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Pharmacology > Definition > Flashcards

Definition Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of how the drug effects the function of a living system

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How the body process the drug from administration to elimination

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3
Q

4 stages of pharmacokinetics

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Excretion
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4
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of drug into the body to affect a targeted area

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5
Q

What can 3 things can affect absorption

A
  1. Route of administration
  2. Particle size
  3. Solubility
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6
Q

First pass

A

the metabolism of a drug by the liver mainly in oral medications before it reaches systemic circulation

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7
Q

First pass system

A 
Pass through the throat 
Broken down by stomach & small intestines 
Goes to hepatic portal vein 
Pass through the liver 
Liver metabolism the drug 
Enters the systemic circulation
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8
Q

Distribution

A

The process of dissemination of a drug throughout the fluids and tissues of the body

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9
Q

Fat soluble drugs

A

Concentrate in lipids and days of the body

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10
Q

Water soluble drugs

A

Concentrate in the fluids of the body

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11
Q

Affects that affect distribution

A
  1. Drugs don’t distribute equally

2. Some tissues and membranes are less accessible than others

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

Changing the chemical structure of the drug by the body making it easier to excrete

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13
Q

Excretion

A

Physical removal of a drug or metabolites from the body

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14
Q

Routes of excretion

A
  1. Urine
  2. Faeces
  3. Sweat
  4. Expired Air
  5. Bile
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15
Q

Factors that affect excretion

A

As excretion is done by the kidneys of a patient has kidney damage or failure this will affect the body’s ability to excrete the drug which cause drug toxicity

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16
Q

Bioavailability

A

The % of a drug that is absorbed into systemic circulation

17
Q

Bioavailability of IV

A

100% as the drug enters directly into the systemic circulation

18
Q

Bioavailability of PO

A

Depends on how much as the liver metabolised before entering systemic circulation

19
Q

Factors that affect bioavailability

A
  1. Degradation of the gastric acid
  2. First pass effect
  3. Bioequivalent ( no matter the route the bioavailability of that drug is still the same )
20
Q

Therapeutic Range

A

is the level of blood plasma concentration that is within the desired range for a therapeutic effect

21
Q

Factors that affects therapeutic range

A

Age

22
Q

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)

A

involves measuring drug concentration in the blood to compare the results to a predefined window of serum concentration that are considered optimal for efficacy and safety of the drug.

23
Q

Half life

A

the time it takes for the amount of drug in the plasma to reduce by half

24
Q

Peak Plasma Concentration

A

the time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum effectiveness by checking the plasma in the blood

25
Q

Factors that can affect PPC

A

the route of drug administration

IV faster than PO

26
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

How the drug affects the body

Eg : clinical effects

27
Q

Drugs

A

are substances that produce a biological response in a living organism

28
Q

Medicine

A

are chemical preparation that contain drugs formulated to produce a therapeutic response

29
Q

Adverse Drug Event (ADE)

A

any untoward medical occurrence that may present during treatment with a pharmaceutical product which doesn’t have a causal relationship with this treatment

30
Q

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

A

an adverse event which is unintended and occurs after a normal therapeutic does has been administered

31
Q

Type A

A

Augment

Pharmacologically predictable| common

Dose related

Reduce dose = reduce reaction

Eg: drowsiness to anti-histamine

32
Q

Type B

A

Bizarre

Pharmacologically unpredictable | Rare

Not dose related

Need to stop the drug immediately

Eg: anaphylaxis to penicillin

33
Q

Type C

A

Chronic

Dose & Time related

Uncommon

Related to cumulative dose

Eg: osteonecrosis of the jaw from alendronate

34
Q

Type D

A

Delayed

Time related

Uncommon

Usually dose related

Occurs some time after the use of the drug

Eg: teratogenic effect after thalidomide

35
Q

Type E

A

End of Treatment

Uncommon

Occurs after the withdrawal of a drug

Eg: withdrawal symptoms from opiates

36
Q

Patients at risk of a ADR

A 
Young Children 
Older adults 
Pregnant women 
Poly-pharmacy 
Ethnicity
37
Q

Identifying a ADR

A
  1. Nature of the drug
  2. Clinical presentation (symptoms)
  3. Timescale
  4. Result from dose reduction / stopping
  5. Dose changes (up or down)
  6. Starting & stopping other therapies

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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