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Question 1

Define a murmur

Answer 1

Heart sounds which is produced as a result of turbulent blood flow

Question 2

Define stenosis

Answer 2

Narrowing of the vessel

Question 3

Give three causes of aortic stenosis

Answer 3

Age related calcificationAcute rheumatic feverCongenital heart defects

Question 4

Give three causes of mitral stenosis

Answer 4

Rheumatic feverDegenerative calcificationCongenital mitral stenosis

Question 5

Define regurgitation

Answer 5

The valve does not close properly, therefore causing blood to regurgitate.

Question 6

Give three causes of mitral regurgitation

Answer 6

Degenerative changesRheumatic heart diseaseMIEndocarditisHypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 7

Give three causes of aortic regurgitation

Answer 7

Rheumatic heart diseaseCongenital valve abnormalitiesDegenerative valve abnormalitiesInfective endocarditis

Question 8

How would you describe an atrial fibrillation murmur?

Answer 8

Irregularly irregular ventricular pulseLoss of association with the apex beat and the radial pulse

Question 9

Give the pathology of atrial fibrillation

Answer 9

Abnormal autonomic firing and the presence of multiple interacting re-entry loops.

Question 10

With which diseases can atrial fibrillation occur?

Answer 10

• Coronary artery disease - Valvular heart disease- Hypertension- Hyperthyroidism- Cardiomyopathy- Congenital heart disease- Idiopathic- Pulmonary embolism- Chest infection

Question 11

What symptoms can be causes by atrial fibrillation?

Answer 11

PalpitationBreathlessnessFatigue

Question 12

What signs would you get with atrial fibrillation?

Answer 12

• Irregularly irregular heart rate - Hypertension

Question 13

What are the three classification of atrial fibrillation?

Answer 13

1. Paroxysmal – intermittent, self-terminating episodes2. Persistent – prolonged episodes, terminated by electrical or chemical cardioversion3. Permanent