deck_6866068 Flashcards
What is the age of a neonate?
First month after birth
What is the age of an infant?
First year after birth
Details of the organs of the fetus are established when?
2nd-3rd month
When the organs of the fetus will be the same as that of neonate?
4th month
When cellular development takes place in fetal development?
5th month
Fetal development starts when?
First month
The heart begins to beat at fourth week after fertilization. What is the HR?
65 beats/min
At 3rd month onwards of fetal development, what will be the principal source of RBC and most of the WBC?
Bone marrow
At 6th week of fetal development, what will begin to form blood cells?
Liver
At 3rd month of fetal development, what organs will begin to form blood cells?
Spleen and other lymphoid tissues of the body
What system cannot occur during fetal life, it is inhibited to prevent fluid and debris to fill in?
Respiratory system. There is no air to breathe in the amniotic fluid. Inhibition of this system prevents filling of fluid and debris (meconium) into the lungs.
Stool of fetus excreted into amniotic fluid?
Meconium. It is a residue form swallowed amniotic fluid and mucus, epithelial cells and other residues of excretory products from the GI mucosa and glands.
Impairment of this organ leads to oligohydramnios?
During 4-6 months of pregnancy, fetal kidneys begin to excrete fetal urine which is 70-80% of amniotic fluid. Impairment of fetal kidneys lead to reduced fetal urine > reduced amniotic fluid > oligohydramnios
Reflexes of fetus are present when?
3rd to 4th month
It is a switch from intrauterine to extrauterine. It requires higher metabolic needs (anabolism. It is a period of rapid growth and development. The systems are immature at this period.
Neonatal physiology
Normally, how many minutes will the neonate start to breathe?a.) Within one hourb.) Within 30 secondsc.) Within one minuted.) Within one second
C.) Within one minute. Loss of placental support so respiratory system starts to function. Neonate starts to breathe. Begins to breathe within seconds. Normal RR within 1 min after birth. Breathing is initiated by sudden exposure to outside world.When the newborn progressively becomes hypoxic, hypercapnic, and acidotic, these provide stimulus to respiratory center and usually causes breathing within an additional minute after birth.
What would be the consequence to the neonate for giving excessive anesthesia to the mother during delivery? a.) Increased heart rateb.) Delayed urinary functionc.) Meconium is increasedd.) Delayed onset of respiratory
d.) Delayed onset of respiratory. Other causes: 1.) Umbilical cord compression,2.) Premature separation of the placenta3.) Excessive contraction of the uterus
TRUE OR FALSE: The neonate can tolerate delayed breathing up to 15 minutes.
FALSE. The neonate can tolerate up to 10 minutes while adult can tolerate only 4 minutes delay of breathing. Permanent brain damage may occur after atleast 8 minutes.
Required pressure to oppose the surface tension in the collapsed alveoli of newborn?
25mmHg of negative inspiratory pressure
Bypasses the liver during fetal life?a.) Ductus venosusb.) Ductus arterioususc.) Ductus ovale
a.) Ductus venosus. Within 1-3 hrs after birth muscle wall of ductus venosus constricts shutting off blood flow, and causes blood to flow to the liver.
Due to production of vasodilatingprostaglandins specifically PGE2, the closure of this duct is prevented?
Ductus arteriosus
Least role in reoxygenation during fetal life?a.) placentab.) fetal lungsc.) maternal lungsd.) tissues of the fetus
b.) fetal lungs- TAKE NOTE: REOXYGENATION OF FETAL BLOOD HAPPENS AT THEPLACENTA OF THE MOTHER55% GOES TO PLACENTA45% GOES TO TISSUES OF THE FETUS12% GOES TO FETAL LUNGS BEFORE BIRTH
Blood glucose concentration during first day of neonate after birth?
30 to 40 mg/dl of plasma (less than half the normal value)
Things that will happen least during first few days of neonate after birth?a.) Physiologic weight lossb.)Blood glucose concentration frequently falls the first day c.) Has no sufficient fats and protein stores during first 3 days
c.) has no sufficient fats and protein stores during first 3 daysNeonatal Nutrition:Blood glucose concentration frequently falls the first day =30 to 40 mg/dl of plasma (less than half the normal value)• Has stored fats and proteins for metabolism until mother’smilk can be provided 2 to 3 days later• Special problems: adequate fluid supply to the neonatebecause the infant’s rate of body fluid turnover averagesseven times that of an adult, and the mother’s milk supplyrequires several days to develop.• Physiologic weight loss = decrease of 5 -10 % (as much as20%) within the first 2 to 3 days of life due to fluid loss• After birth liver and muscle glycogen is sufficient only for afew hours
Macrosomal babies common cause?
Macrosomal babies (large babies) born to Type II DMmothers▪ The high levels of insulin are believed to stimulate fetalgrowth and contribute to increased birth weight▪ Increased supply of glucose and other nutrients to thefetus may also contribute to increased fetal growth▪ Associated with organomegaly▪ When blood supply is cut off, glucose levels drop, ifinsulin is still high, causing hypoglycemia,▪ Neonates can be at risk for respiratory distress syndromeo In the mother with uncontrolled type I diabetes (caused bylack of insulin secretion), fetal growth may be stuntedbecause of metabolic deficits in the mother and growth andtissue maturation of the neonate are often impaired.
Placenta and colostrum can protect the infant for how many months?
Passive Immunity from the mother(through the placenta and colostrum in milk) - Can protect the infant for about 6 months against mostmajor childhood infectious diseases, including diphtheria,measles, and polio- Decrease of antibodies to less than half at age 1 month- Gradual return of gamma globulin concentration to normalby the age of 12 to 20 months
Start of complimentary feeding forthe neonate?
Note: 6th month is the start of complimentary feeding forthe neonate before then, it is advised that neonates begiven only breast milk
Required for proper formation of cartilage,bone, and other intercellular structures of the infant?
Vitamin C
If the mother had anemia, severe anemia is likely to occur in the infant after about 3 months. What shall you do?
Necessity for Iron in the Dieto May have stored enough iron to keep forming bloodcells for 4 to 6 months after birtho If the mother had anemia, severe anemia is likely to occurin the infant after about 3 months of lifeo May feed infant with egg yolk or give iron supplement bythe second or third month of life
Humans have how many pairs of chromosomes?
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomeso 22 pairs of autosomeso 1 pair of sex chromosomesMale: XY Female: XX
gametes or sex cells contain how many sets of chromosomes?
Haploid (n) contain one complete set of chromosomes
Also called Equational Division?
Equational Divisionbecause it brings back or restore the amount of DNA in acell, from double stranded DNA it ensures that it will forma single strand of DNA only. At the end of meiosis you’llhave four non-identical haploid daughter cells.
TRUE OR FALSE. During 6th month of pregnancy, diploid state of organism is restored and genetic sex determination occurs.
Sex Determination - process of genetic inheritance that sets the gender of anindividual at the moment of fertilization. Remember that at fertilization, there are 2 important genetic events that occur. It is when the male and female nuclei unites:1.) Diploid state of organism is restored and2.) Genetic sex of organism can now be identified. (Male: XY Female:XX)
development of differences between males and femalesfrom an undifferentiated zygote?
Sex Differentiation
GnRH is produced in the
Arcuate nuclei
In hair root test, presence of fluorescent body means?a.) the patient is maleb.) the patient is femalec.) the patient is pregnantd.) the patient is hungry
A. The patient is male. A fluorescent body is Y chromosome.
What secretes Mullerian Inhibiting Factor (MIF)?
Sertoli cells
What secretes testosterone?
Leydig cells
Largest somatic chromosome?
Chromosome 1
Smallest somatic chromosome?
Chromosome 22
Cells in meiosis II are? a.) haploidb.) diploidc.) mongoloid
A.) Haploid. After meiosis II, four daughter cells (haploid) are produced.
Milk producing hormone
Prolactin
Presence or absence of SRY gene?
Gonadal sex
A XX fetus was injected with testosterone. She will be, a.) genetically male, phenotypically maleb.) genetically female, phenotypically malec.) genitically female, phenotypically female
B.
Stage of oocyte when the sperm invites the follicle?
Secondary
Opposite of telophase?
Prophase
Which comes from wolffian duct?a. oviductb. clitorisc. scrotumd. vas deferens
D
During pregnancy, fetal blood is ______ , maternal blood is ___________.
Alkaline, acidic
What encodes for SRY protein?
Chromosome Y
Lyon hypothesis states that
One of the 2X chromosomes in the female will be inactivated
This organ is slightly colder to make optimum sperm activation
Scrotum
Heterogametic pattern leads to
Male baby
A patient underwent sex chromatin test, the result shows 1 X chromosome in excess. The interpretation of this is…
The patient is female.If 2 Barr bodies = super femaleIf no barr body - male
Presence of testes, what type of sex?
Gonadal sex
Are sperm cells produces in the seminiferous tubules active and motile?
No, they are inactive and non motile
Where sperm cells are majorly stored?
Vas deferens
Action of testosterone on Wolffian duct is an example of
Local paracrine
Fetal hemoglobin causes sthe curve to shift to the \A.) LeftB.) Right
A. Left
Abundant form of estrogen found in the ovary
Estradiol
Abundant form of estrogen found in adipose tissue
Estrone
In the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels are highest during?
Secretory phase
How are nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood transported?
Diffusion
Milky appearance of the semen?
Secretion of prostate gland
Cause of menses in menstrual cycle
Decreased progesterone and estrogen secretion by the ovary
This type of sex is influenced by behavior and cultural factor?
Psychological sex
In Klinefelter sydrome, the person is
Genetically male kasi XXY
Induces the growth of wolffian duct
Testosterone
Main producer of oxytocin
Paraventricular nuclei
What inhibits the secretion of milk
Estrogen and progesterone
Before ovulation, the oocyte is in
Meiosis I
During the first few days after fertilication, the blastocyst gets its nutrition from
Uterus (decidual cells)
Oral contraceptive pills usually contain
Synthetic estrogen and synthetic progesterone
If couple wants to get pregnant the natural way, what you will advise them?
Have sex 14 days before the secretory phase
Which structure secrets HCG
Blastocyst
Which of the ff male repro glands contains prostaglandin
Seminal vesicles
Erection is due to
Parasymphatetic stimulation
Sensitivity to CO2 is characterized by what hormone?
Progesterone
During ovulation, a(n) ______________is released from the ovary?
Secondary oocyte
Hormone helps expulsion of fetus
Progesterone
Lubrication during coitus is primarily from
Bartholins gland
Hormone for uterine contraction
Oxytocin
Conversion of spermatids to sperm cell is aided by what hormone
FSH
Wash away sperm thru the urethra
Seminal vesicle
The following will increase cardiac output excepta.) on 28th week (entering third trimester)b.) immediately after laborc.) during labord.) during 1st week of puerperiume.) none of the above
E.
Which of the following will not change during pregnancy?a.) systolic blood pressureb.) lung compliancec.) Tital Volumed.) Gastric emptying
A and B
One of the key hormones thatprevents excitation during parturition
Progesterone
Which of the following are responsible for stimulation phase (labor) of parturition?a.) oxytocinb.) prostaglandinc.) serotonind.) histaminee.) all of the above
E.
Labor is prolonged with the absence of this hormone
Oxytocin
Which is NOT action of Oxytocin?a.) for contraction of vas deferens duringejaculationb.) milk and uterine contractionc.) inhibition of milk production
C.
SRY codes for production of _________ which directs differentation of gonads into testis?
Testis-determining factor
Most accurate method of determining genetic sex?`
Karyotyping
A patient underwent buccal smear test, result shows 2% positive. What does this mean?
The patient is genetically male. Female - 20% positivemale - 0-4% positive (4% error)
It becomes ovary in female, and regresses in male
Embryonic cortex
It enlarges to become testis in male, regresses become hilum of ovary in female
Embryonic medulla
In males, this differentiate into vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles
Wolffian duct
In female, this differentiate into uterus, cervix, fallopian tube and upper vagina
Mullerian duct
This differentiate into glans penis and corpus spongiosus in males and clitoris and vestibular bulb in females
Genital tubercle
Genital folds will become
Labia minor in female, penis shaft in male
Genital swelling become
Labia majora in female, scrotum and prepuce in male
This differentiate into male urethra, cowpers gland, prostate gland in male and female urethra, lower vagina, bartholins and skenes glands
Urogenital sinus
This is characterized by the following:-short stature (< 5 feet)-ovarian dysgenesis (streak ovary)-Streaked ovary- yung ovary niya ay parang peklatlang so you would expect a girl to have a problem inmenstruation when she gets into her puberty stage. Shield Chest with widely spaced nipples webbed neck coarctation of the aorta
Turner syndrome
This is characterized by the following: testicular atrophy eunuchoid body shape tall, long extremities gynecomastia female hair distribution 47, XXY
Klinefelter Syndrome
only one X chromosome is activeo two Barr bodies are present
Superfemale
male pseudohermaphroditeso male genotype, female phenotype
Testicular Feminization (Androgen Insensitivity)
born with both ovarian and testicular tissues
Hermaphroditism
female genotype, male phenotype
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Adrenogenital Syndrome)
Exposure of normal female fetus to excess testosterone after differentiation is completed will result to
Enlargement of clitoris
chromosomal fail to separate therefore both go to one of the daughter cells during meiosis, the other has none
Nondisjunction
Path of sperm
MNEMONIC: SEVEN UPS- eminiferous tubuleE- pididymisV- as deferensE- ejaculatory ductN- (none)U- rethraP-enis
Duration of spermatogenesis
Duration of entire process: 64-72 days
Primary ciliary dyskinesia, defect in flagella of sperm, leads to infertility
Kartegener syndrome
Enable the sperm to penetrate the ovarian granulosa cells
Acrosome reaction. Mediated by hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes.
Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60% ofsemen)- Fructose (sugar)- Vitamin C- Prostaglandins- Other substances that nourish andactivate sperm
Seminal vesicle
The cells secrete a thin, somewhat milky fluid. Itis the main source of acid phosphatase, citricacid and amylase of semen, clotting enzymes, profibrinolysin
Prostate gland
Decrease in male sexual function, hot flushes, suffocation and psychic disorder
Male climacteric
What mechanism acivates GnRH
IP3
What mechanism activates LH and FSH
cAMP
Pulsatile GnRH realse from hypothalamus -> FSH and LH secreted in pulsatile fashion -> GnRH upregulates its own receptor in the anterior pituitary
Puberty
Prolactin inhibits the action of GnRH on the anterior pituitary results to
Ovulation is suppressed
Which zone remains after menstruation?
Basal zone. The functional zone is lost
Stimulates the production of scant, viscous, slightly acidic mucus that is HOSTILE to sperm
Progesterone
Stimulates the production of a copious quantity of thin, watery, slightly alkaline mucus that is IDEAL environment for sperm
Estrogen
In vagina, this is metabolized to lactic acid to maintain acidic environment to inhibit infection by bacteria and fungi
Glycogen
The following are functions of Estrogen on non-reproductive tissues EXCEPT:a.) required to close epiphyseal platesb.) stimulates instetinal Ca++ absorptionc.) increase circulating levels of HDLd. promotes less CVD due to vasodilation through increased production of Nitric acide.) maintain healthy skinf.) inhibits neuronal cell deathg.) increased absorption of proteinh.) decreased adipose tissue accumulation
G.
A 27 female patient shows the following symptoms:-. Depressed mood or feeling hopelessness, marked affective lability, marked anger and anxiety and breast tenderness and bloating. What disorder is this?
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
TRUE OR FALSE. Increased body fat will increase circulating estrogen
TRUE. Increased body fat > increased androstenedione conversion to estrone > increased circulating level of estrogen
