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Question 1

What two zones does the respiratory tree have?

Answer 1

Conducting and Respiratory Zones

Question 2

What does the Conducting Zone consists of?

Answer 2

• nose
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles
• terminal bronchioles

Question 3

What is the function of the conducting zone?

Answer 3

Warms, humidifies, and filters air.

Question 4

Where does the cartilage of the respiratory tree extend to?

Answer 4

To the end of bronchi (conducting zone)

Question 5

What cells make up the conducting zones?

Answer 5

Pseudostraficied ciliated columnar cells, which help beat mucus up and out of lungs, extend to terminal bronchioles. Then cells transition to cuboidal cells.

Question 6

Where do airway smooth muscles extend to?

Answer 6

Smooth muscles extend to the end of terminal bronchioles

Question 7

Where is there least airway resistance in the conducting zone?

Answer 7

In the terminal bronchioles (large numbers of airways in parallel means there are decreased airway resistance).

Question 8

What does the respiratory zone consist of?

Answer 8

Lung parenchyma, which includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli.

Question 9

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

Answer 9

Gas exchange, where oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide is released

Question 10

What cells make up the respiratory zone? (histology)

Answer 10

• Respiratory bronchioles: mostly cuboidal cells
• Alveoli: Simple squamous cells (no cilia)
• Alveolar macrophages clear debris and participale in immune response.

Question 11

What are pneumocytes?

Answer 11

Cells that make up the lung parenchyma (lung tissue)

Question 12

What types of pneumocytes are there?

Answer 12

• Type I cells
• Type II cells
• Club cells (also known as Clara cells)

Question 13

What is the function of Type I cells?

Answer 13

• Help line the alveoli
• Where gas exchange occurs (as Type I cells are thin)

Question 14

What is the function of Type II cells?

Answer 14

• Secrete pulmonary surfactant (which decreases surface tension in alveoli and prevents lung collaspe).
• Precursor to Type I cells

Question 15

What is the function of Club (Clara) Cells?

Answer 15

• secrete component of surfactant
• degrade toxins

Question 16

What is the Law of Laplace?

Answer 16

The Law states that alveoli has increased tendency to collaspe on expiration as airway radius decreases on expiration.

Question 17

What is **pulmonary surfactant **made of?

Answer 17

Complex mix of lecithins, a yellow brown fatty substance in plants and animals

Question 18

When does sufactant synthesis start in fetus?

Answer 18

Around week 26 of gestation, but mature levels are not achieved until around week 35.

Question 19

How many lobes does the right and left lung have?

Answer 19

• Right: 3 lobes
• Left: 2 lobes

_{(<strong>L</strong>eft has <strong>L</strong>ess <strong>L</strong>obes (2) and <strong>L</strong>ingula).}

Question 20

What is the lingula?

Answer 20

Homologue of Right middle lobe.

Question 21

Which lung (left or right) is the more common site for aspiration?

Answer 21

Right, because the right main stem bronchus is wider and more vertical than the left.

Question 22

Where would an aspirated peanut go while you stand upright?

Answer 22

Lower portion of right inferior lobe

Question 23

Where would an aspirated peanut peanut go while you are lying down?

Answer 23

Superior portion of right inferior lobe

Question 24

Why are there only two lobes in the left lung?

Answer 24

Because the left lung has a space occupied by the heart.

Question 25

What fissures are there on the surface anatomy of the lungs?

Answer 25

• Right lung has horizontal and oblique fissures
• Left lung has oblique fissures only

Question 26

What are the structures perforating the diaphragm and where?

Answer 26

• T8: inferior vena cava
• T10: oesophagus, vagus nerve
• T12: aortic hiatus (red), thoracic duct (white), azygos vein (blue)

(At T-1-2 it’s the red, white and blue)

Question 27

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

Answer 27

Phrenic nerve at C3, C4 and C5

(C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive)

Question 28

Where can pain from the diaphragm irritation refer to?

Answer 28

To the shoulder (C5) and the trapezius ridge (C3, C4)