deck_16944606 (1) Flashcards
black plague origins 1340s -1350s
transmitted by rats, fleas and contact
trading ports
thought to be from crimean penninsula/somewhere in eurasia
climate change and little icea age weakend europe- killed crops and faminine
mongols contirbuted to spread through their widespread conquest
sprad in europe, asia med and black sea
nature of disease
high fatality
ubran flocked to rural countryside
rural flocked to cities for worka nd food
2 diff responses to plaque, religious optomistic or sad
global impact of plague
china - declining pop worked against mongol control - also trying not to get invovled in oversee trade
middle east - limited migration more dependent on forign trade for goods bc of labor shortage
europe
scapgoating , depopulation of countryside , prioritize private prop over church
jews mistreated- antisemeticism
global global impact of plague
old world system : collapse of the eurasian silk road trade route
long distance trade was less desirable
revivide when new routes sought
med trade decline
other impacts
collapse of feudalism , portugese exploation, weakend states
little ice age
disruptive climate
led to witch hunts
demographic pressure and food scarcity and bad weakther and weak gov
global cooling
little ice age impact world
africa- drought
americas - drought, stunt plants, religion
asia - imperial destablization of the manchu
ottoman empire- drought less crops and bandit groups
europe - crop failure, disease, famine
rise of mongols 1206 and 1368
united nomadic clans - ghenghis khan
descendents conquered even more territory
mongol conquest
sophisticated military tech - seige warefare
brutal conquest - surrender and submit to mongols
urbanization
- cities
limited - when died campign stopped, deli resisted
split territory among khans descendents
mongols and globaliattion
massive land trade route across asia
pox mongolica- mongol peace stability and predictablity
organized travel
expansive administration and rigid social hierarchy
valued the arts and sciences and tolerent of diff customs and traiditons
development of cities in asia
trig and astronomy
edpansion and institutionalization of islam
mongol decline
black death
fighting foreign armies esp china and defeated by ming
ingihting, factionalism and division
ibn khaldun 13c
traveled throughout muslim world
father of social sciences
history, econ, socialogy
group feeling/consiousness
dynastic cycles, and cyclical history
arab social scientist
timur and timurid dynasty 15 - 16c
timur - turkic and mongol
married into genghis khan fam
conquered samarkand
through parts of fractured mongol territory
brutal conqueror
attack growing muslim powers
timurid renaissance 14-17
art and architecture
blended chinese and persian traidtions
domes and painted frescoes
science
decimla notation, calculations, astronomy as seperate field
planetary models and evidence of earths rotation
collapse and legasies of the timurid dynasty 17
collapse:
conflict of succession
emprie fractured
legacies
continue dtrade on old world systm
timurid renaissance -fueld by global political and econ
precolonial africa
many diff ethnic groups, religion, lang, culture
common themes - good trade netweorks, expansionist kingdoms with strong states
region revialries
mali 14c
largest and richest african state
muslim empire
MANSA MUSA under him reached its peak
spread and importance of islam + urbanization
timbuktu
became regional hub of islamic culture and intellectual life under mansa
peak under mali rule 13-14c
decline of mali
rebellions from people under mali rule
devaluation of gold
military defeats by other major african powers
ex. Songhay
benin
nigeria
expanded through conquest
decentralized system of vassals
not muslim
regional trade and w portugese
ethiopia
christian kindom - 1270
expansion through conquest
strong centralized state- aimed at spread christianity
part of red sea trade
welcomed christian europeans
east africa and indian ocean trade
city states along africas east coast
linking african inland to middle east, indian ocean, china
pre colonial americas
incas and aztecs
political, cultural, ecological, language diversity
empires emerge by subduing neighbors, marriage alliences, conquest, tributes
aztecs
most populous american empire
mexico central america
military focus
center for regional trade-robust marketplace
imperial expansion 1430 - military successes
tribute and humiliation over assimilation
aztec religion= constant war
social classes , elites, merchants, etc
gender roles = women high
weakness in agriculture tech
lots of enemies
no shared identity of conquered ppl
incas
expansive empire
architecture that deals w geographic terrain
imperial expansion
large troops
surrenderor annhialation
adopted local dieties of conquered ppl into religion
improtant social class
human sacrifice
comp gender roles
wewakness- poorly organized succession
ethnic diversity resentment regionalism
renaissance timeline 14c -17 c
rise of european universities and scholasticism
end of some inter european conflicts
revival of greco roman phil, literature and art in 14th c florence
European renaissance - urban architecture
cathedrals
transofrmation of urban space - organizing social
piazzas new social spaces (town squares)
new political ideas and orders
european renaissance - art
biblical subjects, greco roman mythology and everyday scences
realistic, perspective and emotion
oil paintings
pushing to commision art
large collections of art
european renaissance - humanism
ancient greco roman traditions
grammar rhetoric poetry history ethics greek/latin
human reason and achievement while also nodding to the divine
european renaissance - science, music literature
scientific rev
medicine and bio
da vinci
advances from islamic
secular music w religious themes
vernacular language
commercial and global aspects w renaissance
global consumption
shift away from older christian ethics of frugality and ascetiscm
islamic craftsmanship surpassed european goods but reversed in 1450 w renaissance and advance
medicis family
renaissance
immigrants to florence
BANKING FAMILY
informal power
got more influence
popes
sharp decline in 17th c
printing revolution
buisness
movabale type printing, china, korea, scibes for the mongols
gutenberg
rev edu and lit
legacies of italian revolution
*humanism - humans at center- giving meaning to self
consumer culture and want global goods
protestant reformation, scientific revolution, etc
china and portugal in the indian ocean chronological
- indian ocean trade between east africa, middle east and west indian coast
-chinese explore w admiral zheng he
-portugese begin exploring west africa 1440s
1497 vasco da gama rounds sourth tip of africa
1505 portugese sieze port cities in africa and indian ocean
(lots of trade in indian ocean, zheng he picks up chinese exploration, portugese pic up exploration, round southern tip, seize ports of africa)
middle east and horn of africa
arab traders big in indian ocean
port cities of yemen was a good stoping point, ethiopian cities
fall of constantinople (middle east by the med)
eastern roman empire/byzantine empire since 4th c
byzatnine had been in decline since 13c bc of religious tension, taxes
ottomans emerge and begin slowly taking bysantine territory
why did ottomans want byzantine
byzantine leaders undermined the ottomans
efforts of catholic orthodox unity
-bosphorous straits access
constantinople was in the heart of ottoman territory
“white whale”/red apple - was going after constantinople for a while
securing sultan Mehmed’s rule
ottoman seige
B was supported by western europe but lost
theodosian walls
massive canons and gun powder
ottomans had gun powder early
changes to the city and the ottoman empire
constantinope was repurposed into islamic capital city
repop city
heterogenous empire
big trade
fall of constantinople : greek refugees
revival of helenistic ideas in western rueope
interest in greek philosophy and lit in western europe
seige of vienna
huge number of non muslims
fall of andalusia
iberian penninsula
islamic dynasties
-science and philosophy flourished
elaborate art and architecture
coexist of religions
undermined by reconquista
battle of las navas de toloa
antisemitism
spanish inquisition - enforce catholic orthodoz
converting others to avoid persecution
ferdinand and isabella
gattle of granada
successions, spain powerful and gun powder
treaty- allowed mustlims to practice religion
e=
expulsion of jews and muslims from spain
treaty of granada
gurantees for msulims ignored
expelled from spain 1609
ended religious diversity in spain
led to exilic traiditons
andalusia and the americas
became new base of spanish power - for oversees exploration too
ex. columbus
takeaways from constantinople and reonquistadoor
migration and growth of heterogenous empires require states to mange socail diff
migration, shapes world history in profound and sometimes unexpected ways
The swahili coast
many city state and kingdoms along east africa
many muslim
indian subcontinent and the Malabar coast
west indian state
gujarat- home to hindus and msulim merchants who made goods for trade
moneyleanders= bankers
southeast asia and malaxxa/melaka
malacca strait
benefitted from strategic alliances
hub for trade linking china and southeast asia and indian ocean
indian ocean trade
-spieces from southeast asia
-horses from arabia
manufacturing goods and textiles
slaves gold, ivoory
grains and dyes yemen
manufactured goods from gujarat and calicut
impacts w indian ocean trade
dhows - ships
wealthy merchant calss
spread of islam 0 conversion and assimilation
some slavery
chinese exploration
to trade or not to trade kublai khan -song dynasty
pursued indian ocean trade
ming emperor defeated mongols
yongle wanted to show authority in southeast 11403
fleet of ships
yongle was servant and friend of zheng he
zheng he voyages to make ties
china withdraws from trade
emperor yingzong –> 1435
european exploration motivation
urbanization, economic and social reasons, struggle for control over med, curiosity, missionary zeal
the portugese in trade
navigational technologies
gunpowder and weapon manufacturing
ship building
down w africa - make model empires - cold coast and kingdom of benin
–> then round tip of africa
king manual declares himself lord of conquest naviation and commerce of —
- new indian power in indian ocean
portugese legacies in indian ocean and empire
-sought to est trading monopoly
-bc chinese tributary collapsed
portugal was archipelago
wealth
-scrambled local power dynamics
but
-difficult to administer and police
coral reefs
can fully monopolize indian ocean trade
gunpowder empires
– powerful muslim empires in eurasia
16c
most dom alt to the ruopean imperial model
=ottomans savavids and mughals
key characteristics of gunpowder empires
muslim
gunpowder weapons
strong political institution
cultural florishing
cities - and agarian pops
babur and mughal empire
babur came out of the mongol and timurid empires
conquered others like samarkand
after baburs - son Akbar expanded the empire
managed diverse pops
had ties to local laders
good admin and military
relgigous tolerance
STRONG EMPIRE
mughal empire legacies and contributions
advanced staus of women
expanded indian ocean trade
culture
urbanization
arts and sciences
safavids empire
came from sufi
grew more militant 1500s
conquered surrounding territories including west iran
capital in tabriz
wanted to convery predominatly sunni pop into shi ism - diff from ottomans and mongols
safavid leadership
strong centralized military - effective admin - architectural- city of trade place of transit
building on persian traidtions
safavid ottoman rivalry
religious differences
ottoman stopped safavid advances
borderlands
treat of zuhab set boundaries
ottomans 1300s
rose as other empires declines like byzantine
gunpowder weapons
system of land management
distinct fighting force
ottoman conquest
mehmed and constantinople
demographic changes
governed a vast, multiethnic, multi religious predominantly agarian pop
suleiman the magnificent pressed into europe
clashed w some europeans in med sea
but also developed some alliances
ottoman culture
calligraphy
sciences
arts
ottoman cafes and meddahs
architecture - symmerty and large domes
ottoman trade
merchants in large cosmopolitan cities
no sig overseas expanson or oceanic trade
gunpowder vs european model
gunpowder- expansion focused on land aquisiion
conquered and integrated people
less itnerest in conversion
little interest in oceanic voyages
european model
expansion focused on market and resources
little desire to integrate ppl
wanted ppl to convert
robust
transoceanic navies
made joint stock companies
gunpowder vs european model commonalities
predominantly agarian
gunpowder weapons
absolute rule
soverighty and new forms of state craft
aztec conquest
1511
spaniards conqure cuba (by cortes)
-supposed to explore mexico but cortes defies orders and seeks to conquer
enter tenochtitlan
arrest moctezuma who eventually dies
spanish are expelled from tenochtitlan
1521 - spanish reconquer mexico
conquest of the americas 15th c
portugese prince henry goes farther down w africa coast
slave plantations emerge
aztec and incas created vast expansionist empires
ferdinand and isabelle conquer muslim spain
columbus 1492
treaty of tordesillas 1494 - est portugese and spains land conquering rules
realize arrival on continent not indies
conquering of aztecs incas and brazil
cortes _spanish 1521 conquers the aztecs
pizarro - spanish conquest of incas in 1534
1534 portugese colonize brazil
mapuche resist in chile
limited exploration in north america
conquest in asia
1522 ferdinand magellan circumnavigate the globe
spanish return to cebu and est new colony, new cap manilla
new imperial model aka justifications
based on international legal claims
“legal” and religious basis for empires
subjecthood complicated
emphasis on resource extraction
- spanish -take gold and silver
-portugese - take brazilwood and sugar cane
encomiedna system
based on forced labor
limited reforms
relied on migration
intial settlements were small outposts- eventually settler colonialism
globalizing christianity
16c three models
conquest, trade, setller colonialsm
globalizing christianity trade (west africa)
missionaries travel w european trader - converting to catholicism
nkuwu and son alfonso in kingdom of kongo
facilitated trade, including burgeoning atllantic slave trade
gloalizing christiantiy trade (south asia and china)
catholic missonary efforts expanded w founding of jesuits in 1534 by ignatius of loyola
unsucessful in the indian ocean but some in goa
francis xavier focused on slaves and people from lower castes
mixed resutls in china and japan
globalizing chrisitianity conquest + in philipines
crusader mentality - think ferdinand and isabella
proselytization was tied to colonial conquest
some indigenous ppl converted by own will but many did not
in phillipines - v successful christianizing
spanish conquistadors arrived 1565 and manila became an capital in 1571
spanish priests arrived and learned tagalog
concluding thoughts about christianity
global spread of christiantiy = early effort to homogenize world and idealogically
religious conversion is complex and some older practices and traditions endre
the columbian exchane
not just exchange of goods
beginning of homogenizing the globe
ecological imperialism - european diseases, plants and animals spreading and displacing people
columbian exchange and plants
columbis brought ships of seeds
european colonists had to embrace american staple crops
some crops introduced and became lucrative plantation industries
ex. sugar cane
also bring invasive species
columbian exchange animals and pople
domesticated animals in americas - pre columbus
bring horses, pigs, dogs, lots of breeding
animals gave conquistadors advantage
cattle overgraze and destroy native crops
columbian exchange disease
deadly pathogens to native amiercans - no resistance to small pox
small pox wiped out half of taino population
biological exchange benefited europeans
homogenocene
earths ecology became more homogenous after 1492
less ecological diversity between hemispheres
global availability to goods
settler colonialism
establishing sovereignty through mass migration of ppl
displacement of indigenous
discourses of wilderness and development - theological or civilizational comp
expanding authorty and influence of core countries
spanish and portugese colonialism
spanish reconquista - muslims driven into moreias
atlantic islands
spanish canary islands - treaty of alcacovas
settler enterprises underwritten by wealthy/powerful groups, sponsored by the crown
irealnd colonialism
britain sent settlers in 12c and 16/17c
rebellions were crushed and english plantations built on rebel lands
Desmond rebellion 1583
ulster resistance to the Tudors
irish catholics continue to suffer defeat
battle of boyne
english strats to contorl irelnds
collonialism in the americas (n america northeast)
fisheries and trading posts Newfoundland - beothuk people
maine/acadia settled by britain and french
small enclaves of homes
colonialism north america british new england
plymouth bay and mass bay emerge for religious reasons
rapid expansion of settler pop
got land throuhg war or purchase/negotiate
expense of native mass and indigenous ppls
colonialims north america general
britain and french settler colonialism intensified 1740s
military and conflict w native pops
proclamation of 1763 - restricted expansion west of appalachian mts
sometimes tension between settlers and colonially sanctioned govs (bacons rebellion) -between colonists and gov that led to more slave labor
collonialism in new spain
tension between spanish crown and settlers
new spain
mexico city was captial of new spain
emphasis on catholicism
pop inlcuded indigenous ppls, spanish and protugese and africans
spanish born ppl were minority
colonialism in southern africa
19c extremely violent
europeans settling in souther africa 1652
facilitated dutch trade from europe to asia
trade w native was inadequate
expansion came at expense ov eppl like khoekhoe ppl
18c cape colony governed by britain
colonnialism eurasia, russia
russian expansion of eastern settlements
undercut serfdom and provided haven for starovertsky - old believes
russian settlements in asia devestated native pops
new opps after defeating crimean khanate in 1772
examples in early modern world: other mostly later
portugese angola
- white colonost settle in 1576 - limited expansion till 19c
australia
arthur philip in new south wales
many similarities but no singular model
recent examples of settler colonialism
french algeria
liberia
american west
alaska
kenya
namibia
ethiopia
israiel- palestine
misconceptions abt colonialism
An empire simply moving some of its people elsewhere
Empires and settlers are usually on the same page
Often tension
Settler colonists are all rapacious and unsympathetic
Moving for other reasons like french fleeing violence in france
How can there be settler colonialism if there are still indigenous peoples
Settler colonialism is just in the past
Legacies
legacies of settler colonialism
Settler colonialism brought new areas into the emerging world system of nation-
states and global capitalism
Large-scale migration of peoples; displacement of indigenous peoples
Sovereignty can be complex
Violent aspect of globalization
colonialism legacies for settlers and natives
Annihilation, marginalization, or ghettoization
of Indigenous Peoples
Large-scale Expulsion of Settlers
Hybridity (settlers and indigenous people
remain)
african slave trade: origins
trans saharan slavery since 10c
older african models were diff than chattel slavery
- concept of propery in african kingdoms
plantations were rare
soldiers servants construction workers
more of a status symbol
slave trade in west africa
small powerful african polities
slavery gov by legal structures
kingdom of dahomey relied on slave trade w europeans
slave trade in bantu state
zimbabwe and bantu states
linked swahili ports w atlantic ports
fought for control of gold and trade routes
lunda territorial expansion facilitated capture and trade of slaves - merchant warior class in congo
slave trade -european
portugese pursued raids to est colonies
then did shipboard trade and factory trade - enslave ppl and take to camps/ships
colony og angola 1575
slave trade in american context
europeans enslaved indigenous people s
-disease lregal reform and restrictions on the encomienda = couldnt on natives
fewer qualms about africans
catching slaves
portugese angola
purchased from african sellers
warfare
banditry
judicial decisions
lots of time left to african kingdom to decide
scope of atlantic slave trade
largest forced migration in history
high mortality rates
most from west africa
majority men
for sugar plantations in brazil and carribean
n america eventually slave populations were self sustaining
enslaved africans outnumbered europeans in americas for long time
peak in 18c
transportation - middle passage
overcrowded unsanitary -poor conditions
2-3 months from central west africa to caribbean
dehumanizing
diminished indigenous african lanugages
hybrdi african diasporic culture
economic drives and plantations
max profits in extractive industries - rise in global comodities
-recover raw materials and turn into products
plantations were big factor
early models in canary islands and sao tome
brazils sugar planations 1530-1888
barbados was extremely violent
plantaion system
slave labor force
continued migration
large scale capitalist enterprises
semi feudal
relied on foriegn trade
colonial societies
resistance
slow work and sabotage
maroon communities -slaves ran away and statrted own communities btoh a product of globe and resistance
armed resistance - jolofs in new spain
revolts in barbadoes
US virgin islands , jamaica, haiti
tacky’s rebellion in jamaica - slave revolt and takcy had military training
concluding thoughts
glbalization is often violent
stolen labor built several american coutnries including the US
transfering wealth to colonial metroples
depopualted and underdeveloped africa
undermined indigenous african cultures while forging new hybdrid cultural identities
profound moral dilemmas for western liberalism
