deck_4699104

Question 1

What is the central dogma of gene to protein pathway? (4)

Answer 1

DNA replication occurs Gets transcripted into RNARNA gets translatedProtein gets made

Question 2

What is epigenetics?

Answer 2

the study of cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence.

Question 3

How does how does epigenetics differ from typical genetics?What are three examples of things looked at in epigenetics?

Answer 3

Looking at everything that happens to DNA-Reversible DNA methylation-Reversible RNA methylation-Reversible Histone Methylation or acetylation

Question 4

What is a genetics view vs. a genomic view?(with regards to schizophrenia)

Answer 4

Genetics looks at what single genes cause schizophreniaEpigenetics looks at how environment causes multiple genetic perturbations and causes schizophrenia

Question 5

What is the ENCOD project hoping to accomplish?

Answer 5

To identify all functional elements in the human genome.

Question 6

What is the nucleotide difference between humans and apes?

Answer 6

~ 1% nucleotide difference

Question 7

What is the nucleotide difference between humans?

Answer 7

.1 %

Question 8

What makes humans all so different if we are all so similar?

Answer 8

Differences in the functional elements of the genome

Question 9

Genome

Answer 9

All the genetic material of an organism

Question 10

Genetics

Answer 10

Study of single genes and its effects

Question 11

Genomics

Answer 11

Study of all the genes in the genome, including their interactions with environmental factors

Question 12

Pharmacogenetics

Answer 12

The study of influences on an individual’s response to drugs.

Question 13

Pharmacogenomics

Answer 13

The study of all genes collectively that influence drug responses and how genome-wide analysis may be used to identify such genes in the search of novel drug targets and or key determinants of drug reaction

Question 14

What will pharmacogenomics trying to achieve?

Answer 14

How to predict which patients will benefit from a particular medicine and which patients will suffer serious side effects.

Question 15

3 billion base pairs in____________3 million base pairs ________100,000 base pairs _________

Answer 15

3 billion base pairs in human genome3 million base pairs variable100,000 capture full human variation

Question 16

What are some problems that pharmacogenomics could fix?

Answer 16

• Many drugs for some illnesses• Not enough information about the patient • Drugs are specified by trial and error • Most drugs have side effects • Some drugs have serious side effects • For a drug to get approved by FDA drug trials are done • Pharma companies need to show a specific population for drug action • Many potential drugs are abandoned because the population it will benefit is not characterized convincingly

Question 17

What does it cost to make a new drug?

Answer 17

$500-700 million dollars

Question 18

How long does it take to launch a drug product ?

Answer 18

12 years

Question 19

How long do patents last?

Answer 19

7 years

Question 20

How is therapeutic index impacted by pharmacogenomics?

Answer 20

Its increased!

Question 21

What is efficacy of a drug?

Answer 21

% patients cured at given dose

Question 22

What is toxicity of a drug?

Answer 22

% of patients exhibiting side effects at a given dose

Question 23

What is therapeutic index?

Answer 23

Dose range at which drug shows highest efficacy and low toxicity

Question 24

Out of the top 10 causes of death in America how many have a genetic component?

Answer 24

9 out of 10.

Question 25

What are most diseases caused by?

Answer 25

Gene-environment interactions

Question 26

What are three ways that to improve disease outcomes by recognizing gene-environment interactions?

Answer 26

-screening and medical recommendations-exposure interventions or prevention to environmental factors-Target messages and interventions aimed at changing behaviors

Question 27

What are some Forces Driving Pharmacogenomics into Healthcare Practice?

Answer 27

Drugs having narrow therapeutic ranges.

Question 28

What are the current impacts of pharmacogenomics? (3)

Answer 28

• broadly adopted in drug discovery and development phases in the pharmaceutical industry - research heavily invested upon by public and private companies - the future of medicine, PERSONALIZED MEDICINE

Question 29

What are future trends of pharmacogenomics?(3)

Answer 29

• Point of care (Doctor s office) genetic testing • Personal Genomics • Population sequencing

Question 30

What is personalized medicine?

Answer 30

-use of an individual s genetic profile to make the best therapeutic -genetic variation of enzymes that break down or activate drugs can account for both life threatening side effects and drug efficacy -can allow prediction of a person s response to chemotherapy

Question 31

What are the clinical implications of pharmacogenomics?(3)

Answer 31

-Improved Efficacy-Reduced Toxicity-Create optimal dose range for drug

Question 32

What are three groups of people that have negative intearactions with a drug?

Answer 32

-Extreme drug responders-Non-responders-drug is ineffective-Adverse responders drug causes harmful side effets

Question 33

How should one deal with non-responders?

Answer 33

Increase dose or change therapy

Question 34

How should one deal with adverse responders?

Answer 34

Decrease dose greatly or choose a different form of medicine