Defence and Vaccination Against Bacteria

Question 1

give characteristics of a good vaccine

Answer 1

stimulate effective immune response
safe
no sife effects
inexpensive to manufacture and distribute
stable
easy to administer

Question 2

describe the phases of vaccine clinical trials

Answer 2

phase 1 = asses safety and immunogenicity, small number
phase 2 = asses immune response and safety, includes all group likely to use vaccine
phase 3 = protection studies, double blind placebo trial, requires good surveillance, assess efficacy

Question 3

give the equation for vaccine efficacy

Answer 3

1-(attack rate in vaccinated group/attack rate in unvaccinated group)

Question 4

give the equation for vaccine coverage needed to achieve herd effect

Answer 4

(1-1/R0)/effectiveness

R0 = basic reproduction number

Question 5

give the equation for the herd effect

Answer 5

1-(attack rate unvaccinated post-intro./attack rate vaccinated intro.)

Question 6

what 3 elements do vaccines consist of?

Answer 6

antigen - stimulate immune response to disease
adjuvant - enhance and modulate immune response
excipients - preservative (buffer, salts, saccharides, proteins to maintain pH, osmolarity and vaccine stability)

Question 7

list the types of vaccine antigens

Answer 7

live attenuated organism
killed whole organism
purified component vaccine
toxoids
polysaccharide conjugates

Question 8

what vaccines are included in the UK childhood immunisation programme

Answer 8

HPV - teen girls
DTaP-IPV - pre primary
MMR - “ “
DT-IPV - secondary education

Question 9

what combo of vaccines is included in DTaP-Hib-IPV

Answer 9

diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, whooping cough/pertussis, haemophilia influenzae type B conjugate, inactive polio type 1/2/3, adjuvant Al phosphate

Question 10

what are conjugate vaccines?

Answer 10

carb chemically linked to immunogenic protein

Question 11

give characteristic of conjugate vaccines

Answer 11

expensive, highly purified components, safe, simple for control, long lived, bootable, herd immunity offered

Question 12

give examples of conjugate vaccines

Answer 12

Hib, pneumococcal, MenC

Question 13

give an examples of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 13

BCG = TB

Question 14

give an example of killed who cell vaccine, explain the types

Answer 14

cholera
-parenteral = poor efficacy, short lived protection, strain specific
oral = good efficacy, safe, high protective efficacy after 2 doses

Question 15

what do adjuvants include?

Answer 15

immune potentiators = PAMPS, cytokines, peptides, cytokines, hormones, toxins, lipids, carbs