deck_17527355 Flashcards
What law states that performance of a computer doubles every 18 months; and the cost of data processing, communications and storage is essentially ZERO?
Gordon Moore’s law
What are the 4 EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS (ASCE)?
- Abstract Reasoning: Manipulate models with a logical or reasonable thought process
- Systems Thinking: Connect inputs and outputs into a sensible whole
- Collaboration: Planning discussions, anticipating reactions
- Experimentation: Making a careful analysis of opportunity, envision solutions, and developing ideas with the most promise
What is a process and an information system? What is the relationship between them?
Process: a way of doing something
IS: collection of components (like a computer) that stores and retrieves data and produces information
A process may use multiple information systems, an information system may be used for multiple processes
What is the purpose of Information Systems Management?
Creating/monitoring/adapting processes, IS’, and information to help organizations achieve their strategies
What are Porters Five Forces?
- Threat of SUBSTITUTIONS
- Threat of NEW ENTRANTS
- Existing RIVALS
- Bargaining POWER of SUPPLIERS
- Bargaining POWER OF CUSTOMERS
What is Porters 4 competitive strategy square?
Choose one:
“Lowest Cost across industry” = COST + Industry Wide
Lowest cost in segment = Cost + Focus
Better product across industry = Differentiation + Industry
Better Product across segment = Differentiation + Focus
What is a value chain?
A network of value creating activities
What is a value chain according to PORTER (five activities: IL, OL, O, MS, S) (Four support: I, HR, R&D, P)?
5: Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales, Service
4: Infrastructure, HR, R&D, Procurement
What are the 4 basic types of networks?
- Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Internet
- Local Area (LAN)
- Personal Area (PAN)
Intranet vs Internet?
Internet: Network of Networks (LANs, WANs, etc)
Intranet: Private internet for an organization
WIFI, Cellular networks, and Bluetooth all operate on this.
Radio Waves
What is a PROTOCOL?
A set of rules used by TWO communicating devices
What is a SOA?
Service-oriented Architecture provides a way for apps on a network to talk to each other
What is IoT?
Internet of Things are objects connected to the internet that communicate and share data (ex: parking place sensors)
What is THREE TIER ARCHITECTURE, what is it made up of?
3ta: way to build and organize software applications
USER TIER: user interacts with application
SERVER TIER: application’s data validation, calculations and business rules
DATABASE TIER: Stores and manages information and data for application
What is the cloud?
The elastic leasing of pooled computer resources over the internet; organizations just pay for resources they use
What are the 3 types of Cloud options?
- SOFTWARE (SAAS)
- PLATFORM (PAAS)
- INFRASTRUCTURE (IAAS)
What does SAAS provide?
- Server or disk drive
- Server, OS, DBMS
- Apps (software, develop suite)
What does IAAS provide?
Server or Disk drive (storage)
What does PAAS provide?
- Server or disk drive
- Servers, OS, DBMS
- (Security, Testing for host apps)
What are the 4 components of computer hardware with examples?
INPUT: keyboard and mouse
CPU: RAM, Processor, Memory
OUTPUT: speakers, display
STORAGE: Magnetic disk, optical disk, cloud
What is the purpose of an OS?
Control computers resources
- read and write data
- start and stop programs
- backup
What are the 5 types of SOFTWARE apps?
- Horizontal-Market: common across all industries (Excel)
- Vertical-market: specific industry (Doctors CRM)
- One-of-kind: Specific Need (Scotia App)
- Native: just one operating system
- Web: Browser exclusive (grammarly)
What are the 4 sources of apps?
- Off the Shelf: generic, no customization
- OTS with alterations: generic, customized before use
- Custom: Specific for business/client
- Open source: Public and can be modified (wikipedia)
What is Virtualization?
A process (VM) that allows multiple virtual resources to run on a single physical resource, improving efficiency, scalability, and flexibility. Can be applied to just about any context of IS (operating system VS, Desktop VS, hardware VS, etc)
What is a BUSINESS PROCESS?
System of ACTIVITIES(tasks) that turn INPUTS into OUTPUTS (ex: getting a new passport)
BPMN Chart
What is the difference between Structured vs Dynamic Process?
Structured: Formally defined, standardized process, day-to-day (scheduling work shifts)
Dynamic: less specific, adaptive, intuitive (Solving if/where to open new location)
What is the difference between Data vs Information?
Data = recorded facts
Information = knowledge we derive from those facts
What are the qualifications of data CARTS?
Cost worthy, Accurate, Relevant, Timely, (just) Sufficient
What are the 4 things that make up a BP?
- Activities
- Resources
- Actors (human/computer hardware resource)
- Role (particular actor for role)
What are the 4 characteristics of a Process?
- Stability of flow (structured/dynamic)
- Scope (Managerial/operational/strategic)
- Objectives (effectiveness/efficiency)
- Location in VC (marketing and sales/inbound logistics…)
What is the Operational vs Managerial vs Strategic SCOPE of processes?
Operational: daily, computer based, IS = TPS
Managerial: Seasonal, MIX based, IS = MIS
Strategic: When needed, People Based, IS = EES
How to achieve PROCESS IMPROVEMENT?
- Classify objectives (effective or efficient)
- (Make) Unstated Assumptions explicit
- Match objectives to strategy
What are bottlenecks, and what do we do with them?
When one activity reduces performance of overall progress, remove them
What is an island of automation?
ISs’ that work in isolation from each other is called an Information Grain Silo
What is a large enterprise IS that brings data together in a big database and helps improve processes in a company?
ERP system
What is JIT Delivery?
Manufacturing occurring just as materials arrive to reduce storage costs
What are the 5 Elements of ERP?
- Software
- Data
- Hardware
- Procedures
- People
What are the characteristics of SOFTWARE in ERP?
- Configuration: adapting an ERP software to meet client needs without changing code
- Customization: Writing NEW CODE to Supplement ERP system when requirements cannot be met with configuration
What are the characteristics of DATA in ERP?
- Transactional: purchases payments, deliveries
- Master: For organization/reference, supplier names, item names
- Organizational: Data ABOUT THE COMPANY, location of warehouses etc
What are the Minor, Middle, and Major types of upgrades for ERP?
Minor: technical - improving IT
Middle: Functional - Improving Processes
Major: Full system Improvement
What are the Pros and challenges of ERP system?
Pros:
1. Real-time data sharing
2. Best industry processes
3. More managers = Better oversight
4. No information silo
5. Better for supply chain partners
6. Create EOS after mergers
Challenges:
1. Vendor selection
2. Gap analysis
3. Configuration
4. Data issues
5. Cutover Method
What is a Database?
A self-describing collection of integrated records OR a collection of tables plus their relationship
What are the 4 components of a database?
Cell = BYTE
Column = FIELDS
Rows = RECORDS
Tables = FILES
What does DBMS stand for? What does it mean?
DBMS = Database Management System
A program used to create, process, and administer a database
What is an SQL?
Structured Query Language: universal language for processing database
What is Multi-user processing? What is one downside to it?
Multiple users can access the database at the same time. Could lead to LOST UPDATE problem
What is the difference between enterprise DBMS vs Personal DBMS?
Enterprise: process large organizational databases (1000+ users)
Personal: Smaller and simpler database applications (<100, <15)
What is an E-R diagram? What 5 elements is it made up of?
E-R diagram: Entity relationship diagram
- Primary key: column that uniquely identifies row (“Drivers license #”)
- Entity: Noun that is independent of one another (person, place, object)
- Attributes: Characteristics of an entity (name, ID, etc)
- Relationships: how entities are related
- Foreign key: Shows relationship between 2 entities
What is cardinality in a relationship?
Cardinality tells us if the relationships are: 1-1, 1-many, or many-many. Many - many must be broken into two 1-many relationships using a bridge entity.
What is Big Data?
Vast volumes of structured and unstructured data
Volume, Variety, velocity
What are the characteristics of the 3 Vs of Big data?
- Volume: dataset size
- Variety: types of data within dataset
- Velocity: Speed of data processing
What is the definition of AI?
Software that enables an IS to mimic or simulate human intelligence
What are the two types of AI objectives?
- Reasoning systems (think and act as people do)
- Pattern matching (matches perception to stored data and identifies patterns)
What are Expert systems?
Rule based systems that encode data from human knowledge into KNOWLEDGE BASE. Uses If/Then rules
What are Neural networks (NN)?
Adaptive system with NODES and CONNECTIONS (like a brain)… used for things like translation
What is the difference between Narrow vs Broad AI?
Narrow: accomplishes specific task (grammarly)
Broad: flexible (chat)
What is an analytics IS?
IS that supports acquiring analyzing and publishing data to reveal patterns
What is an operational database?
Designed to make data inputs and updates efficient (like online transactions)
What is a data warehouse?
A facility that prepares, stores, manages data for reporting and mining.
What is the difference between Descriptive vs. Predictive Vs. Prescriptive Analytics?
Descriptive: informs of current conditions - Sorting, filtering, grouping, calculating
Predictive: same activities as descriptive but predicts events and outcomes
Prescriptive: combination of both, identifies best decisions to take action
What is the difference between Cooperation vs Collaboration?
Cooperation: people doing all the same work together
Collaboration: dynamic process working together to achieve shared purpose
What are the 3 types of Iteration use?
- No iteration control: no limits or restrictions on teamwork product
- Iteration management: Tracks changes and provides features to accommodate people working at the same time
- Iteration Control: limits user activity, version history, etc
What is the difference between Passive vs Active Social media IS?
Passive: followers, views, visits, traffic
Active: Time on site, clicks, retweets, shares, comments, ratings
What are the two characteristics of social media promotion?
- Network effect: exponential sharing
- Trust: consumers trust friends more than businesses
What is social capital?
The investment in social relations with the expectations of returns in the marketplace
What are the 4 risks of social media in business?
- Underestimation of labour cost
- Variable ROI
- Customer privacy
- Employee being cancelled
What is collaborative consumption?
Mutual access to products and services rather than exclusive ownership (creative cloud)
What are the 3 types of MERCHANT E-commerce?
- B2B
- B2C
- B2G (gov)
What are the 3 types of NONMERCHANT e-commerce?
- Auctions - ebay
- Clearinghouses - SSense
- Electronic exchanges - Grailed, FB marketplace
What are the 3 Ways E-commerce improves market efficiency?
- Data-flow
- Disintermediation
- Software
What is ISS?
Information Systems SECURITY
What are the two types of ISS threats?
- Human Error (internal employees)
- Computer Crimes (External Attackers)
What are the 5 types of DATA targeted COMPUTER CRIME Threats?
- Hacking
- Injection (SQL)
- Malware (Virus, ransomware)
- Impersonation (phishing)
- Man-in-middle (sniffing)
What are the 4 types of SOFTWARE targeted COMPUTER CRIME Threats?
- Denial of service
- Overflow
- Malware
- Usurpation
What are the 3 types of Hardware targeted COMPUTER CRIME Threat?
- Terrorism
- Theft
- APT
What are the 4 types of HUMAN ERROR Threats?
- Inadvertent (idiots)
- Deliberate (saboteurs)
- Procedure Problems (software)
- Accidents (hardware)
What are the 6 ISS safeguards?
- Encryption
- Firewalls
- Malware (ANTI)
- Hardening
- VPN
- Secure Design
What is encryption?
Converting plaintext into encoded text
What are firewalls?
Apparatus that inhibits unauthorized entry into specific sections of a network
What is Anti-malware?
Disrupts spyware and viruses
What is hardening?
Limiting functions of a computer to decrease vulnerabilities (good for single purpose computers)
What is Secure Design?
Designing security into a software
