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Nonfermenter And Other GNR > Define Nonfermenter > Flashcards

Define Nonfermenter Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Define nonfermentative?
A
  1. Bacteria do not ferment glucose but may or may not oxidize glucose.
  2. Aerobic, nonsporeforming, nonfermenting GNRs.
  3. Cause disease primarily in immune compromised.
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2
Q
  1. State 4 “clues” that suggests that a GNR is a nonfermenter.
A
  1. Lack of glucose fermentation (TSI K/K, glucose negative on Enterotube or API).
  2. Oxidase = positive
  3. No growth / poor growth on MAC (if growth, clear colonies NLF)
  4. Resistant to antibiotics: (aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, imipenem, penicillins)
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3
Q
  1. Describe and explain the possible reactions of the OF glucose test.
A

a. Use special tubes with a constriction in the tube or 2 tubes with same media, but one is overlaid with mineral oil (closed tube). The other is left exposed to air (open tube).

b. Interpretation:
1. Acid produced in both open and closed = fermenter (A/A)

         2. No acid produced in the closed tube, acid produced in the open tube = 
                 Oxidize (A/K) 

          3. No acid in the closed tube and no acid in the open tube 
                                                    =
                     Nonoxidizer, nonfermenter, inert, asaccharolytic (K/K)
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4
Q
  1. State the three most commonly isolated nonfermenters.
A
  1. Pseudomonas
  2. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
  3. Acinetobacter
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5
Q
  1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    A. gram stain. F. Colony morphology
    B. Oxidase. G. Motility
    C. Catalase. H. Growth at 42 degrees C
    D. TSI. I. Growth on MAC
    E. OF glucose. J. Pigment production
    K. Clinical significance.
A 
A. Gram stain = GNR
B. Oxidase  = positive (+)
C. Catalase = positive (+)
D. TSI    = K/K, H2S (-)
E. OF glucose = A/K (oxidized)

F. Colony morphology = beta hemolytic, large/spreads colonies, flat
“Grape-like odor, blue-green on SBA, MAC.
Discoloration of media, silvery sheen on SBA.

G. Motility = polar, monotrichous flagellum.

H. Temperature = grwoth at 42 C (but better pigment production at RT).
I. They grow on MAC (NLF).

J. Pigment production = EMB pigments produced

          1. Pyocyanin = green/blue
          2. Pyorubin = red
          3. Pyoverdin = yellow/ green, fluorescent
          4. Pyomelanin = brown.

K. Clinical significance :

             1. bactermeia
              2. Wound infection related to trauma
             3. Pulmonary disease - especially with cystic fibrosis. 
             4. Nosocomial infections = UTI - in dwelling catheters. 
             5. Endocarditis
             6. Burn wound infections
             7. Colonizers hot tubs, jacuzzis, etc. - cause infections
             8. Causes swimmer’s ear
             9. Over all = opportunistic infection
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6
Q
  1. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
A
  1. Gram stain = nonfermentative GNR
  2. Oxidase = negative (-)
  3. Catalase = positive (+)
  4. TST = K/K
  5. OF glucose = oxidizes glucose and maltose (A/K)
  6. Colony morphology = rough, lavender/green/ pale yellow
    Ammonia-like odor
  7. Motility = positive (+)
  8. Growth at 42 C
  9. Grow at MAC (NLF)
  10. Pigment production = No pigments produced
  11. Clinical Significance:
    A. Plant pathogen
    B. Seen as nosocomial pathogen in hospitals.
    C. Not part of normal human flora.
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7
Q

5(c). Acinetobacter

A

A. Gram stain = GNCB
B. Oxidase. = negative (-)
C. Catalase. = positive (+)
D. TSI = K/K or K/N (N= neutral)
E. OF glucose : Acinetobacter baumannii = A/K (oxidizer)
Acinetobacter lwoffi = K/K (asaccharolytic)
F. Colony morphology
0.5 - 2.0 mm colonies, white to gray, convex, entire, gamma
Hemolytic, “fishy odor”
G. Motility = nonmotile (-)
H. Grow at 42 C
I. Grow on MAC = colonies have faint purple - blue tint (NLF). May look like LF.
J . Grow on EMB = colonies are a deep cornflower blue color.
K. Pigment production = neither one is pigmented
L. Clinical Significance:
1. Normal flora mucous membranes and skin
2. Ubiquitous in the environment ( grow at anywhere).
3. Nosocomial infections
4. Opportunistic pathogen : pneumonia, UTI, endocarditis, septicemia, meningitis, cellulitis.

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8
Q
  1. State gram stain, oxidase and significance of Moraxella. (What may Moraxella be confused with from a genital source on GS.
A
  1. Gram stain = bipolar GNR or GNCB
  2. Oxidase. = positive
  3. Significance of Moraxella = small colonies (push colonies) on SBA.
  4. Can confuse with Neisseria in the female genital tract
    . Nessieria are fermenters, Moraxella are not
    . Moraxella are normal flora in respiratory tract, genitourinary tract.
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9
Q
  1. State gram stain, oxidase, indole, and clinical significance of Chryseobacterium meningosepticum.
A
  1. Gram stain = GNR : long, thin with bulbous ends.
  2. Oxidase. = positive
  3. Indole. = positive in most species.
  4. Clinical significance = not normal flora in humans
    . Cause opportunistic infections.
    . Delayed fermentation
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10
Q
  1. State gram stain, oxidase, colony morphology, and clinical significance of Eikenella corrodes.
A
  1. Gram stain. = GNR
  2. Oxidase. = positive
  3. Colony morphology : produce yellow pigmented colonies
    Pits the agar (“corrodens”).
    Bleach-like odor
  4. Clinical significance :
    . Normal oral cavity flora (mouth), and GI flora
    . Found in dental infections, root canals, human bite wounds,
    . Needle/skin poppers (where IV drug users wet the needle with saliva)
    . Clenched fist injuries where traumatic implantation/ puncture occurs
    . Forcing the organism to the bone
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11
Q
  1. State gram stain and oxidase of Alcaligenes.
A
  1. Gram stain = GNR = aerobic
  2. Colony morphology = fruity odor
    Like the freshly peeled green peel of green summer apples.
  3. Oxidase = positive
  4. Found in swimming pools, tap water, dialysis fluids.
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12
Q
  1. HÁČEK acronym
A

H. = Haemophilus sp

A = Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

C = Cardiobacterium hominids

E = Eikenella corrodens

K. = Kingella sp.

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13
Q

10 . Bordetella pertussis

A
  1. Gram stain = GNCB - pale - double safari not time.
  2. Special media = Border Gengou media (or) Reagan Lowe(blood
    Charcoal agar).
  3. Optimal specimen = Nasopharyngeal Swab
  4. Source of Infection = spread by respiratory aerosols
  5. Clinical Significance: Whooping cough
  6. Unique colony morphology : “Droplets of mercury”
    Silvery sheen, shines, dome
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14
Q
  1. Brucella melitensis = goats
    Brucella Suis. =. Pigs
    Brucella Cainis = dogs
    Brucella abortus = cattle
A
  1. Gram stain =
  2. Special media = SBA, CHOC, BCYE
  3. Specimen = blood
  4. Source of infection = contact with contaminated milk or animals/ paws.
  5. Clinical significance :
    Cause “Brucellosis = undulant fever (up and down fever).
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15
Q
  1. Francisella tularensis = squirrels, rabbits beavers
A

Gram stain = GNB

  1. Special media = BCG ( blood Cysteine Glucose agar)
  2. Optimal specimen = sputum, skin biopsy, wound
  3. Source of infection = direct contact with, ingestion of meat, aerosol inhalation
    Bites, handily infected bites
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16
Q
  1. Pasteurella multocia = dogs and cats
A
  1. Gram stain = GNCB
  2. Special media = grow on SBA, CHOC, MAC
    No grow on MAC
    Oxidase = positive
    Spot indole = positive
  3. Specimen. = exudate from bites/ scratches wounds
  4. Source of infection = transmitted through bites/ scratch
  5. Clinical significance
    . Pasteurellosis
    . NURF (normal upper respiratory flora) in dogs and cats.
  6. Clinical significance = animal bite infections
  7. Colony morphology = gamma hemolysis, circular, entire, gray
    “Musty, mushroom odors”
17
Q
  1. Streptobacillus moniliformis = rats/ mice
A
  1. Gram stain =
  2. Special media = media must be supplemented with serum.
    . Broth supplement with serum + patient’s specimen
  3. Specimen = blood
  4. Source of infection = rat/mouse bite, contact with rodent urine.
    Ingest contaminated milk/H2O
  5. Clinical significance = Haverhill fever = ingest contaminated milk/water
  6. unique colony morphology = puff ball or fluff ball colonies in broth
18
Q
  1. Legionella pneumophila
A
  1. Gram stain = GNR
  2. Special media = BCYE (Buffered charcoal yeast Extract)
  3. Specimen = sputum, bronchial washings/brushing, lung biopsy
  4. Source of infection:
    Found in water sources: air conditioning, cooling water pipes, dentist office.
  5. Clinical significance = Legionnarie’s disease - pneumonia - stystemic
    Mortality rate 15 - 30%
    Pontiac fever - milder - flu-like symptom
  6. Unique colony morphology =
    . “Speckled opalescence = ground glass
19
Q
  1. Gardnerella vaginalis

State gram stain, oxidase, catalase, media required, colony morphology, confirmatory test and clinical significance.

A
  1. Gram stain = pleomorphic GVR
  2. Oxidase = negative (-)
  3. Catalase = negative (-)
  4. Media required = HBT (Human Bilager Tween)
  5. Colony morphology : small beta hemolysis colonies
    Tiny pinpoint colonies on SBA, CHOC.
  6. Confirmation test = hippurate hydrolysis, culture, GS, Selective HBT
  7. Clinical significance = bacterial vaginitis = vaginal discharge with odor
20
Q
  1. Describe clue cell
A

Clue cell = squamous epithelial cells around with gram variable pleomorphic rods.

21
Q
  1. Campylobacter pylori

Found in domestic animals = dogs, cats, chicken, water faucets, turkey

A
  1. Gram stain = GNR : seagulls , S shape
  2. Oxidase. = positive (+)
  3. Catalase = positive
  4. Motility = single polar flagella
  5. Definitive identification test = Differential susceptibility test
    . Nalidixic Acid = S
    Cephothin. = R
  6. Media = Campy-BAP (Brucella (blood) agar plate), SBA + antibiotics.
  7. Temperature =42 c

Atmosphere required = microaerophilic = like decreased O2
Capnophilic
(5% oxygen, 10% CO2, 85% N2)

  1. Colony morphology = minimum 72 hours tendency to growth confluently along the streak line.
  2. Source of infection =
    Ingestion of raw milk
    Poorly cooked poultry, contaminated water, handling infected pets.
  3. Clinical significance = bacterial gastroenteritis on a worldwide basic.
    Gastroenteritis = abdominal pain, bloody urea, chilling, fever.
22
Q
  1. Vibrio = fresh + Salt water, shellfish = oyster
A
  1. Gram stain = GNR
  2. Oxidase. = positive
  3. Catalase = positive
  4. Media = TCBS ( Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Source)
    Growth - yellow- sucrose fermenter
    Growth - green color - V.parahemolyticas (+), V. Vulnificus.
  5. Source of infection =
    . Contaminated food/ water sources: shellfish
  6. Clinical significance = cholera
    . Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances - shock - death
    . 10-30 days stool/day, “rice water” stool.
23
Q
  1. Aeromonas
A

Gram stain = GNR
Oxidase = positive
Catalase = positive

Clinical infection = infected by freshwater exposure
Wound infection

24
Q
  1. Plesiomonas shigelloides
A
  1. Gram stain = GNR
  2. Oxidase = positive
  3. Catalase = positive
  4. Clinical significance = infected through ingestion contaminated food/ water source
    . Vets, zoo keepers, fish handlers
25
Q
  1. State how to screen for Vibrio, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas.
A 
Stool ———on SBA (sweep oxidase = heavy colonize area)
Incubate for 18-24 hrs, oxygen, 35 C
Sweep loop through heavy area of growth
Oxidase (+) = suspicious = V,A, P
Oxidase (-) = rule out = V, A, P
26
Q
  1. State the clinical significance of Helicobacter pylori
A
  1. Peptic ulcer (vast majority cause peptic ulcer)
  2. Chronic superficial gastritis (type B gastrins)
  3. Rapid urease producer = within minute .

Nonfermenter And Other GNR (1 decks)

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