deck_1711103 Flashcards
What NFPA standard covers Fire Department Safety officers?
NFPA 1521
What does NIMS stand for?
National Incident Management System
What does NFPA 1500 cover?
Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program.
What is the difference between and Health and safety officer (HSO) and an incident safety officer (ISO)?
The health and safety officer manages a department’s occupation health program. An incident safety officer is responsible for safety hazards and unsafe working conditions on an incident scene.
What is the difference between a procedure and a guideline?
Procedure - strict processes with little or no flexibility. Guidelines - adaptable templates that give wide application flexibility
Define risk
Risk - the chance of damage, injury or loss
Define risk management
Risk management - the process of minimizing the chance, degree or probability of damage, loss, or injury
What are the five steps of risk management?
- Identify hazards 2. Evaluate hazards 3. Prioritize hazards 4. Control hazards 5. Monitor hazards
What 2 criteria do we use to evaluate and prioritize a hazard?
Frequency and severity
Fire departments operate under the recoommendations and regulations of 5 major agencies. Name them.
NFPA - National Fire Protection Association.OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration.NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.DHS - Department of Homeland Security.EPA - Environmental Protection Agency.
Give the general responsibilities of the 5 major recommending and regualtory agencies.
NFPA - Develop national minimum consensus standards, codes and guides.OSHA - Develop and enforce the code of federal regulations dealing with occupational safety and healthNIOSH - Research, investigate and recommend safe procedures, processes and habits.DHS - Develop and implement a national response plan (NRP)EPA - Issue and enfore regulations and provide training for issues regarding HAZMAT
NFPA 1021 covers what?
Standard for Fire Officer Professional Qualifications (Fire Officer I)
NFPA 472 covers what?
ASO - HM: Assistant Safety Officer Haz Mat
NFPA 1670 Covers what?
ASO-RT: Assistant Safety Officer TRT
ISO’s need both of these when dealing with safety concepts.
Both theory and reality. Theory: uncommon sense, recognize safety concepts. Reality: common sense
What are the 3 components of the operational environment
Procedures, Equipment, and personnel.
What is the least important factor in the operational triad (think of the 3 components of the operational environment)?
Equipment. Remember with PPE to be aware of the thermal protective performance rating (TPP).
What 3 factors contribute to a persons ability to act safely?
Training, health, and attitude. Improvement in attitude is most difficult.
Risk is defined as what?
chance of damage, injury, or loss.
Risk management is?
the process of minimizing chance, degree, or probability of damage injury or loss.
Codes are what?
work of law established or adopted by a rule making authority. Designed to be adopted as law by an authority having jurisdiction to do so
Laws are defined as?
Enforceable rules of conduct that help protect a society
Statutory Law deals with what?
civil and criminal matters
Case law refers to what?
a precedent established over time through the judicial process
Regulations do what?
outline details and procedures that have the force of law issued by an executive governmental authority.
Guides are?
Recommended practices: suggestions or options
Standards are?
those that define what is acceptable for fire department equipment, procedures, and professional qualifications. They can apply to any set of rules procedures or professional measurements set by an authority.
Essential ISO tools include at least these 6 things.
Proper ID, Radio, Phone, Documentation, Equipment, Flashlight
ISO is best when…
proactive and established early
Master is the ability to?
achieve 90 percent of an objective 90 percent of the time. (90/90 Rule).
Mastery equals?
effectiveness + efficiency, doing the right things right.
Essential ISO skills are (4 of them).
Fire behavior, Building construction, Physiology, kinesiology, and injury potential, and Risk/benefit analysis
What are the 3 components of attitude?
knowledge, emotion, and action
3 types of loads can be transmitted through a structural member. They are?
Axial, eccentric, and torsion
Loads are applied to structural members as?
compression, tension, and shear forces
LVL (laminated veneer lumber) is made of?
Glued and pressed sheet veneers of wood in the same grain direction
OSB (oriented strand board) is made of?
wood sheeting with wood chips oriented in multiple directions and emulsified glue.
Type I building construction
Fire Resistive: made of concrete encased steel. Approved noncombustible or limited combustible material with sufficient fire resistive ratings to withstand the effects of fire and prevent its spread from story to story.
Ordinary construction: Type III
Misapplied to wood framed buildings. Load-bearing walls are noncombustible (masonry) and roof/ floor assemblies are wood trusses or lightweight steel.
What is the 5 step process for predicting collapse?
Step 1: Classify the construction typeStep 2: Determine structural involvement (read smoke and flamesStep 3: Visualize and trace loadsStep 4: Evaluate timeStep 5: Predict and communicate collapse potential
Structure Fire means?
That the load-bearing components of a building are being attacked by fire or heat.
4 key attributes to smoke?
Volume, Velocity (pressure), Density, and Color
Two triggers that can cause smoke to ignite?
right temperature and right mixture
Smoke explosion is what?
When a spark or flame is introduced into trapped smoke that is below its ignition temperature but above its flashpoint
Turbulent smoke flow indicates?
That it is ready to ignite and flashover is likely to occur.
Brown smoke indicates what?
the transition from a contents to a structural fire
Smoke that appears the same color and velocity from multiple seams/ openings indicates what?
That it is a deep seated fire, concealed spaces.
PPV tactics are contraindicated if?
- Smoke is turbulent2. Location of fire seat is unknown3. Fire is in a vented, combustible void space4. Smoke becomes thicker and darker during PPV use
What factors reduce situational awareness?
Insufficient communication, fatigue and stress, task overload, task underload, Group mind-set and biases, “Press on regardless” philosophy, degrading operating conditions
Vicarious Learning?
learning from mistakes of others
Hazardous energy is what?
Stored potential energy that causes harm if suddenly released
Ground gradient..
Electrical energy that has established a path to the ground through the earth and continues to energize the earth. Downed power lines can energize the earth in a concentric ring of up to 30 ft.
Ch 5. 1.What are three things that need to be acquired to front-load for the ISO function?
- NFPA 1021: standard on fire officer professional qualifications2. Additional knowledge and skills3. Certain attitude
Ch 5. 2.Discuss the concept of mastery and it’s benefit to the ISO.
Mastery: 90/90 rule - 90% objective 90% of the time. Ability to perform with a certain unconscious competence. ISO needs to address important issues with a wealth of knowledge.
Ch 5. 3.How are efficiency and effectiveness different?
Effectiveness: doing the right things. Learning part.Efficiency: doing things right - performance part.
Ch 5. 4.What is the essential difference between learning and performance.
Learning: is the aquisition of knowledge, skillsPerformance: demonstration of aquired knowlege and skills
Ch 5. 5.Describe the relationship among knowledge, skill, and attitude.
Knowledge: bring knowledge into application without supervision. Recognize situationsSkills: intellectual tasks such as hazard reduction, and problem solving. Determine, predict, implementAttitude: gain knowledge and skills to shape an attitude that supports the reduction of injury and death
Ch 5. 6.To check your attitude, what three questions can be asked of yourself?
- What do I know about this?2. How do I feel about it?3. How should I handle it to show a concern for safety?
Ch 6. 1.What are the three ways loads are imposed on materials?
- Axial load: on the beam2. Eccentric load: middle of deck3. Torsion load: sides of deck, take twisted torsion
Ch 6. 2.List three types of forces created when loads are imposed on materials.
- Compression: push both sides on a beam2. Tension: pulls on a structural member3. Shear: load transferee to another structure member
Ch 6. 3.What is the definition of a beam?
A structural element that delivers loads perpendicularly to it’s imposed load is called a beam.
Ch 6. 4.Explain the effects of fire on steel structural elements.
Cold drawn steel loses 55% at 800FExtruded steel loses 50% at 1100FAt 1000F steel elongates 10 inches
Ch 6. 5.How does a masonry wall achieve strength?
Comprehensive strength using mortar. No tensile or shear strength.
Ch 6. 6.List and define the five common types of building construction.
Type 1: Fire-Restive, approved noncombustible, concrete encased steel, monolithic poured cement, steel spray on fire protection. Large multiple-story-hard to fight rely on no collapse.Type 2: Noncombustible, less rating-steel not coated makes for collapse. Warehouses, small arenas, newer churches. Building do not burn but heat causes collapse. Type 3: Ordinary, load bearing walls noncombustible masonry with wood floors, ceilings, structure members. Taxpayer, now strip malls. Spreaders-void spaces.Type 4: Heavy Timber, masonry exterior walls with 8”” wood laminated beams for structure, floor, roof. Warehouses, older churches, manufacturing. Type 5: Wood frame, new homes, small business, chain hotels built with wood.
Ch 6. 7.What is a hybrid building? List several types.
Combine 2 types of construction. Expect rapid collapse due to low mass high surface to mass exposure of structural elements.
Ch 6. 8.List in order, the five step analytical approach to predicting building collapse.
- Classify the construction type2. Determine structural involvement 3. Visualize and trace loads4. Evaluate time5. Predict and communicate collapse potential
Ch 6. 9.List several factors that accelerate the time that a structural element will fail under fire conditions.
- Lighter structural elements2. Heavier imposed load3. No time window for construction4. Brown dark smoke light weight times up5. Gravity and time are constant, resistance is not
Ch 7. 1.What is smoke?
The products of incomplete combustion that includes an aggregate of solids, aerosols, and fire gases that are toxic, flammable, and volatile.
Ch 7. 2.List common hostile fire events and their associated warning signs.
Flash-over: turbulent smoke flow, rollover, auto-ignition outside.Back-draft: yellowish gray smoke, bowing black stained windows, signs of extreme heat on outside.Smoke explosion: smoke trapped above fire, signs of growing fire, pressurizing.Rapid fire spread: increase in smoke spread, smoke flowing from hallways faster than firefighter can move.
Ch 7. 3.What are the four attributes of smoke?
- Volume: sets stage for offgassing in a given space.2. Velocity: speed, means pressure. Heat or smoke volume. Box cannot absorb any more heat-precussor to flashover.3. Density: thickness, how much fuel laden in the smoke.4. Color: distance to a fire, white new, black hot unburned.
Ch 7. 4.How do the four smoke attributes contribute to the understanding of fire behavior within a building?
Determine the location, stage, and spread potential of a fire.
Ch 7. 5. What is meant by the term “Black Fire?”
Describe smoke that is high volume, turbulent velocity, ultra dense, and deep black. Charring, heat damage to steel, content destruction, victim death. Over 1000F. No FF should be near it. Vent and Cool.
Ch 7. 6. Explain how influencing factors can affect smoke attributes.
Weather: temperature, humidity, wind changeThermal Balance: sucking, puffing and breathing smoke into the building indicate rapid fire with increased air.Container size: Light, thin smoke showing from more than one opening of a very large building is a significant observation.Firefighting efforts:Color of smoke should change with efforts, if not you’re not getting the job done. PPV - if smoke become blacker and thicker it is making conditions worse.
Ch 7. 7.List the three steps of the reading smoke process.
- View the Volume: velocity, density, color of smoke - compare from where smoke is emitting, indicates fire size, location, spread potential.2. Analyze the contributing factors: affect volume, velocity, density, color - should refine and or confirm your read.3. Rate of change of each attribute: measured in seconds, you got a problem.
Ch 8. 1.Describe the difference between Dangerous and Risky.
From the community perspective we believe firefighting to be inherently dangerous. From the fire service perspective the risks of many specific dangers are well known.
Ch 8. 2. List the three influences on risk-taking values.
Community Expectations: the community sees firefighters risking their lives and expect similar response in their emergencies.Fire Service Standards: NFPA 1500, 1561, 1521 - risk a life to save a known life, Perform in a predictable, practiced manner to save valued property, take no risk to save what’s lost, default to defensive when conditions deteriorate quickly.Department Values and Skills: The ISO should recognize when crews are attempting to perform a skill for which they have never prepared.
Ch 8. 3.List the risk management concepts out-lined in NFPA standards.
Risk a life to save a known life.Perform in a predictable, practiced manner to save valued property.Take no risk to save what’s lost.Default to defensive when conditions deteriorate quickly.
Ch 8. 4.What is “valued property?”
Physical property whose loss will cause harm to the community.
Ch 8. 5.What is meant by situational awareness?
The degree of accuracy by which one’s perception of the current environment mirrors reality; applied to the ISO, situational awareness is the ability to accurately read potential risks and recognize factors that influence the incident outcome.
Ch 8. 6.Describe three methods to read risk at an incident.
- Collect Information: read the building, read the smoke, read firefighter effectiveness2: Analyze: define principle hazard, time, ahead or behind the power curve, what’s to be gained3: Judge Risk: within risk taking values? are we reducing risks?
Ch 8. 7.What is vicarious learning?
Learning from the mistakes of others
Ch 9. 1.Define Hazardous energy.
Stored potential energy that will cause harm is suddenly released.
Ch 9. 2.List four ways to categorize the status of hazardous energy.
- Stable - not likely to change2. Stable - may change3. Unstable - may require attention4. Unstable - requires immediate attention
Ch 9. 3.List common electrical equipment and its associated hazards.
Powerlines/Wires: arc danger, voltage?, may jump recoilPole-Mounted Transformers: hard to extinguish, drip oilPad-Mounted Transformers: energize surface, arcGround level Vaults: confined space, o2, explosiveSubterranean Vaults: water, ventilate, Generators: heat, fuel, automatic start upBatteries: stored energy, chemical, gas buildupDisconnects/switches/meters: exposed terminals
Ch 9. 4. What is ground gradient?
Is electrical energy that has established a path to ground through the earth and is energizing it. A downed power line may be energizing the earth in a concentric ring of up to 30 feet depending on the voltage source.
Ch 9. 5.Why are UPS battery rooms hazardous?
The direct current (DC) can energize pooled water, battery acid, and battery rack hardware.
Ch 9. 6.List the chemical properties of common utility gases.
Propane: C3H8, vapor density 1.5, bp = -44F, ignition temp 871F, UEL 9.5, LEL 2.4Natural Gas: CH4, vapor density .55, bp = -259F, ignition temp = 999F, UEL 14.0, LEL 5.3
Ch 9. 7.List the hazards associated with utility water and storm sewer systems.
Uncontrolled water flow can cause initial and secondary structure collapse. The ISO should investigate water flows on scene.
Ch 9. 8.Give examples of mechanical hazardous energy
Sudden release of mechanical systems caused by heat, trauma, or overloading. Pulleys, cables, counterweights, springs. Freestanding truss structures.
Ch 9. 9.What are some of the hazardous energy sources in vehicles?
Stability/position, Fuel systems, electrical systems, power generation systems, suspension/ door systems, drive brake systems, restraint safety systems
Ch 9. 10.What are the four considerations that need to be evaluated when considering weather as a hazardous energy.
WindHumidityTemperaturePotential for Change/Storms
Ch 9. 11.List some warning signs that extreme weather is approaching.
Watch the sky, Note 180 degree changes in wind direction, potential for flash flood, thunderstorms can produce rapid change, lightning flashes to define cloud formations that may be tornadic, distance between you and lightning, deep snow
Ch 9. 12.List several sources of miscellaneous hazardous energy.
Earthen materials, ice, flowing water, animal movement
Ch 10. 1.List the three factors that lead to overexertion.
Ergonomics, physicology, and rehab efforts
Ch 10. 2.What are the three ergonomic factors that can produce injury?
The physical EnvironmentThe Relationship of the WorkerThe Task
Ch 10. 3.What are the three As to help mitigate ergonomic hazards.
AwarnessAccommodationAcclimation
Ch 10. 4.List the three factors that impact human cell performance.
Thermal stressHydrationFuel Replacement
Ch 10. 6.List three examples of passive cooling and two methods of active cooling.
Hypothermia: Can range from mild to severe. Mild cases are marked by shivering and loss of coordination. Lethargy and coma can onset quicklyFrostbite: A serious local injury meaning that a body part is frozenFrostnip: A local injury. Most people do not realize they have frostnip, it is, however, a presursor to frostbite
Ch 10. 7.At minimum, how much water should working firefighters drink at an incident?
One quart per hour during periods of work
Ch 10. 8.What four elements need to be balanced to help human cell performance?
oxygen, water, glucose, insulin
Ch 10. 9.When feeding firefighters, food should be geared toward what balance?
low glycemic carbsproteindietary fat
Ch 10. 10.How often should firefighters eat when incident activities require significant effort over a long period of time?
Feed nowFeed every two to three hours
Ch 10. 11.Define the for Rs of firefighter rehabilitation.
RestRehydrationRxRefueling
Ch 1. 1.What is the difference between an ISO and an HSO?
The HSO is responsible for health and safety administration, whereas the ISO is focused on scene-specific operations.
Ch. 1. 2.Explain the history of today’s safety officer in the industrial world as well as in the fire service.
World war 2 brought about safety officers, 1970 congress passed OSHA-both employees and employers responsible for safety. In 1987 NFPA1500 to 1521. In 2004 homeland security made NIMS the national response plan.
Ch 1. 3.List and discuss the NFPA standards related to the ISO.
NFPA 1500- basic premis to develop and administer an active health and safety programNFPA 1521-addressed authority, qualifications, and responsibilities of the safety officer
Ch 1. 4.What is the significance of the William Steiger Act?
In 1970 congress passed this act making way for OSHA-occupational safety and health administration. Responsibility of safety to both employee and employer
Ch 1. 5.How are the monetary costs associated with firefighter injuries and deaths paid for?
Workers compensation programs determine their premiums based on past injuries and deaths.
Ch 1. 6.Discuss Current firefighter injury and death trends and the need for incident safety officer response.
Average 105 firefighter fatalities a year, 1/3 on scene. In 2003: 50,000 injuries on the fire ground - 130 a day. Need ISO to bring those stats down
Ch 2. 1. List the three elements that affect work-place safety.
ProceduresEquipmentPersonnel
Ch 2. 2.Explain the difference between the formal and informal processes.
Formal processes: are SOP or SOG, departmental directives, temporary memorandumsInformal processes: obviously part of a department routine but are not written
Ch 2. 3.Describe four qualities of a well-written procedure.
Good SOP start with good writtingClear outlineTested techniqueEasy interpretationApplicability to many scenariosSpecific on critical or life endangering points
Ch 2. 4.List and describe the external influences that can affect safety equipment design and purchase.
OSHA regulations outline the equipment required for a given process to be accomplished (CFRs). WA state has Department of Labor and Industries.NFPA Standards minimum acceptable standard for equipment.NIOSH, ANSI, and UL manufactures use to show their equipment meets design requirement.
Ch 2. 5.List and briefly describe the three factors that influence a person’s ability to act safely.
- Training: clear objectives, proficiency levels, applies real world, id hazards, define acceptable risks, list of options, act as trained. Must include right subjects.2. Health- fit, stress, overexertion.3. Attitude- slow and emotional.
Ch 2. 6.Define risk management.
The process of minimizing the chance, degree, or probability of damage, loss, or injury.
Ch 2. 7.List and explain the five steps of classic risk management.
- Identify hazards - ie smoke2. Evaluate hazards- for frequency and severity3. Priortize hazards- how severe4. Control hazards- avoid, transfer, adaptation5. Monitor hazards- decline injuries
Ch 3. 1.What has typically motivated the establishment of guiding publications?
The majority of the publications were written as a result of a tragic event; therefore the ISO can use them as a basis to prevent similar tragedies from occurring.
Ch 3. 2.How are OSHA and NIOSH different?
OSHA is tasked with creating and enforcement of workplace law under the CFR’s. NIOSH is the safety research and education which can recommend adjustment to CFR’s. NIOSH has no enforcement responsibilities.
Ch 3. 3.What is the significance of the US Dept of Homeland Security to the fire service?
DHS regulates the National Response Plan and made NIMS with FEMA grant money tied to NIMS compliance.
Ch 3. 4.Define regulations, codes, laws, and guides.
- Regulations: detail and procedures that have the force of law-OSHA, CFRs, EPA.2. Codes: work of law established by a rule-making authority. Uniform fire code.3. Standards: set of rules, procedures, professional measurements. NFPA.4. Laws: enforceable rules of conduct that help protect society. Statutory law, case law.5. Guides: publications offer procedures, direcions, or standard of care. NIOSH.
Ch 3. 5.List the 11 topical areas in the NFPA 1500 chapter on emergency operations.
- Incident manager2. Communications3. Risk management during operations4. Personnel accountability5. Members operating at emergency incidents6. Control zones7. Roadway incidents8. Rapid intervention9. Rehabilitation10. Scenes of violence11. Post incident analysis
Ch 3. 6.What are the seven topical areas listed in NFPA1521 for functions of an ISO.
- IMS2. General incident safety3. Fire suppression 4. Emergency medical services ops5. Hazmat6. Special operations7. Postincident responsibilities
Ch 3. 7.What does IDLH stand for?
Immediately dangereous to life and health
Ch 3. 8.What responsibility does the ISO have in use of OSHA title 29 CFRs?
The ISO should have a site safety plans involving hazmat, confined space, trenches, hazardous energy.
Ch 4. 1.Explain the reasons that the ISO role should be preplanned.
The ISO is most effective when they arrive early at an incident (NIOSH recommendation):1. Early help evaluate hazards during ultrarapid change.2. First 15-20 min, lots of tasks are going on.3. Risks are greater early in an incident.
Ch 4. 2.List four examples of when an automatic ISO response is beneficial.
- Residential and commercial fires.2. Wildland-Interface fires.3. Special team incidents.4. Target hazard incidents.5. Aircraft incidents.6. Weather extremes.
Ch 4. 3.List four examples of when automatic ISO delegation should take place.
- Working incident2. Growing span of control3. Mutual aid incidents4. Firefighter down/missing/trapped
Ch 4. 4.List three methods to get an ISO on-scene, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each.
- Training officer: know dept and have equipment. Not available all the time, too many hats to wear.2. Health and safety committee member: familiar with safety issues, ISO training easy to accomplish. Extra costs for ot and equipment.3. All eligible officers: the pool to draw from is large. You need to train a large group of officers. BC.4. Dedicated ISO: trained and ready to respond. Need funding and support.
Ch 4. 5.Explain the authority given to the incident safety officer by NFPA standards.
NFPA 1521 gives the ISO the authority to stop, alter, or terminate activities if an imminent threat exists.
Ch 4. 6.List four tools that can help the ISO be effective on scene.
- Radio: contact with IC, working crews.2. High visibility: vest - safety officer3. PPE: to walk scene4. Clipboard file box: note taking.
An intervention to immediately stop, alter, or suspend an action or operation due to an imminent threat.
Firm Intervention
