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Pain Management > def. of terms describing pain > Flashcards

def. of terms describing pain Flashcards

1
Q

acupuncture

A

the practice of inserting needles at certain points in the skin to achieve specific effects such as pain relief

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2
Q

adjunctive

A

additional therapy used together w. the 1* Tx

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3
Q

adjuvant

A

a drug that is administered for a purpose other than analgesia, but that has independent or additive pain-relieving effects; Tx that is given in addition to the 1*, main, or initial Tx

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4
Q

agonist

A

a drug that exerts its effect by binding to and activating specific receptors

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5
Q

algogenic

A

pain inducing

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6
Q

allodynia

A

pain caused by a stimulus that does not normally cause pain

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7
Q

analgesia

A

loss of sensitivity to a stimulus that would normally produce pain (noxious stimulus)

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8
Q

analgesic ceiling effect

A

the drug dosage beyond which no beneficial analgesic effect is observed

an analgesic ceiling effect is observed w both butorphanol AND buprenorphine

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9
Q

anesthesia

A

total or partial loss of sensation

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10
Q

antagonist

A

a drug that exerts its effects by competitively binding to receptors and Px the effects of agonists

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11
Q

central sensitization

A

sensitization of Nn in the spinal cord and brain d/t amplification and facilitation of synaptic transfer from the peripheral nociceptor to dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord

is triggered in central neurons by intense nociceptor input into the spinal cord (activity dependent) and is sustained beyond the initiating stimulus by changes in the molecular machinery of the cell (transcription dependent)

activation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NDMA) receptors play a key role in the development of central sensitization

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12
Q

distress

A

condition in which stress negatively affects biologic functions critical to the animal’s well-being

also: to cause pain of suffering, to make miserable

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13
Q

dysesthesia

A

abnormal sense of touch

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14
Q

epidural space

A

the space above the dura mater

injection into this are is commonly referred to as an epidural

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15
Q

hyperalgesia

A

an increased response to a stimulation that is normally painful (heightened sense of pain) at the site of injury or in surrounding undamaged tissue

stimulated nociceptors respond to noxious stimuli more vigorously and at a lower threshold

1* and 2* hyperalgesia…

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16
Q

primary hyperalgesia

A

increased sensitivity to a stimulus that is normally painful at the site localized to the area of tissue damage or inflammation

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17
Q

secondary hyperalgesia

A

increased sensitivity to a stimulus that is normally painful in uninjured or inflamed tissues in areas around and beyond the 1* site of tissue injury

caused by central sensitization

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18
Q

hyperesthesia

A

increased sensitivity to touch

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19
Q

hyperpathia

A

a painful syndrome characterized by an increased reaction to a stimulus, especially if it is repetitive

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20
Q

hypoalgesia

A

decreased sensitivity to a noxious stimulus

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21
Q

hypoesthesia

A

decreased sensitivity to touch

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22
Q

interventional pain management

A

an invasive procedure to Tx or manage pain through an injection of a drug or implantation of a drug delivery device

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23
Q

local anesthesia

A

the temporary loss of sensation in a defined part of the body w/o loss of consciousness

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24
Q

multi-modal analgesia

A

the use of multiple drugs w different mechanisms of action, which may act at different levels of the nociceptive pathways, to produce enhanced (additive, superadditive) analgesic effects

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25
Q

myofascial pain

A

a syndrome of focal pain in a muscle or related tissues, stiffness, muscle spasm, a decreased range of motion

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26
Q

nociception

A

the neural processes for encoding pain: transduction, conduction, and central nervous system processing of nerve signals generated by the stimulation of nociceptors

the physiologic process that leads to the perception of pain

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27
Q

noxious stimulus

A

a stimulus (chemical, thermal, mechanical, electrical) that produces pain and damages or threatens to damage normal tissues

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28
Q

opioid

A

a drug that is related naturally or synthetically to morphine

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29
Q

pain

A

an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage

the inability to communicate verbally does not negate the need for appropriate pain-relieving Tx

30
Q

acute pain

A

pain that follows some bodily injury, disappears with healing, and tends to be self-limiting

31
Q

adaptive pain

A

pain that contributes to survival by limiting or preventing contact w or movement of the injured part until healing is complete, thereby minimizing further damage

inflammatory pain is typically adaptive and decreases as the damage and inflammatory response resolve

32
Q

breakthrough pain

A

a transient flare-up of pain in the chronic pain setting that can occur even when chronic pain is under control

33
Q

cancer pain

A

pain that can be acute, chronic, or intermittent; is related to the disease itself or to the Tx

34
Q

central pain

A

pain initiated or caused by dysfunction or a lesion in the CNS

35
Q

chronic pain

A

pain that lasts several weeks to months and persists beyond the expected healing time when nonmalignant in origin

36
Q

clinical pain

A

pain of inflammatory or neuropathic origin that is characterized by increased sensitivity to noxious (hyperalgesia) and non-noxious stimuli and a spread of hypersensitivity to uninjured tissue (2* hyperalgesia)

differs from physiologic pain by the presence of pathologic hypersensitivity

37
Q

deep pain

A

pain that is present in “deep” anatomic structures (bone, muscle, tendon, ligament)

38
Q

dysfunctional pain

A

amplification of nociceptive signaling in the absence of inflammation or neural lesions

39
Q

first pain

A

the initial well-localized and generally brief pain produced by a noxious stimulus: produced by high-threshold nociceptors

40
Q

inflammatory pain

A

pain as a result of tissue damage and the release or activation of local inflammatory mediators (PGs, hydrogen ion, histamine)

inflammatory pain typically decreases as the damage and inflammatory response resolve

41
Q

intractable pain

A

intense, constant, usually chronic pain that does not respond to any therapeutic medical intervention

42
Q

maladaptive pain

A

pain that is uncoupled from a noxious stimulus or healing tissue and generally occurs in response to damage to the nervous system (neuropathic pain)

OR results from abnormal operation of the nervous system (dysfunctional pain)

is the expression of abnormal sensory processing and usually is persistent or recurrent; it is pain as disease

43
Q

neuropathic pain

A

pain that originates from injury or involvement of the peripheral or central nervous system and is described as burning or shooting, possibly associated with motor, sensory, or autonomic deficits

44
Q

nociceptive pain

A

the sensation associated with the detection of potentially tissue damaging noxious stimuli; this type of pain is protective

45
Q

pathologic pain

A

a disease state that is caused by damage to the nervous system (neuropathic) or by its abnormal function (dysfunctional) and persists long after the healing process has occurred

46
Q

perioperative pain

A

pain that is present or occurs during the period extending from the time of hospitalization for Sx to the time of discharge

47
Q

second pain

A

delayed, diffuse and protracted, generally burning pain, that persists after the termination of the noxious stimulus

severe, acute painful events (trauma) and chronic and visceral pain are almost always characterized as second pain

48
Q

superficial pain

A

pain that originates in “superficial” tissues (skin, subcutis)

49
Q

visceral pain

A

pain that originates from the body cavities (abdominal, thoracic) and the brain

50
Q

pain scales

A

visual, categoric, and numeric methods (instruments) used (by proxy) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes to estimate the intensity of pain

51
Q

pain threshold

A

the least amount of pain that an animal can recognize

52
Q

pain tolerance level

A

the greatest level of pain that an individual can tolerate

53
Q

paresthesia

A

a spontaneous or evoked abnormal sensation generally occurring in animals with neuropathic pain

54
Q

pathologic pain

A

pain that has an exaggerated response much beyond its protective usefulness

is often associated with tissue injury incurred at the time of Sx or trauma

55
Q

peripheral sensitization

A

injury and inflammation of tissue result in alterations of the chemical environment of the peripheral nerve terminal of nociceptors

injured or inflamed tissues release intracellular contents such as ATPs, K+, and H+, cytokines, chemokines, GFs, PGs

these factors act directly to activate (nociceptor activators) or to sensitize (nociceptor sensitizers) the terminal so that it becomes hypersensitive to subsequent stimuli

56
Q

physiologic pain

A

pain that acts as a protective mechanism and that is initiated by high threshold receptors

well localized and transient

incites individuals to move away from the cause of potential tissue damage or to avoid movement or contact with external stimuli during a reparative phase

57
Q

preemptive analgesia

A

a pharmacologic intervention performed before a noxious event (Sx) that is intended to minimize the impact of the stimulus by Px peripheral and/or central sensitization

58
Q

preventative analgesia

A

analgesic Tx that is initiated before a procedure to reduce the consequences of nociceptive transmission initiated by the procedure

goal: to minimize sensitization induced by noxious perioperative stimuli including those arising before, during, and after the procedure

an analgesic therapy that is designed for the purpose of decreasing analgesic consumption relative to a placebo Tx or compared w no Tx and to produce an analgesic effect that extends for a period of time that outlasts the pharmacologic effect (more than 5.5 half-lives) for the drug in question

59
Q

radiculopathy

A

irritation of or injury (compression, inflammation, tissue damage) to a nerve root

60
Q

regional anesthesia

A

the loss of sensation in part of the body caused by interruption of the sensory Nn conducting impulses from that region of the body

61
Q

sedation

A

CNS depression, mediated via the cerebral cortex, in which the individual is drowsy but arousable

62
Q

somatic pain

A

pain that originates from damage to bones, joints, muscle, or skin and is described in human beings as localized, constant, sharp, aching, and throbbing

63
Q

stress response

A

neuroendocrine-immune and behavioral response to actual or potential tissue damage

“fight or flight response”

64
Q

subarachnoid space

A

the space above the pia mater and below the arachnoid mater, in which cerebrospinal fluid can be found

a subarachnoid injection is also referred to as a “spinal”

65
Q

suffering

A

a state of emotional distress associated with events that threaten the biologic and/or psychosocial integrity of the individual

often accompanies severe pain but can occur in its absence; hence pain and suffering are phenomenologically distinct

66
Q

sympathetic mediated pain

A

a syndrome in which there is abnormal sympathetic nervous system activity causing a severe debilitation that is often associated with tenderness to a light touch

67
Q

trigger zone or point

A

hypersensitive area on the body surface where touch or pressure elicits a painful response

68
Q

tolerance

A

a shortened duration and decreased intensity of the analgesic, euphoric, sedative and other CNS depressant effects, as well as considerable increase in the average dose required to achieve a given effect

69
Q

tranquilization

A

a state of calmness, mediated through the reticular activating system, in which the individual is relaxed, awake, unaware or its surroundings, and potentially indifferent to minor pain

70
Q

visceral pain

A

pain that arises from stretching, distension, or inflammation or the viscera

is described as deep, cramping, aching, or gnawing, without good localizaiton

71
Q

wind-up

A

sensitization of nociceptors and peripheral and central pain pathways in response to a barrage of afferent nociceptive impulses resulting in expanded receptive fields and an increased rate of discharge

Pain Management (1 decks)

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