Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT equations > deck_2435790-2 > Flashcards

deck_2435790-2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Center of mass

A

Cmass= (r1m1+r2m2+r3m3…)/mtotal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Newton’s 2nd law: Force

A

F=ma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Avg velocity

A

Vavg=(V1+V2)/2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Distance traveled

A

Distance=rate*time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Range

A

Range=Vx*time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Object falling-its distance traveled

A

X=1/2 at²

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Final velocity given drop height

A

V=√(2gh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Round trip times or time in the air

A

tair=2V/g*V=must be the vertical component of initial velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

At terminal velocity

A

mg=F air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Force DUE to gravity or “inverse square law”* “G”*NOT gravity itself

A

F=Gm1m2/r²

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

“gravity” or “the strength of the gravitational field” or “acceleration due to gravity” * “g”

A

g=Gm/r²

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Near earth, force due to gravity

A

F=mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gravitational Potential energy*near earth

A

PE=mgh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gravitational Potential energy*in space, or near earth if NOT assuming g=10m/s²

A

PE= -Gm1m2/r

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Friction formulas

A

Ff= µ(static)Fnormal or Ff=µ(static)mgcosθFf= µ(kinetic)Fnormal or Ff=µ(kinetic)mgcosθsliding=kineticno sliding=static

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Force down an inclined plane, parallel to the surface

A

F = mgsinθ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Normal force on an inclined plane (always perpendicular to surface)

A

Fn=mgcosθ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Velocity of a particle at the base of an inclined plane

A

Vf=√(2gh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hooke’s Law (springs)

A

F = k∆x*(where ∆x is the displacement ofthe spring from its equilibrium point, NOT thelength of the spring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Elastic Potential energy

A

PE = 1/2k∆x²*likely to be used in conservation of energy [KE–>PE]. This can tell us how far the spring will compress when something hits the spring1/2mv²= 1/2k∆x²

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Period of a Spring*(time needed for one complete cycle)

A

T = 2π√(m/k) [mass on a spring]*solving for frequency: just invert it T=1/f f=1/T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Period of a Pendulum

A

T = 2π√(L/g) [pendulum]*solving for frequency: just invert it T=1/f f=1/T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Torque

A

T=Fℓ*ℓ=lever arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Centripetal Force

A

Fc=mv²/rvelocity of satellite: mv²/r=Gm1m2/r²centriFUgal= the force “going away” from center of circle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many radians in 1 circle

A

6 radians* 2π radians in 1 circle (360°) so… ≈ 6 radians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Angular velocity (ω) * “Rate of spin”

A

ω=2πff= frequency (Hz)ω=v/rv=tangential velocity (m/s)*r=radius (m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Circumference of a circle

A

C=2πr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Momentum

A

p=mv*Always conserved in an isolated system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Impulse * “average force”

A

Impulse=Δpor =mΔv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Elastic collisions *(bounce off)**Momentum & KE are BOTH conserved

A

1/2m1v1² + 1/2m2v2² = 1/2m1v1² + 1/2m2v2²(KE of object one before + KE of object two before= KE of object one after + KE of object two after)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Inelastic collisions**Momentum is conserved but KE is NOT*Energy goes to creating breakage, deformity, etc.

A

m1v1+m2v2 = m1v1 + m2v2YOU MUST USE SIGNS. Any velocity vector to the left or down must be given a negative signPerfectly inelastic: m1v1+m2v2=(m1+m2)v3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Stress

A

Force/Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Strain

A

Δdimension/original dimension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Moduli of Elasticity (ME)

A

ME=stress/strain(force/area) / (Δdimension/original dimension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Thermal Expansion

A

When solids are heated, they expand. When they are cooled, they shrinkΔL = αL0ΔTα: the Coefficient of linear expansionL0: Initial length of the objectΔL: Length change of the objectΔT: Temperature change of the object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

1/2mv²

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Gravitational Potential Energy

A

PE= -Gm1m2/r ormgh (near earth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Elastic Potential energy

A

PE = 1/2k∆x²

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Electrical Potential energy

A

kqq/r orqEdorqV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Potential Energy stored by a capacitor

A

1/2 CV²*can be used with C=Q/V(Capacitance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

KE+PE*In the absence of friction, drag etc., ME is always conserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Work* Joules=Nmor(kgm²)/s²

A

∆Energyor W = Fdcosθ or W=(Force)(Displacement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Thermodynamics: work & heat are the only 2 ways Energy can be transferred into or out of a system

A

∆E=W + Q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Work-Energy Theorem*If a net force does work on a rigid object, the work done on that object is equal to the change in the KE of the object

A

W= KE final - KE initial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Force necessary to lift any mass w/o a machine (at constant velocity)

A

F necessary=mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Ramps

A

Fm=mg(h/d)h=height of rampd=distance of hypotenuse*Machines reduce the amount of FORCE necessary, but NEVER reduce the amount of work needed to be done!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Levers

A

Fm=mg (L1/L2)L1=lever arm for massL2=lever arm for the applied force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Pulleys

A

Fm=mg/ (# of vertical ropes directly lifting the mass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Hydraulic lifts

A

Fm=mg (h1/h2)h1=distance traveled by large plungerh2=distance traveled by small plungerorF=mg(A1/A2)A1=cross-sectional area of small plungerA2= of large plunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Power

A

P=∆E/tP=W/t (work/time)P=Fdcosθ/tPi=Fvcosθ (Instantaneous power)Units: watts (J/s)Power of air resistance: P=Fv = -mgv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Coulomb’s Law*Smaller atoms hold on more tightly to their electrons

A

F=kqq/r²

52
Q

Work function

A

KE=E-φ (this symbol is the energy needed to eject an electron) (E=hf) This is energy of a photon*h=Plancks ConstantNOTE: Careful!! Increasing the intensity does NOT increase the energy of the ejected electron-i.e. shooting more photons at the metal only increases the # of electrons ejected when they have enough energy to even be ejected

53
Q

Keq

A

[products]^x/[reactants]^y

54
Q

Reaction Quotient, Q*Prod/React like Keq, but not calculated at equilibrium

A

Q>K LEFT/reactantsQ<K Right/products

55
Q

Heat capacity*The Amt of energy (J or Cal) a system must absorb to give a unit change in temperature (J/K or cal/C)

A

C=q/∆T

56
Q

Specific Heat capacity

A

q=mc∆T*Specific heat of water: 1.0 cal/g °C or4.18 J/g °C

57
Q

Pressure-Volume (PV) work*Work is energy transfer via a force or a change in volume at constant pressure

A

PV work=P∆V*Requires constant pressure. ANY change in volume tells you there is PV work

58
Q

Relationship: Temperature & KE

A

KE=3/2(kb)Tkb=Boltzmann’s constant

59
Q

Thermodynamic Relation

A

∆G=∆H-T∆S

60
Q

Relationship: Keq & Gibbs free energy

A

∆G°= -RTlnKeq*ln of any positive number less than 1=NEGATIVEK>1=spontaneous

61
Q

Dipole moment

A

µ=δdδ=charged=distance between charges

62
Q

Density

A

D=m/v*H2O: 1000 kg/m^3 or 1.0 g/cm^3 1cm^3 (or 1 g/mL)=1mL1 L of H2O=1 kg1 mL of H2O=1 g

63
Q

Specific Gravity*How dense something is compared to H2O

A

SG=D substance/D H2O

64
Q

Buoyant Force

A

F buoyant=pvgp=density of fluid

65
Q

Apparent Weight (AW)

A

AW=Actual Weight (aW) - F buoyant

66
Q

General Pressure formula

A

F/AUnits: Pascals, mmHg, atm or TorrAll formulas give PASCALS* 1X10^5 Pascals= 1 atm= 760 mmHg=760 Torr

67
Q

Fluid Pressure

A

P=pgh

68
Q

Flow Rate

A

Q=AVA=cross-sectional areaV=velocity

69
Q

Cardiac Output

A

CO= Stroke Vol * Heart Rate

70
Q

Bernoulli’s Equation

A

K= P + pgh + 1/2pv²P=pressure energypgh= gravitational PE per volume (h=height, not depth)1/2pv²= KE per volume of fluidApplication: In a horizontal pipe, if fluid Velocity INC, Pressure DEC*Velocity of H2O exiting a spigot: PE of H2O at top of tank (pgh) is converted to KE of H2O leaving at the spigot (1/2pv²)

71
Q

Charge

A

( - ) neg= electrons( + ) pos= fewer electrons

72
Q

Charge is quantized

A

e - = 1.6x10^-19 C

73
Q

Force: point charge in E-field

A

F=Kqq/r² (Coulomb’s Law)*Force for real gravity: F=Gmm/r²

74
Q

Force: constant E-field

A

F=qE*Force for gravity near earth: F=mg

75
Q

Strength of the field: constant E-field

A

E=F/q (or E=V/d)*Strength of field for gravity near earth: F=mg

76
Q

Strength of the field: point charge E-field

A

E=Kq/r²*Strength of field for real gravity: Gm/r²

77
Q

Electrical PE: for point charge E-field

A

PE= -Kqq/r or Kqq/r*PE for real gravity: PE=-Gmm/r

78
Q

Electrical PE: for constant E-field

A

PE=qEd*PE for gravity near earth: PE=mgh

79
Q

Voltage: for point charge E-field* “PE”

A

V=Kq/r (specific to 2 point charges)*For real gravity: V=Gm/r

80
Q

Voltage: for constant E-field

A

V=Ed*For gravity near earth: V=gh

81
Q

Magnetic force exerted on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field

A

F=qvBsinθθ= angle between v & Bunits: B= Ns/Cm or Kg/A*s²

82
Q

Right hand rule: Field produced by current

A

Thumb=currentFingers=magnetic field (curled-like you’re grabbing the wire)

83
Q

Right hand rule: Force on a charged particle

A

Thumb=velocityFingers=magnetic field (straight)Palm=force* + charge: use RIGHT hand - charge: : LEFT hand

84
Q

Current

A

I=∆q/∆t*Amount of charge (i.e. electrons) that flows past a fixed point per unit time

85
Q

Resistance

A

R=pL/Ap=resistivityL=lengthA=cross-sectional area

86
Q

Voltage

A

V=PE/q

87
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

V=IR

88
Q

Capacitance

A

C=Q/V

89
Q

Capacitor’s PE

A

U= 1/2CV²

90
Q

Intensity of a sound

A

I ∝ A²f²*Intensity is directly proportional to the Amplitude squared and the Frequency squared

91
Q

Decibels

A

10*log(I/Io)20 to 60 decibels; ∆decibels/10 (40/10=4), 10^4=10,000 x louder

92
Q

Wave speed

A

V= λfFrequency NEVER changes medium-to-mediumWavelength DOES change medium-to-medium

93
Q

Beat frequency*When 2 waves w/ similar frequencies interfere

A

I F1-F2 I

94
Q

Doppler effect

A

∆f/fs=v/c∆λ/λs=v/cv=relative velocityc=speed of wave (either 3x10^8 m/s for light OR 340 m/s for sound)

95
Q

Harmonics: matching ends

A

λ=2L/n*gives all harmonics n=1,2,3,4 etcλ of 2nd harmonic= L *L=length of the string or pipe

96
Q

Harmonics: non-matching ends

A

λ=4L/n*gives odd harmonics n=1,3,5 etc

97
Q

Harmonic frequency

A

n*fundamental frequencyi.e. 1st harmonic=200 Hz, 2nd is 400 Hz etc.

98
Q

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

A

x=λL/dx=distance between fringesλ= wavelength of light usedd=distance between 2 slitsL=distance between the “double slit” and the screen

99
Q

Index of refraction

A

n= c/v”n” of 1.5 for n simply tells us that the medium has some density, and is more dense than air (n=1). More dense=slower wave*faster medium= smaller index of refraction (n)

100
Q

Index of refraction diagram formula

A

n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2The frequency will not change as the wave moves from one medium to another. We like to think of the frequency as the permanent “identifier” of a wave

101
Q

Convex/converging lens

A

Usually= PRI*Object inside focal pt=NVU

102
Q

Concave/diverging lens

A

Always= NVU

103
Q

Focal length for mirrors

A

f=1/2r

104
Q

Thin Lens equation (works for mirrors too)

A

1/f=1/di+1/do

105
Q

Magnification

A

M=-di/do=hi/ho

106
Q

Optical power

A

P=1/f

107
Q

Two Lens system (binoculars, telescopes, etc): MAGNIFICATION

A

M=m1m2

108
Q

Two Lens system (binoculars, telescopes, etc): POWER

A

P=p1+p2

109
Q

Calculate pH

A

pH= -log[H+]

110
Q

Calculate pOH

A

-log[OH-]

111
Q

Relationship: pH & pOH

A

pH+pOH=14

112
Q

Ionization of Water

A

Kw=[H3O+][OH-]=10^-14

113
Q

Base Dissociation

A

Ka*Kb=Kw=10^-14

114
Q

Henderson-Hasselbach equation

A

pH=pKa + log[A-]/[HA]

115
Q

Nernst equation

A

E=E°- (0.06/n)*log[lower]/[higher]n=moles of electrons transferred (Fe 3+(aq)–>Fe (s)=3

116
Q

Relationship between Free Energy and Chemical Energy

A

∆G°= -nFE°n=# moles of electrons transferred in balanced redox rxnF=Faraday’s constant*+E°=negative ∆G=spontaneous rxn

117
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A

PV=nRT

118
Q

Combined Gas law

A

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

119
Q

Partial Pressures

A

Ptotal=P1+P2+P3…

120
Q

Effusion & Diffusion of gases

A

E1/E2= √MW2/√MW1Rate Gas 1/Rate Gas 2 [heavier]=√MW2[heavier]/√MW1

121
Q

Vapor pressure w/ non-volatile solute

A

Vp=XVp°

122
Q

BP elevation

A

∆T=(Kb)(m)(i)Kb=constantm=molalityi=# ions formed per molecule (CaCl2=3)

123
Q

Freezing Point Depression

A

∆T=(Kf)(m)(i)Kf=new constant

124
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

π=iMRTi=# ions formed in solutionM=solute molarityR=gas constantT=K°

125
Q

How CO2 is carried in the body

A

CO2+H2O–>HCO3- + H+

126
Q

Electrical Power

A

P=IV

127
Q

Energy (E) of a photon from its wavelength (λ)

A

E=hc/λ

MCAT equations (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions