default mode Flashcards
The ‘default-mode’ network, first identified by Raichle, is a large and robustly replicable network that comprises m............. ventral prefrontal cortex (MVPFC) and p........... cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus in the midline and which has been linked to non-goal-directed processes
The ‘default-mode’ network, first identified by Raichle et al.
(12), is a large and robustly replicable network (13,14,15) that comprises medial ventral
prefrontal cortex (MVPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus in the midline
and which has been linked to non-goal-directed processes
By definition, default-mode network activity can be detected during r…………… state scans, and abnormalities in this network have been reported in ADHD.
By definition, default-mode
network activity can be detected during resting state scans, and abnormalities in this network
have been reported in ADHD (
the finding that decreased cue-related a………….
in three prefrontal regions predicted slower response times and d…………… default-mode
network suppression in healthy adult volunteers
the finding that decreased cue-related activation
in three prefrontal regions predicted slower response times and decreased default-mode
network suppression in healthy adult volunteers
we found strong evidence of disconnection between an anterior cingulate control
region implicated in ADHD and posterior components of the default-mode network,
i.e., pre………… and PCC.
we found strong evidence of disconnection between an anterior cingulate control
region implicated in ADHD (32,37) and posterior components of the default-mode network,
i.e., precuneus and PCC.
In the context of increasing awareness of the complex role of precuneus and PCC in “high-level integration between posterior a……………. processes and anterior e…………… functions”
In the context of increasing awareness of the complex role of
precuneus and PCC in “high-level integration between posterior association processes and
anterior executive functions”
our findings suggest that structural and functional
circuits linking the dACC to p……….. and PCC may represent ‘small-world n……….’ longrange
connections that should be considered as a candidate locus of dysfunction in ADHD.
our findings suggest that structural and functional
circuits linking the dACC to precuneus and PCC may represent ‘small-world network’ longrange
connections (39) that should be considered as a candidate locus of dysfunction in ADHD.
ADHD’s children performance and behaviour may approach that of their peers when a task is n……..,
stimulating or rewarding (Borger & van der Meere,2000; Luman, Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 2005; Slusarek,Velling, Bunk, & Eggers, 2001
their performance and behaviour may
approach that of their peers when a task is novel,
stimulating or rewarding (Borger & van der Meere,
2000; Luman, Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 2005; Slusarek,
Velling, Bunk, & Eggers, 2001
Wilkison et al. (1995) found
that methylphenidate, a dopamine re-uptake
inhibitor, increased the v…….. of reward in boys
with ADHD,
Wilkison et al. (1995) found that methylphenidate, a dopamine re-uptake inhibitor, increased the value of reward in boys with ADHD,
Volkow et al. (2004, 2008) found
that in healthy adults, methylphenidate enhanced
the s…………. of a rewarded task, increased levels of extra-cellular dopamine,
Volkow et al. (2004, 2008) found
that in healthy adults, methylphenidate enhanced
the salience of a rewarded task, increased levels of
extra-cellular dopamine,
The DMN is a distributed brain system, comprising medial pre-frontal cortex and medial and lateral p………… regions.
The DMN is a distributed brain system, comprising
medial pre-frontal cortex and medial and lateral
parietal regions.
It is anticorrelated with attentional
networks activated by goal-d…………
behaviour, and is thought to reflect intrinsic brain activity, hence the term ‘default-mode’ (Raichle et al., 2001).
It is anticorrelated with attentional
networks activated by goal-directed behaviour, and is
thought to reflect intrinsic brain activity, hence the
term ‘default-mode’ (Raichle et al., 2001).
It is active during self-r……………. mental activity (Gusnard, Akbudak, Shulman, & Raichle,
It is active
during self-referential mental activity (Gusnard,
Akbudak, Shulman, & Raichle,
DMN is active during m……………
(Mason et al., 2007), and deactivated both
tonically (Fransson, 2006) and p………… (Singh & Fawcett, 2008) by tasks requiring attention to the external world.
and mindwandering
(Mason et al., 2007), and deactivated both
tonically (Fransson, 2006) and phasically (Singh &
Fawcett, 2008) by tasks requiring attention to the
external world.
During rest, the ‘task-negative’ DMN
alternates s……………… with activation in ‘taskpositive’ networks (Fox et al., 2005),
During rest, the ‘task-negative’ DMN
alternates spontaneously with activation in ‘taskpositive’
networks (Fox et al., 2005),
During rest, the ‘task-negative’ DMN decreased deactivation
with e……….. (Li, Yan, Bergquist, & Sinha, 2007).
and decreased deactivation with errors (Li, Yan, Bergquist, & Sinha, 2007).
Moreover, phasic dopamine release appears
crucial to task-stimulus s………… and thus rewardmediated p………………..
(Caron & Wightman, 2009).
Moreover, phasic dopamine release appears
crucial to task-stimulus salience and thus rewardmediated
processing (Caron & Wightman, 2009).
If task-related down-regulation of the DMN is modulated by dopaminergic reward circuitry, a dopaminergic deficit might be expected to result in a…………. DMN d……………. during unengaging tasks
Sonuga-Barke and Castellanos
If
task-related down-regulation of the DMN is modulated
by dopaminergic reward circuitry, a dopaminergic
deficit might be expected to result in
attenuated DMN deactivation during unengaging
tasks, while an indirect dopamine agonist such as
methylphenidate might be expected to enhance both
task salience and DMN deactivation.
Sonuga-Barke and Castellanos
Sonuga-Barke and Castellanos (2007) have
hypothesised that the sustained-attention deficits of ADHD may arise from altered modulation of DMN c……………., leading, under sub-optimal conditions, to
i……………… DMN activity and lapses of attention.
Sonuga-Barke and Castellanos (2007) have
hypothesised that the sustained-attention deficits of
ADHD may arise from altered modulation of DMN
coherence, leading, under sub-optimal conditions, to
intrusive DMN activity and lapses of attention.
Castellanos et al. (2008) report disrupted functional c……………… between the anterior cingulate cortex and regions of the DMN in adults with ADHD,
Castellanos
et al. (2008) report disrupted functional
connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex
and regions of the DMN in adults with ADHD,
Peterson et al. (2009) found a…………… task-related DMN deactivation in ADHD
during an inhibitory control task, n………….. by
methylphenidate,
Peterson et al. (2009) found
attenuated task-related DMN deactivation in ADHD
during an inhibitory control task, normalised by
methylphenidate,
Fassbender et al. (2009) found that children with ADHD showed attenuated deactivation with i……….. working m………. load in frontal DMN regions.
Fassbender et al. (2009)
found that children with ADHD showed attenuated
deactivation with increased working memory load in
frontal DMN regions.
in the latter study, those with g……… reaction time variability, an index of distractibility, showed l…….. deactivation.
in the latter study,
those with greatest reaction time variability, an index
of distractibility, showed least deactivation.
(Liddle et al., 2009) suggests that
when a strong incentive to inhibit is pitted against a stringent penalty for late responses, typically developing
children c………… the balance between motor
restraint and the drive to go, timing their responses to fall within a temporal ‘sweet spot’ in which the probability
of success is m……………….
(Liddle et al., 2009) suggests that
when a strong incentive to inhibit is pitted against a
stringent penalty for late responses, typically developing
children calibrate the balance between motor
restraint and the drive to go, timing their responses to
fall within a temporal ‘sweet spot’ in which the probability
of success is maximised.
their performance and behaviour may
approach that of their peers when a task is n……..,
stimulating or rewarding (Borger & van der Meere,
2000; Luman, Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 2005; Slusarek,
Velling, Bunk, & Eggers, 2001
their performance and behaviour may
approach that of their peers when a task is novel,
stimulating or rewarding (Borger & van der Meere,
2000; Luman, Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 2005; Slusarek,
Velling, Bunk, & Eggers, 2001
