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Sociology Exam 1 Defenitions > Defenitions > Flashcards

Defenitions Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Society

A

Group of people that live in the same area and participate in a common culture

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2
Q

Class

A

Group of people within a society who possess the same economic status

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3
Q

Norms

A

Informal rules telling us what’s appropriate in any given situation violation equals consequences (ex: washing hands, waiting in line)

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4
Q

Institutions

A

Important social patterns that endure overtime typically organize many norms (ex: marriage-having kids, sharing money, living together, last name)

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5
Q

Sociological perspective

A

Looking at social life in a scientific way looking beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human action

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6
Q

Roles

A

A social position that comes with expectations for how you act (ex: daughter, sister, student, friend)

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7
Q

Ascribed role

A

A role not subject to a personal choice ( child, gender, race)

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8
Q

Achieved role

A

A role that is earned or chosen (lawyer, waitress, artist)

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9
Q

Free will

A

Ability to choose think and act voluntarily

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10
Q

Hierarchies

A

Organization of roles and groups from high to low status of power (wealth, race, sex, work, family)

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11
Q

Social structure

A

Enduring patterns of social life, forms unseen structure that we as individuals are shaped by and operate within

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12
Q

Stereotypes

A

A simplified generalization about a group

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13
Q

Emergent

A

Emerges naturally as a result of bottom-up forces

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14
Q

Opportunity hoarding

A

When high status/power groups try to control resources or opportunities and deny them to lower status groups

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15
Q

Power

A

Obey because of force (Jesus, hitler, mlk)

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16
Q

Authority

A

Obey because the government is thought to be legitimate (ex: obeying the law)

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17
Q

Legitimacy

A

Someone who has authority if people think their leadership role is legitimate (appropriate and proper) (ex: obeying fighter fighters in a emergency)

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18
Q

Traditional authority

A

Legitimacy arises out of tradition

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19
Q

Charismatic authority

A

Legitimacy based on charisma of the leader, The idea the leader is special or may have supernatural authority

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20
Q

Legal-rational authority

A

Legitimacy based on rule of law

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21
Q

Socialism

A

Social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources

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22
Q

Capitalism

A

Bourgeoisie ceases economic surplus, economics organized around market-based exchange, products produced for profit and no personal gain

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23
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Class who owned money or other capital that can be used to finance business investments-Employed or exploited the proletariats

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24
Q

Proletariat

A

The working class, controlled and paid by the bourgeoisie

25
Q

Forces of production

A

The societies technological and productive capacity

26
Q

Mode of production

A

The dominant economic system in a society

27
Q

Social relations of production

A

The relationship between people in the economy

28
Q

Economic determinism

A

The economic system determines everything in a society (gov)

29
Q

Collective consciousness

A

Shared values, beliefs, ideas, attitudes, and knowledge that gave people roles in a society

30
Q

Cult of the individual

A

All members of the society respect the individual, holds modern society together

31
Q

Interpretive sociology

A

Study the meaning people give to the world and their actions

32
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that causes the change (cause)

33
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that changes (effect)

34
Q

Variable

A

Concepts whose values change case to case

35
Q

How is sociology different from other social sciences?

A

-not focused on one specific area of life
-many concepts and theories apply to society generally
-Interested in how the parts interconnect

36
Q

How can you tell if something is a norm?

A

If a norm is broken or violated there will be consequences

37
Q

The relationship between norms and institutions

A

Institutions organize together many norms

38
Q

Social structure

A

Allows us to cooperate, but it can also be unjust or dysfunctional and can limit our free well (Bad things happen when social structure breaks down)

39
Q

Negative social structure

A

When higher status groups try to control resources or opportunities and deny them to lower status groups-Opportunity hoarding

40
Q

Positive social structure

A

Provides an order to society, Some order is emergent-how hierarchy’s emerge

41
Q

In what ways can unjust hierarchies be maintained?

A

Legal means-laws
Informal means-Discrimination
Stereotypes-Generalization about a group
Free will-Ability to choose, think, or act voluntarily

42
Q

Marx (father of socialism) (1818-1883)

A

Determines society-economic system (mode of production)
The future-federalism, capitalism, socialism, communism
Religion-dependent on economy (Religion is the opiate of the masses)-manipulates people
Possession of the economic surplus:
Federalism-lords
Capitalism-Bourgeoisie
Conflict theory-Groups in a society that compete Over limited resources (Oppressors – bourgeoisie, oppressed – proletariat)

43
Q

Durkheim (father of sociology) (1858-1917)

A

More frequent suicide-well educated, small families, recently divorced, Protestant
Less frequent suicide-living in war times, large families, married, Catholics
Religion-holds society together
Holds together modern society-cult of the individual
Holds together pre modern society-collective consciousness
Promoted anomie-less embedded in a group
Functionalism-Social facts, religion, division of labor, collective consciousness-To hold together and work properly



44
Q

Weber (founded first German sociology journal) (1864-1920)

A

Symbolic interactionalism-The meaning people give to the world and the motivations behind their actions (every situation has meaning)
Protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism-people in capitalist societies are less economically rational
why people obey authority-obey because the government is thought to be legitimate (right thing to do)



45
Q

Urban areas of the 19th century

A

High poverty, poor public health, increased crime, opportunity hoarding

46
Q

4 motives of action (Weber)

A

Instrumental rationality-to gain or receive an award (lemonade stand)
Value rationality-Belief in an ultimate value, regardless of rewards (pursuit of knowledge and learning) (soldier in war)
Affectual motives-action guided by positive or negative emotions (get in fight when upset)
Traditional motives-Action guided by beliefs and following establish traditions (going to college because your family did)


47
Q

The society

A

Functionalism

48
Q

The situation

A

Symbolic interactionalism

49
Q

Line

A

Way of acting that expresses individuals in view of the situation, including of self and other participants in any situation a participant takes or acts out of “line”

50
Q

Face

A

The positive social value that someone claims for her self in the situation

51
Q

Facework

A

Action taken by a person to make whatever he is doing consistent with his face

52
Q

Wrong face

A

Ashamed and inferior

53
Q

Saving face

A

Helping someone else save face

54
Q

Situation

A

Circumstances one finds himself and that may include roles and responsibilities that suggest how to behave

55
Q

Manipulating the shared definition of the situation

A

Failure results in extreme embarrassment

56
Q

What is the proper role of values in social scientific research?

A

Values/morals-should not guide what conclusions one reaches
-Are values can help us choose what subjects we research
-you need to have faith that the truth is worth pursuing
-Research, hypothesis, variables

57
Q

Functionalism application (Durkheim)

A

Systems in the society (religion, marriage, doctors)

58
Q

Conflict theory application (Marx)

A

Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

59
Q

Symbolic interactionism application (Weber)

A

Every situation has meaning and can be symbolically meaningful (family sitting at diner table)

Sociology Exam 1 Defenitions (1 decks)

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