated by cigarette smoking and air pollution.

311
Q

Emphysema

A

A chronic, non-infectious pulmonary disease characterized by an increase in the size of alveoli, and by destructive changes in their walls

characterized by over inflation and destructive changes in alveolar walls, is probably the most severe COPD. Permanent hyper inflation of the lungs occurs as alveoli are destroyed, and alveolar air is trapped, thus interfering with exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Over inflation, and destruction of the alveolar walls are major characteristics.

312
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Is an infectious disease that often is chronic, and commonly affects the lungs.
Resistance to tuberculosis depends a great deal on a persons general health. The disease is named after tubercles, which are small round nodules produced in the lungs by the infective bacteria

313
Q

Tubercles

A

Are small, round nodules produced in the lungs by the infective bacteria

Liquefaction of the tubercles not only results in tubercular cavities in the lungs but can also cause the production of a large quantity of highly infectious sputum that is raised in the infected person cough

314
Q

ex/pectorate
expectorate

A

means spitting or coughing up materials from the passageways at the lungs

Is to cough up and spit out material from the lungs and air passages. (the material, coughed up from the lungs and sputum) blood stained sputum is often produced in tuberculosis

315
Q

hemo/ptysis
hemoptysis

A

Is the spitting of blood or blood stained sputum

316
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

Is an inherited disorder of the endocrine glands; it causes those glands to produce abnormally, thick secretions of mucus and an elevation of sweet electrolytes. The disease primarily involves the lungs, pancreas and sweat glands. Heavy secretion of thick mucus clogs the bronchi and leads to a chronic cough and persistent upper respiratory infections.
Excessive salt loss (3 to 6 times the normal concentrations) in the perspiration of persons who have cystic fibrosis forms the basis of the sweat test, a laboratory test to determine the amount of sodium and chloride excretion from the sweat glands.

317
Q

Sweat test

A

is performed to diagnose cystic fibrosis. this disease is usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood by not only the sweat test, but also in genetic testing for the specific gene that causes cystic fibrosis.

318
Q

atel/ectasis

A

means airlessness or collapse of all or part of the ling

(imperfect/stretching)

abnormal condition in which there is incomplete expansion of a lung at birth, or airlessness of a lung that once functioned:
is an abnormal condition characterized by the collapse of all or part of a lung.
Failure of the lungs to expand Foley at birth, is called primary atelectasis. Other causes of atelectasis include obstructions of the airways, compression of the lung as a result of fluid or air, and pressure from a tumor

319
Q

Bronchiolectasis

A

Dilation of the bronchioles

320
Q

bronchiolitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchioles

321
Q

bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchi

322
Q

broncogenic

A

Originated in a bronchus

323
Q

broncholithiasis

A

A condition in which stones are present in the lining of the bronchi

324
Q

broncopathy

A

Any disease of the bronchi

325
Q

Bronchopulmonary

A

Pertaining to the bronchi and lungs

326
Q

Laryngotracheal

A

pertaining to the larynx and the trachea

327
Q

laryngotracheitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx and trachea

328
Q

laryngotracheobronchitis

A

inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

329
Q

Pulmonary abscess

A

A localized cavity containing pus and surrounded by inflamed lung tissue

330
Q

trachealgia

A

pain of the trachea

331
Q

Tracheitis

A

Information of the trachea, a type of lower respiratory tract infection, which also includes bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia

332
Q

tracheomalacia

A

Softening of the trachea

333
Q

Tracheostenosis

A

narrowing of the lumen of the trachea

Lumen means the cavity or channel within a tube

334
Q

asphyxiation

A

The inability to breathe, requires immediate corrective measures to prevent damage or death. Removal of a foreign body in the airway may be needed before oxygen, an artificial respiration are administered.

335
Q

Heimlich maneuver

A

A method of dislodging food or other obstruction from the windpipe

336
Q

Acute bronchitis

A

irritation of the bronchi caused the spread of an upper respiratory infection

337
Q

tracheotomy

A

Incision is performed to gain access to the airway below a blockage with a foreign object or, for example, below a tumor
Is an incision into the trachea through the neck below the larynx

338
Q

tracheostomy

A

Surgical creation of an opening in the trache, may be necessary in upper airway obstruction
it’s not always an emergency procedure and can be temporary or permanent

339
Q

Laryngectomy

A

surgical removal of the voicebox
Excision of larynx
A tracheotomy is performed after a laryngectomy or when prolonged mechanical ventilation is needed. A tube is inserted through an incision in the neck into the trachea. There are many types of tracheostomy tubes, some permit speech

340
Q

stoma

A

A general term for mouth like opening

sometimes a person has a stoma at the base of the neck. Surgical creation of this type of opening into the trachea is called a tracheostomy.

341
Q

COPD or other problems in hypoxic patients
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Oxygen therapy may be prescribed by the physician. Oxygen is sometimes administered after general surgery. In patients who can breathe but are hypoxic, oxygen is delivered through tubing via:
A simple face mask
nasal cannula, small tubes, inserted into the nares (nostrils)
A Venturi mask
trans/tracheal oxygen(TTO) delivery
Transtracheal
Which means delivering oxygen to the lungs
A Venturi mask and transtracheal oxygen system deliver a more consistent and accurate oxygen concentration

342
Q

Four means of administering oxygen

A
  1. A simple oxygen mask - delivers high concentrations of oxygen and is used for short term oxygen therapy or in an emergency.
  2. The nasal cannula - a device that delivers oxygen by way of two small tubes that are inserted into the nostrils.
  3. Venturi mask - a facemask designed to allow inspired air to mix with oxygen a facemask designed to allow inspired air to mix with oxygen transtracheal oxygen.
  4. Transtracheal oxygen - is a long-term method of delivering oxygen directly into the lungs.
343
Q

oraltracheal intubation

A

Is used for short term airway management

344
Q

nasaltracheal intubation

A

For short term airway management

345
Q

tracheostomy tube

A

For longer maintenance so that your way

346
Q

Oxygen tent or canopy

A

Enclosed is the head and neck and provides humidified oxygen. It is used most often with pediatric patients.

347
Q

Hypoxic patients

A

oxygen is administered to increase the amount of oxygen in circulating blood. It is also administered during anesthesia because oxygen functions as a carrier, gas for the delivery of anesthetic agents to the tissues of the body and overdose of oxygen can have toxic effects, which include respiration, depression, and damage to the lungs.

348
Q

Hyperoxemia

A

Means increase the oxygen content of the blood

349
Q

Oxygen by intubation is administered in one of the following ways
(insertion of a tube into a body canal or cavity

A
  1. Transtracheal oxygen delivered through a Tracheostomy tube is used for prolonged airway management.
  2. endotracheal intubation (an airway catheter inserted through the mouth or nose)
  3. Orotracheal intubation and nasotracheal intubation are inserted of a tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea.
350
Q

Mechanical ventilation

A

is the use of an artificial device to assist in breathing.
it is a means of supporting patients until either they recover sufficiently to breathe independently, or the decision is made to withdraw respiratory support.
In a hospital, setting, artificial respiration is supplied by a medical ventilator.

351
Q

noninvasive, negative pressure

A

Pulls the chest outward, producing ventilation similar to normal breathing.

An early type was the Iron Man developed during the polio epidemic in the United States in the 1950s

352
Q

positive pressure ventilation

A

this type of ventilation requires an artificial airway and is the primary method used with acutely ill patients. It pushes air into the lungs under positive pressure.

353
Q

Oxygenation

A

means the act or process of adding oxygen

354
Q

Extra/corpor/eal
extracorporeal

A

means outside the body

355
Q

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO)

A

is the device used in a hospital to provide respiratory support by circulating the blood through an artificial lung, then returning the blood to the patient’s circulatory system. It is used in newborns and occasionally in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

356
Q

pneumonectomy (pneumectomy)

A

partial or complete surgical removal of a lung
Is that excision of lung tissue, either a complete lung (total pneumonectomy) or part of it (partial pneumonectomy)

357
Q

Pulmonary lobectomy

A

excision (removal) of a lung lobe

removal of a lobe of the lung.
Wedge resection is the removal of a small, localized area of diseased tissue; however, the cancer must be near the lungs surface

358
Q

Adenoidectomy

A

Excision of the adenoids

359
Q

Palatoplasty

A

Surgical repair (reconstruction) of the pallet. Along with additional plastic surgery, palatoplasty is used to correct cleft palate, a congenital defect characterized by a fissure (split) in the midline of the palate.

360
Q

Pneumocentesis

A

refers to surgical puncture of a lung

Puncturing of the lung to drain fluid that has accumulated in the organ itself
It’s a surgical puncture of a lung to drain fluid contents

361
Q

thoracentesis

A

Removal of fluid from the thoracic cavity chest

Surgical puncture of the chest wall and pleural space with a needle to aspirate fluid or to obtain a specimen for biopsy. It has both therapeutic and diagnostic uses, and can be used in the treatment of pleural effusion shortened form of thoracocentesis.

362
Q

thoracostomy

A

an opening into the chest wall for insertion of a chest tube. The chest tube is inserted into the pleural space to remove air and or fluid and is commonly used after chest surgery.

363
Q

chest tube

A

Is a catheter that is inserted through the thorax into the pleura space and it’s attached to a water seal chest drainage device. The chest tube is used to remove fluid or ear after chest surgery and lung collapse.

364
Q

Rhinoplasty

A

plastic surgery of the nose, for trauma of the head and face, but usually done for cosmetic reasons

365
Q

tracheoplasty

A

Plastic surgery to repair the trachea

366
Q

Septoplasty

A

Surgical construction of the nasal septum

367
Q

Septorhinoplasty

A

Plastic surgery of the nasal septum, and the external nose

368
Q

Thoracoplasty

A

is the surgical removal of ribs, allowing the chest wall to collapse a diseased lung?

surgical procedure that involves removing ribs and allowing the chest wall to collapse a lung. The procedure is sometimes done to gain access during thoracic surgery.

369
Q

uvulectomy

A

excision of the uvula, the pendant tissue in the back of the pharynx, either by conventional or laser surgery

370
Q

Thoracentesis

A

The insertion site of the needle in thoracentesis depends on the location of the fluid

371
Q

continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP)

Non-invasive
Used in the home setting to maintain adequate blood oxygen levels while sleeping

A

A non-surgical method to prevent airway collapse is the use of ……..
a small electric compressor delivers positive pressure through a face mask during sleep.
for mild sleep apnea, weight loss or a change in sleeping position, may reduce or correct the problem.

372
Q

antineoplastic

A

Is a treatment that acts against neoplasms

373
Q

Malignant lesion

A

May be curable if detected in the early stage
treatment selection depends on the site, stage of the cancer, and unique characteristics of the individual

374
Q

Spirometer

A

A small apparatus that provides visual feedback about the inspired volume of air.
A method of encouraging voluntary deep breathing after surgery or with patients who have chronic air obstruction involves the use of the incentive spirometer.
While in the hospital, a registered pulmonary function therapist while in the hospital, a registered pulmonary function therapist (RPFT) is involved in respiratory treatments and evaluating progress

375
Q

Inhaler

A

Is the device for administering medication’s that are breathe in such as vapors or fine powders

376
Q

nebulizer

A

hand held nebulizers, are powered devices that convert a liquid into a fine spray before delivering it into the respiratory passages, either with or without oxygen to carry it into the lungs

377
Q

Antiasthmatics

A

A term for drugs used to invent asthma

Prevent or treat the symptoms of asthma

378
Q

antihistamines

A

Drugs used to block histamines

Block, histamine, receptors to reduce allergic response, reduce the effects of histamine. Used to treat or prevent allergic rhinitis or asthma.

379
Q

antitussives

A

Medication used to stop coughing
Suppress coughing, benzonatate

Drugs used to suppress coughing

380
Q

Bronchodilators

A

A medication that expands the bronchi and other air passages

Open the airways to improve respiration to treat asthma, COPD, or symptoms of bronchitis

381
Q

Anticholinergics anti-Clore Genex

A

Dilate the bronchi and bronchioles

382
Q

Beta-2 agonist

A

Relax, smooth muscle and airways albuterol, arformoterol, metaproterenol, salmeterol, terbutaline

383
Q

Inhaled corticosteroids

A

reduce inflammation of the airways. Used for allergic rhinitis when available as a nasal spray.
beclomethasone, ciclesonide, fluticasone, mometasone, triamcinolone

384
Q

Methylxanthines

A

relax airway muscles to open airways, increase diaphragm contractions to draw more air into the lungs and mildly reduce inflammation

aminophylline, theophylline

385
Q

Decongestants

A

reduce swelling of mucus membranes to treat nasal and sinus congestion

phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine

386
Q

Expectorants

A

improve expulsion of mucus from lungs

ammonium chloride, guaifenesin

387
Q

Leukotriene receptor antagonists

A

block leukotrienes in the long-acting, inflammatory response to allergens

Montelukast (Singulair), zileuton (zyflo)

388
Q

mast cell stabilizers

A

Prevent mast cell’s release of histamine. Used to prevent allergic rhinitis or asthma.

cromolyn (install), nedocromil (Tilade)

389
Q

Mucolytics

A

A general term for drugs that break up or thin mucus in the lungs

acetylcysteine (Mucomyst), dornase alfa (pulmozyme)

390
Q

smoking sensation drugs

A

Aid in quitting, smoking, or the use of other tobacco products.
Therapy types: nicotine replacement, therapy, or anti-addiction medication (Acts on the brain to reduce cravings and/or withdrawal symptoms)

bupropion (Zyban), nicotine polacrilex (Nicorette), varenicline (Chantix)

391
Q

uvula

A

Is the fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate?

392
Q

Bronchoscope

A

Refers to instrument for viewing the bronchi

393
Q

Tracheostomy tube

A

Transtracheal oxygen delivered through a tracheostomy tube is used for prolonged airway management

394
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

An airway catheter inserted through the mouth or nose

395
Q

orotracheal intubation
nasotracheal intubation

A

Art insertion of a tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea

nasotracheal intubation is insertion of a nasotrachea tube through the nose into the trachea

Chapter 5 Respiratory system (4 decks)

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