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Midterm 2 physiology > deck_17151080 > Flashcards

deck_17151080 Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

Disease of cell cycle (uncontrollable)

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2
Q

Causes of cancer

A

Carcinogens, lifestyle makes up 90%, drinking and smoking

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3
Q

Death in cancer

A

50-70% are caused by human behavior, 30% from smoking

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4
Q

Carcinogens

A

Substance radiation: 90% of cancers are related to exposure of carcinogens. Some promote genetic changes in somatic cells

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5
Q

DNA alteration leads to

A

effects of gene expression and affects cell division

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6
Q

DNA mutations

A

Frequently occur during DNA replication, can either have a neutral effect (does nothing), a beneficial (evolution), or harmful (cell division)

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7
Q

DNA mechanisms of repair

A

DNA repair Enzyme, are natural killer cells and virus infected cell

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8
Q

Why Cancer develops

A

Mutated or damaged genes, proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes

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9
Q

Oncogenes

A

Mutated or damages proto-oncogenes

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10
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Normal regulatory genes

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11
Q

Tumor Suppressor genes

A

Regulatory genes repress cell growth, division, differentiation, adhesion that may be turned off or damaged in cancers

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12
Q

Cancer: Stage 0

A

in situ tumor. Cells in the tumor are abnormal, but they are only found in the tumor

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13
Q

Cancer: stage I-III

A

Defined for each type of cancer, based on size, degree of spread, lymph node involvement

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14
Q

Cancer: stage IV

A

Cancer has metastasized to distant sites and organs

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15
Q

Cancer Development

A
  1. cells must divide uncontrollably, 2. cell must undergo physical changes and break away from surrounding cells
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16
Q

Benign Tumor

A

non harmful and remain in one location, Is a single well defined mass that may be surrounded by connective tissue

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17
Q

Malignant Tumor development

A

Epithelial cell, Hyperplasia, Dysplasia, In situ Cancer

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18
Q

Cancer Tumor

A

Abnormal cell structure, may appear undifferentiated, may spread, and edge of the tumor is not clearly defined

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19
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Cells divide more rapidly than normal

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20
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cells change form

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21
Q

Lung cancer

A

nearly 90% caused by smoking, no simple screening test, early symptoms are nonspecific, treatment is surgery, chemo, and radiation

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22
Q

Colon and Rectal cancers

A

Tests can detect them early, blood in stool and rectal bleeding are symptoms, lifestyle and genetics are risk factors, treatment is polyp removal and tumor removal

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23
Q

Breast Cancer

A

Early detection is crucial for survival, risk factors are genetics and age

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24
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

No obvious early signs, 2nd highest death rate, risk factors: smoking and genetics

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25
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Most common after age of 50, can be diagnosed by digital rectal exam, treatment is surgery and radiation therapy

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26
Q

Leukemia

A

cancer of immature white blood cells in bone marrow, risk factors: down syndrome and exposure to ionizing radiation, Treatment: chemotherapy is most effective

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27
Q

Lymphoma

A

Cancers of lymphoid tissue, risk factors is altered immune function, treatment radiation and chemo

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28
Q

Esophageal Cancer

A

92 deaths for every 100 cases, rarely diagnosed at early stage, treatment is esophagectomy or placement of a stent (small tube)

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29
Q

Conventional Cancer treatments

A

Surgery, radiation: damages DNA and interrupts cell division, and chemotherapy: usage of drugs that disrupt cell division

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30
Q

Advanced diagnoses

A

Tumor Imaging: MRI, x-rays, Genetic testing: Identify mutated genes, Enzyme tests: screening large numbers of people

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31
Q

Immunotherapy

A

protects the immune response

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32
Q

The Immune systems role

A

Natural killer cells detect and destroy cancers, disease that suppresses the immune systems makes an individual more susceptible to cancer

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33
Q

Starving Cancers

A

Inhibits angiogenesis (youth of new blood vessels)

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34
Q

Molecular treatment

A

Triggers immune system/creates molecules that target oncogenes

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35
Q

Ways to prevent cancer

A

Know your family history, regular medical screenings, self-examination techniques, avoid direct sunlight 10am-4pm, watch diet & weight, don’t smoke, drink only in moderation, exercise regularly

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36
Q

4 primary tissues

A

Epithelial, Connective tissues, muscle, nervous

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37
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

Cover body cavities and surfaces, protects underlying tissues, reduction of friction, transportation + absorption of materials, secretion of waste

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38
Q

Tissues

A

Group (2+) of cells with a common function (specialize in structure) and have similar organelles

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39
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

A tissue whose main job is secretion, Epithelia cells adapted to make up glands

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40
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secretion into hollow organs and/or ducts to exterior of body (ex: Salivating)

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41
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secretion into blood to carry chemical messages throughout body (ex: thyroids)

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42
Q

Epithelial Tissues: Shape

A
  • Squamous: Flattened cells, Body surface (skin)
  • Cuboidal: Cube shaped, urinary system, glandular tissue
  • Columnar: Column shaped, digestive and reproductive tracts
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43
Q

Simple/Single Layer

A

Shape doesn’t simply determine function, we can guess based of numbers of layers: Simple/single layered adapted for diffusion across cell barriers

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44
Q

Stratified / Multiple layers

A

protection, skin surfaces

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45
Q

Basement membrane

A

Structural support, attaches epithelial layer to underlying tissues

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46
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Nothing passes (ex: digestive tract) unless it has the specific protein channel. prevents things that don’t have proteins from getting into our blood

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47
Q

Junctions

A

hold epithelial cells together

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48
Q

Adhesion Junctions

A

=Spot desmosomes, some movement between cells (ex: skin, being able to feel pinching of cheeks)

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49
Q

Gap Junctions

A

protein channels that allow movement of ions and water (ex: liver)

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50
Q

Connective tissue

A

Bones / Skeletal system, support softer organs, connects body parts, stores fat and produced blood cells

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51
Q

Connective tissue characteristics

A

few living cells, most of the structure made of matrix, no cell-cell junction

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52
Q

Matrix

A

Nonliving extracellular material, provides strength to connective tissue (not the few living cells)

53
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Stores energy in the form of fat (glucose turns into energy + heat)

54
Q

Muscle tissue

A

shortens and contracts for movement, composed of cells specialized to contract or shorten

55
Q

Muscle fibers

A

tightly packed cells that are in muscle tissue, they are long, thin and parallel to each other

56
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth, Skeletal, cardiac

57
Q

Actin and Myosin

A

Contracted cells that can be found in muscles

58
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

moves body parts, connected to tendons attached to bone, voluntary muscles

59
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

Shorter than skeletal muscle fiber, involuntary muscles

60
Q

Cardiac muscle components

A

One nucleus, parallel to each other, gap Junctions for contraction at ends of adjoining cells

61
Q

Smooth muscle Structure

A

Around organs, thin, tapered, surrounds hollow structures, single cell nucleus, gap junctions

62
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Transmits impulses, located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

63
Q

Nervous tissue cells

A

Neurons, which generate and transmit electrical impulses, and Glial cells, which provide protection and support to neurons

64
Q

Nervous tissue structure

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon

65
Q

Microglia

A

picks up debris and supports cells to neurons

66
Q

Organs

A

structure composed of 2 or more tissue types joined together to perform specific functions

67
Q

Organ systems

A

Groups of organs that perform common functions

68
Q

components of Digestive system

A

Mouth, throat, stomach, intestines, liver

69
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

70
Q

Integumentary system

A

(the simplest) skin, synthesizes vitamin D, protects from injury, infection and dehydration, receives stimuli externally

71
Q

Skeletal system (overview)

A

Protects internal organs, provides structural framework, provides blood cells and stores minerals

72
Q

Muscular system (overview)

A

Produces or resists movement, generates heat

73
Q

Nervous system (overview)

A

Detects internal and external stimuli, controls and coordinates rapid responses to stimuli, interrogates the activities of other organ systems

74
Q

Endocrine system

A

Produces body regulating hormones, helps the nervous system with interrogative functions

75
Q

Digestive system (overview)

A

Provides the body with water and nutrients, (the liver) synthesizes proteins and lipids, and inactivates many chemicals

76
Q

Circulatory system

A

Transport materials to and from cells, maintenance of body temp, participated in mechanisms of defense against injury

77
Q

Lymphatic systems

A

Homeostasis, part of immune system, returns excess tissue fluid to circulatory system, participates in mechanisms of defense against disease and injury

78
Q

Respiratory systems

A

Exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between air and blood, production of sound (voice)

79
Q

Reproductive system (female)

A

produces eggs, nurtures the fertilized egg, developing embryo and fetus until birth

80
Q

Reproductive systems (Male)

A

produces sperm, participates in delivery of sperm

81
Q

Urinary system

A

controls contents of blood, maintains the volume and composition of body fluids, excretes some waste products

82
Q

Tissue Membrane

A

Line body cavities, consists of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissues lining in each body cavity

83
Q

Serous membranes

A

1/4 major types of tissue membranes, reduces friction between organs

84
Q

Mucous membrane

A

2/4 of main tissue membranes, lubricates surface, captures debris (mucus and hair)

85
Q

Synovial membrane

A

3/4 main tissue membrane, line spaces in movable joints, friction

86
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

4/4 main tissue membrane, skin

87
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Triggers hair standing, attached to hair follicle and raises hair to upright position

88
Q

Skin structure

A

2 major layers: Epidermis, below skin, and Dermis. + Hypodermis, not part of skin, cushioning and insulation

89
Q

Epidermis structure

A

outer layer, stratified squamous epithelial cells, no blood vessels, specialized keratinocytes (keratin) and Melanocytes (melanin)

90
Q

layers of epidermis

A
  1. Dead cells of epidermis (that get replaced)
  2. Living cells of epidermis
    -Keratinocytes, waterproof protein
    - creates and contains Melanocytes
  3. Dermis with blood vessel
91
Q

Dermis cells

A

Abundant in fibroblasts, white blood cells, Fat cells (adipocytes)

92
Q

Dermis

A

deepest layer, dense connective tissue, lies underneath epidermis, supports tissues, provides collagen

93
Q

Dermis accessory structures

A

smooth muscles, oil glands/sebaceous glands, sweat glands, blood vessels, sensory nerve endings

94
Q

Oil glands/sebaceous glands

A

Secretion moistens and softens skin

95
Q

Sensory nerve endings

A

for heat, cold, touch, deep pressure, vibration

96
Q

Homeostasis

A

Characteristics of life, the ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological process

97
Q

Negative feedback

A

homeostasis mechanism: maintains homeostasis, deviations from normal detected and counteracted. Controllable variable - sensor - control center effector

98
Q

Positive feedback

A

Homeostasis mechanism: amplifies original change, rarely found in organisms (ex: child delivery)

99
Q

Skeletal system: composition and functions

A

made of bones, ligaments (connects bone to bone), cartilage. Supports, protects and for movement

100
Q

Bones

A

Hard elements of the skeleton, mainly composed of calcium minerals, contains nerve, blood vessels, and living cells

101
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Young bone cells

102
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

103
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Reabsorbs bones, gently breaks down pieces of bone (increases calcium and helps cleanly heal fractures)

104
Q

5 important functions of bones

A

Support, movement (interact with muscles), formation of blood cells (site of blood production), Protection, mineral storage

105
Q

Cartilage

A

supports, there’s: Fibrocartilage (intervertebral disks, structures in the knee joints), Hyaline (where bone starts), Elastic cartilage (outer ear)

106
Q

Ligaments

A

(ex: knee) dense fibrous connective tissue, attaches bone to bone

107
Q

Bone formation

A

Begins with fetal development between 2-9 months and continues through childhood

108
Q

Ossification (fetus >3 months)

A

Cartilage model forms, chondroblasts (shape of the bone)

109
Q

Ossification (2-3 month fetus)

A

Blood vessel, compact bone develops, starting at primary ossification, osteoblasts (matrix)

110
Q

Ossification (childhood)

A

Cavity, spongy bone develops, 2nd ossification site (osteocytes)

111
Q

Chondroblasts

A

cartilage forming cells (hyaline) that build a model of the future bone

112
Q

Bone development process

A

Controlled by growth hormones in adolescents or sex hormones during puberty that stimulate growth plate

113
Q

mature bone repair process

A

Hematoma, then fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteoid matrix to bones

114
Q

Mature bone remodeling

A

Changes in shape size, strength, regulates by hormones Parathyroid (PTH) which removes calcium and Calcitonin which adds calcium

115
Q

bones: types and amount

A

Long, short, flat, and irregular, there are a total of 206 bones in the human skeleton

116
Q

Axial skeleton: The skull

A

flat bones, sinuses/air spaces (lighter skull), lined with tissue that secretes mucus

117
Q

Axial skeleton: Vertebral column

A

Main axis of body, supports head, protects spinal cord, consists of 33 irregular bones (vertebrae)

118
Q

5 regions of vertebral column

A

Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx + Intervertebral disks: cushion, assist in movement, flexibility

119
Q

Axial skeleton: Ribs and sternum

A

protects heart, lungs and other organs, helps in breathing. Ribs: twelve pairs in humans, bottom 2 pair floating. Sternum: Breastbone (3 bones fused)

120
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

arms, legs and attachment to trunk. 30 different bones in our arm and hand

121
Q

Arm and hand bones

A

Humerus, ulna, radius, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges/finger bones

122
Q

Leg bones

A

Femur/thighbone, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges/toe bones

123
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Immoveable

124
Q

Synovial joint

A

Freely moveable

125
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Slightly moveable, cartilage connection

126
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of tendons following an injury

127
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation

128
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative condition affecting 20 million Americans 45+. cartilage covering bone wears out

129
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disease condition where bones lose mass and become porous due to imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Midterm 2 physiology (2 decks)

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