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SDD > Defining and Understanding the Problem > Flashcards

Defining and Understanding the Problem Flashcards

1
Q

What do we do in Defining the Problem

A

The problem itself is to be defined and precisely understood

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2
Q

What are some questions to help define and identify problems

A

what are the client’s needs which will be met by this product?

Compatibility issues with other existing software and hardware?

Possible performance issues, particularly for internet and graphics (or video)

what are the boundaries of the new system

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3
Q

what is a need

A

a need is an instance in which some necessity or want exists.

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4
Q

What is a systems analyst

A

a professional who analyses systems, determines requirements and designs new information systems.

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5
Q

What are some tools or techniques that are used for analysis

A

Surveys

interviews

Time managment studies

Business analysis

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6
Q

what are requirements

A

Features, properties or behaviours a system must have to achieve its purpose. Each requirement must be verifiable

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7
Q

what are some common compatibility issues

A

Problems with different versions of the intended operating systems

COTS products which experience issues when the underlying application is updated.

Not all graphics card are supported by many graphics code libraries

Screens which do not resize to support different screen resolutions

Labels for screen elements which overlap or are no longer aligned correctly when fonts are enlarged

Loss of server connection causes fatal errors over wireless networks

Browsers which do not correctly implement HTML standards set by the W3C (World Wide Web consortium)

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8
Q

what are two common examples of performance issues

A

The computer appears to be not responding after some function has been initiated (in fact it is busy processing a time consuming task)

Users experience poor response times.

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9
Q

What are boundaries

A

They define the limits of the problem or system to be developed.

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10
Q

What are some issues relevant to a proposed solution

A

Points from client’s perspective

Will the existing system be able to perform the required tasks in the foreseeable future

Will the proposed new system meet future needs?

have existing similar solutions been examined?

how crucial is the new system to the total organisation?

Points from the solftware developer’s perspective

What expertise is required to complete this project

What resources are required to develop this project

Will we be able to support this product in the future?

Can we retain/redistribute existing staff and resources to this project?

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11
Q

what are some social and ethical issues that need to be considered

A

Changing nature of work for users

Effects on level of employment

Effects on the public

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12
Q

what are some areas of cost that should be considered

A

Development hardware costs?

Development software costs?

Development personnel costs?

Outsourcing costs?

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13
Q

what are some factors to consider when formulating a budget

A

The available capital

the predicted sales for the finished product

cost savings as a result of the product’s implementation

Predicted future upgrade and maintenance costs for the product

Ongoing customer support costs

Other costs

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14
Q

what are the design specifications from the Developer’s perspective

A

Data types

Data structures

Algorithms

Variables

Software design approach

Quality assurance

modelling the system

documentation

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15
Q

what are the design specifications from the User’s perspective

A

interface design

Appropriate messages

Appropriate icons

Relevant data formats for display

Ergonomic issues

Relevance to the user’s environment and computer configuration

Social and ethical issues

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16
Q

what are the system modelling tools used to model a system

A

System flowcharts

Context diagrams

Data flow diagrams (DFDs)

Structure charts

IPO diagrams

Data dictionaries

Screen Designs (and concept prototypes0

Storyboards

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17
Q

What are some ways for the developer to communicate with users

A

Meetings

Questionnaires

Memos

interviews

Phone calls and Emails

Concept prototypes

18
Q

What other documentation are produced during the development process

A

Algorithims represented using psuedoce or flowcharts

Test data together with expected outputs

Source code inlcuding internal comments and intrinsic doccumenation

19
Q

What are System flowcharts

A

They are flowcharts that are used to describe the logic and flow of data through a system. They describe the interactions that can occur between input, processing, output and storage as well as the nature of these components.

20
Q

What are context diagrams

A

Context diagrams represent the entire system as a single process. They do not attempt to describe the processes within the system but rather identify the data entering and the information leaving the system together with its source and its destinations (sink). Sources and sinks are known as External entities

21
Q

What do the symbols in a Context diagram represent

A

Arrows: are the flow of inputs and outputs

Squares/rectangle: are the external entities

Circle: represent the entire system

22
Q

What do Data Flow Diagrams represent

A

The path the data takes through a system. It describes the flow of data and the processes.

23
Q

What do the symbols on the Data Flow Diagrams represent

A

Squaure/rectangle: External Entity

Circle: Process

Data Flow: arrow

Data store: open rectangle

24
Q

What is a valid process in a data flow diagram

A

A process must have one output and one input

It must Change the data

It should start with a verb

25
Q

What is a Structure Chart

A

They are used to model the hierarchy of the subroutines (processes) within a system, together with the sequence in which these subroutines are executed.

26
Q

What is a call

A

Causing the execution of a subroutine (process) from within another subroutine

27
Q

What is control

A

the influence that causes tasks to execute in their correct sequence

28
Q

what are the symbols used in a structure chart

A

Decision: Diamond

Repetition: a circular arrow around the call line

parameter: a circle at the end of an arrow filled (white filled)

Control parameter (flag): a circle at the end of an arrow filled black

call line: just a line

Module or subroutine(process): rectange/square

29
Q

How to read structure charts

A

they are read from top to bottom and from the left module to the right.

30
Q

what is a flag

A

data items used to indicate that a certain criteria has been met.

31
Q

what are IPO diagrams

A

Input process Output diagrams (IPO for short) describe the data entering a process, the nature of the processing performed on the data and the resulting informaiton leaving the process. They are used to further expan on the lower-level processed described on data flow diagrams and structure charts.

32
Q

What is a Scope

A

The extent to which a variable is avaliable for use. Global variables are for use by all subroutines in a program where as local variables are available only within the individual subroutine.

33
Q

What is a data dictionary

A

It is a carefully documented dictionary that contains all of the variable names and identifiers in a system. It contains all of the identifiers that have been used, data type, storage size, display size and format, scope of usage and various other details.

34
Q

What are the columns in a Data dicitonary

A

Identifier: name or data item

Data type: integer, string, floating point or boolean

Format: refers to the display formate where this is applicable example XXNNN

Number of bytes required for storage: stringes will use a single byte if ASCII is used, but two if Unicode is used.

Size for display: the number of characters required to display the contents of the variable on a screen or on paper.

Description: a brief outline of the logical role the data plays within the subroutine

Example: provide a type example of the actual data in its display format

Validation: Refers to the range of allowable values

Scope: is the vairable local or global (only include the global variables)

34
Q

how to write a array data type in a data dictionary

A

Array(data type)

35
Q

how to define a record in a data dictionary

A

Create a heading row that has the name of the record, then underneath them create rows for each field within the record

36
Q

what are Screen designs

A

they provide the interface between user and the software.

37
Q

What to consider when making a screen design

A

placement of items

consistency of design

order

grouping and nature of screen elements

use of colour

graphics and fonts

language

38
Q

what is a storyboard

A

it describes the screens used in a system together with how each screen interacts with other screens.

39
Q

what is Software Quality

A

The extent to which desirable features are incorporated in to software so it can reliably and efficiently continue to meet the needs of users.

SDD (8 decks)

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