deck_15813674 Flashcards
What causes sickle-cell anemia?
During protein synthesis, an improper amino acid is inserted in 2 places, causing a drastic shape change in hemoglobin. This shape change makes it very inefficient for O2 transportation and the shape can clog arteries
What causes altitude sickness?
It’s caused by reduced O2, which causes less oxyhemoglobin to be formed, and less O2 to be transported to cells, causing dizziness, nausea, and disorientation
FILL IN THE BLANK:
The longer the carbon chain length the higher the _____________.
Boiling Point
What is the intermediate reactant?
Things made after the initial/ early step of a reaction mechanism. gets used up as a reactant in the final/ later step in the reaction mechanism.
Why are Si-O bonds important?
They are the basis of most minerals in the Earth’s crust.
Why are C-C important?
They are the basis of biological molecules.
What is chemical equilibrium?
The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time. No net change in the rxn. Le Chatlier’s principle. More on one sine makes it go in the direction to produce things on the other side. Add more reactant, yield more product and rxn shifts to the product side.
What are the requirements for a reaction to occur?
Particle collision - Main factors include temperature, activation energy, and molecular orientation
What are acid-conjugate base pairs?
Strong acid = Weak conjugate base
Strong Base = Weak conjugate acid
Behavior change
What are Arrhenius acids and bases?
Arrhenius Acid = H+ Producer
Arrhenius Base = OH- Producer
What are Bronsted-Lowry Acids and bases?
Bronsted-Lowry Acids = Proton donor
Bronsted-Lowry Bases = Proton acceptor
What are Lewis acids and bases?
Lewis acids = Electron pair acceptor
Lewis bases = Electron pair donor
What is the common ion effect?
The shift in equilibrium position occurs because of the addition of an ion already involved in the equilibrium reaction.
What is a buffer solution?
A solution that resists pH changes. They are weak acids or bases containing a common ion. After the addition of a strong acid or base, deal with stoichiometry first, then the equilibrium. Use Henderson Hassel equation to solve buffer problems. Large HA and A- concentrations for max buffering capacity.
What is the difference between a saturated solution and an unsaturated solution?
A saturated solution is the amount of solutes a solution can handle while an unsaturated solution can still dissolve and react.
What is qualitative analysis?
Analysis w/ numbers
What are ligands?
Ligands are Lewis bases. A neutral molecule or ion having a lone electron pair that is used to form a bond to a metal ion. Metal ion acts as a Lewis acid. Named before the metal ion, add an “o” to the ligand name.
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Energy is never created nor destroyed, only transferred
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
In all natural processes, the universe’s disorder increases. Entropy always increases.
What happens to the entropy in the transition of a liquid into a gas and why?
Positional entropy increases because the molecules are more spread out as gas particles than liquid particles and they will always have the tendency to spread out because of the increase in entropy that is expected.
What is a spontaneous process?
A rxn that occurs without any assistance. No additional energy is required. Produces its energy.
What is the relationship between free energy and work?
Amount of work that can be done is limited by the change of free work.
Why a salt bridge or porous disk is needed in an electrochemical cell?
Its needed to allow ions to flow without extensive mixing of the solutions.
What is the relationship between exothermicity and entropy of the system and surroundings?
Entropy: Measure of Molecular randomness and disorder. Entropy is always increasing in the universe. Exothermy is the release of heat. Spontaneous = increase in entropy and exothermic/ positive S universe or negative delta G
What is a electrochemical cell?
a device that can generate electrical energy from the chemical reactions occurring in it, or use the electrical energy supplied to it to facilitate chemical reactions in it. Includes both galvanic and electrolytic.
What is an electrolytic cell?
convert electrical energy into chemical energy. Power source to go other way
What is a galvanic cell?
Uses a spontaneous redox reaction to produce a current that can be used to do work.
What occurs at the anode and the cathode?
Reduction at the cathode and oxidation at the anode
What is electromotive force?
E cell: Pull/ driving force, measure of the potential difference between two half cells in an electrochemical cell.
What is electrolysis?
the process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
What is the difference btw nuclides and nucleons?
Nuclides = an atom with a particular number of protons and neutrons
Nucleons = Protons and neutrons
What is the relationship between concentration and electromotive force?
Higher concentration changes direction of the equilibrium and the emf
What is the difference btw a chemical and a nuclear rxn?
Nuclear: transformation and radioactive decay. Chemical reaction: normally occurs outside the nucleus. A nuclear reaction happens only inside the nucleus.
What is the difference between an alpha particle and a helium nucleus?
An alpha particle is just Helium w/o electrons
What happens in beta decay?
Loss of electrons and gain of a proton
What happens in alpha decay?
Production of a alpha particle - effectively loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
What happens in gamma decay?
Loss of a photon
What happens in positron decay?
loss of a proton
What is the most abundant elements in Earth’s crust, the human body, and in biologically-important molecules?
Oxygen
What elements critical for neuron function?
Alkali metals
What is the most important covalent hydride?
H2O - Water lol
polarity of molecules attribute to water’s properties
What are the elements with which carbon and silicon are most likely to bond?
Si - O- Basis of the majority of the minerals in Earth’s crust
C - C - Basis of biological molecules
Why do nitrogenous compounds tend to be explosive?
Stability of N2 triple bond. Impact causes rapid decomposition exothermiclly.
What is nitrogen fixation?
Turning N2 into other Nitrogen containing things.
What ammonia is used for?
Manufactured by Haber Process. Fertilizer and plants
Why do oxygen and nitrogen form such strong bonds compared to atoms below them in their groups?
They have a smaller atomic radius compared to the elements below them. elements with larger atomic radius tend to have bonds that are easily made and broken.
Why do many group 6A elements form compounds with expanded octets?
They have d-orbitals that are unoccupied in the elemental state that are available for electrons.
why do transition metals tend to be brightly-colored?
Because of electron movement between orbitals causing it to absorb visible light of specific wavelengths.
What happens to the atomic radii of the lanthanides?
Left to right = Decrease in Atomic size, increase in nuclear charge, called lanthanide contraction
What is the difference between the expected and actual configuration of chromium?
Expected= 4 S2, 3 D4
Actual = 4 S1, 3 D5
What is a complex ion?
Transition metal + ligand (s), inside brackets
What is a counterion?
Thing that binds to complex ion, outside of brackets
What is a coordination compound?
Counter ion + complex ion
What are isomers?
Two or more compounds that have the same kinds of atoms and the same number of atoms, but different properties or arrangements of these same atoms
What are structural isomers?
Molecules like this with the same basic structure, with the exception of one or more different bonds
What are stereoisomers?
Molecules like this with the same structure and types of bonds but with different spatial arrangements
What does cis mean?
Same side horizontally
What does trans mean?
Different sides horizontally
FILL IN THE BLANK:
Molecules with non-superimposable optical isomers are said to be _________ because they exhibit the same properties as mirror images of our hands.
Chiral
How many molecules of O2 hemoglobin can carry at once?
4
What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin?
Oxy: O2 attached at heme group and red.
Deox: O2 released from heme group and blue.
What is the relationship between carbon chain length, state of matter, and boiling point?
At room temperature (25°C), C1 to C4 are GASES, C5 to C17 are LIQUIDS, and C18 and greater are SOLIDS.
The longer the carbon chain length the higher the BOILING POINT
What is the difference between the equilibrium shifts for exothermic and endothermic reactions when heat is added?
In exothermic reactions, when heat is added, it’s equal to adding product, the equilibrium is pushed to the reactant side and makes more reactant. Opposite is true for endothermic reactions.
What are the 4 elements that compose biologically-important molecules?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
CHON
What type of molecules rotate when exposed to plane-polarized light?
Enantiomers - “E-E”
What molecules rotate the light to the right?
Dextrorotatory - Remember “DR.”
What molecules rotate the light to the left?
Levorotatory - Remember “L-L”
What is a chemical reaction?
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, also called reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, known as products.
