deck_15710774 Flashcards
What is the 19th Century called by many?
Birth of Modernity
emphasizes the break from traditional ways of life for the emergence of new ideas, attitudes, and institutions that marked the transition to a new era
The 19th Century
What is the 19th Century also called as?
Part of Age of Revolution
Why was the 19th Century called as “Part of Age of Revolution”?
This is because during this era, the industrial revolution was taking place
a philosophical movement that valued reason, rationality, and individualism
Enlightenment
– encompasses a new way of thinking about the world and one’s place in it, characterized by an increased focus on individualism, rationality, and the belief in progress and the ability to shape the world through scientific, technological, and social advancement
– in this century also, while different parts of Europe were flourishing, Spain was experiencing a slow decline
The 19th Century
T or F. Trading was already apparent among our ancestors even before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines.
True
Countries early Philippine merchants traded with
China
Japan
Siam
Cambodia
India
Borneo
Moluccas
Why didn’t Spain close the ports of Manila to Mexico?
Mexico was a colony of Spain during the 16th century
The trade from Manila to Mexico gave birth to?
Manila-Acapulco Trade
Other name for Manila-Acapulco Trade
Galleon Trade
Name of the ship used for trading in the Manila-Acapulco Trade
Galleon
Products sent to Mexico from Manila
Mangoes
tamarind
rice
carabao
Chinese tea
textiles
fireworks
perfume
precious stones
tuba (a coconut wine)
Products received by Manila during the Galleon Trade
flora
fauna
guava
avocado
papaya
pineapple
horses
cattle
Why did the Galleon Trade ended?
- Galleon system faced tough competition as other nations became self-sufficient and preferred direct trade.
- Spain was heavily dependent on the silver mines of its colonies in South America, which slowly dwindled.
- Revolts, particularly in the War for Independence in Mexico, took place in the New World, thus shifting the focus and priority of consumers away from trade.
What did Spain do to fill in the need for a commercial purpose and when?
Opened the Philippine economy to world commerce in 1834
a type of farming where crops are grown primarily for sale rather than for personal or local consumption
Cash Crop Agriculture
They make transactions easier for foreign investors who invested large capital in the Ph for the large-scale production of different products, such as tobacco and sugar
Chinese
mestizos
rich natives
served as middlemen between the provinces, where the crops were planted, and the merchant houses of the Mestizos in Manila
Chinese Immigrants
oversee the production of cash crops by subleasing large estates or haciendas from friars and then subletting them to indigenous farmers
Rich Natives
Rich natives became tenants, known as ______ in Spanish
Inquilinos
Positive effects that took place of the industrial revolution
- The Philippines was opened for world commerce.
- Foreigners were engaged in manufacturing and agriculture.
- The Philippine economy became dynamic and balanced.
- There was rise of new influential and wealthy Filipino middle class
- People were encouraged to participate in the trade.
- Migration and increase in population were encouraged.
When Rizal’s Chinese ancestor Domingo Lam-co had come to the Binan hacienda in mid-eighteenth century, the average holding of an Inquilino was how much?
2.9 hectares
When Rizal’s father had moved too the Calamba hacienda, the Rizal family in the 1890s rented from the hacienda over how much?
390 Hectares
Spanish racial hierarchy
- Peninsulares
- Creoles or Insulares
- Mestizos
- Native Filipinos
- Indios
– the highest class
– pure-blooded Spaniards who were born in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Spain
– the officials and friars who had the power and authority to rule over the Filipinos
Peninsulares
– part of the second-highest racial class in the Spanish hierarchy below the Peninsulares
– pure-blooded Spaniards but unlike Peninsulares, they were born in the Philippines, not in Spain
– viewed negatively because they were born in the Philippines or the Marianas, which were considered to be a “dumping ground” for societal misfits
Creoles or Insulares
– colloquially Tisoy
– a name used to refer to people of mixed native Filipino and any foreign ancestry
Mestizos
a term used to refer to the poor people of the country who were viewed as inferior and
treated as second-class citizen
Indios
A term that resulted from the oppression of the Spanish colonial government limiting these people’s opportunities and social mobility
Indio
What was highly valued during the Spanish colonial era in terms of getting privileges?
Spanish blood
Children who were sent to Spain and Europe for higher studies were exposed to what?
Secular and liberal ideas learned from the French Revolution, which showed that a democratic world was possible
The exposure of these young Filipinos in Spain and Europe inspired them to form what?
llustrados
– mean “erudite” “learned” or “enlightened ones”
– a group of educated natives who sought freedom and independence from Spanish rule
– one of their aims was to be in the same level with the proud Spaniards
Ilustrados
Educational Reforms that happened in the mid-19th century
- The Industrial Revolution necessitated changes in the education system of the Philippines
- The Educational Decree of 1863
- The return of the Jesuits
What three words can be summed up about the schools that had total and strict control from friars?
inadequate
suppressive
controlled
a significant attempt by the Spanish Colonial Government to address the lack of formal education among Filipinos
The Educational Decree of 1863
mandated the establishment of a public school system throughout the country and required each town to have at least one primary school for boys and girls, which was to be supported by municipal funds and supervised by the local government
The Educational Decree of 1863
This decree marked the beginning of formal education in the Philippines and opened up educational opportunities to a wider segment of society, including the middle and lower classes
The Educational Decree of 1863
an important step towards the democratization of education in the Philippines and laid the foundation for the development of a formal education system in the country
Education Decree of 1863
a significant event that influenced the educational system in the Philippines
The return of the Jesuits
In what schools that ideas of nationalism began to emerge, even among those who had never traveled to Europe
Secondary schools which were handled by Jesuits like Ateneo
To what org did Rizal proposed a book writing project to and when?
Circulo Hispano-Filipino on Jan 2, 1884
When did Rizal started writing Noli?
1884
Where did Rizal managed to finish 1/2 of Noli?
Madrid
Where did Rizal continue writing 1/4 of Noli thus finishing 3/4 of it?
Paris
Where did Rizal finish the remaining 1/4 of Noli thus completing the novel?
Berlin, Germany
When did Rizal complete the novel?
Feb 21, 1887
When did Noli came of the press?
Mar 21, 1887
Who financially assisted Rizal in printing Noli?
Maximo Viola
– inspired Dr. Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of his people under the lash of Spanish tyrants
– a novel portraying the brutalities committed by American slave owners to Black American people
Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stove
How many copies of Noli was printed and how much was Rizal charge for it?
2000 copies for ₱300
Language Rizal studied to enable him to interpret the Bible in its original text and be better prepared to defend any controversial religious issues that Noli Me Tangere might arise
Hebrew
a Latin phrase that Rizal took from the Bible, meaning “Touch Me Not”
Noli Me Tangere
English Translation of Noli
Touch Me Not
In what chapter and verse from the Bible did Rizal took Noli from?
John 20:17
Alternative English Title of Noli
The Social Cancer
Rizal’s reasons why he decided to return to Calamba
- operate on his mother’s eyes
- to help his family and the Filipino people
- to find out for himself the Noli Me Tangere and his other writings were affecting the Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines
- he wanted to find out why Leonora Rivera remained silent while he was in Rome
Steamer Rizal boarded on July 3, 1887 going to Manila
Djemnah
From who did Rizal receive a letter requesting him to come to Malacañang Palace to explain about the subversive (contrary) ideas contained in the Noli Me Tangere
Governor-General Emilio Terrero
Rizal’s bodyguard
Lt. Don Jose Taviel de Andrade
Cross/Crucifix
Sufferings
Pomelo Blossoms & Laurel Leaves
Honor & Fidelity
Silhouette of a Filipina
Maria Clara
Burning Torch
Rage & Passion
Sunflowers
Enlightenment
Bamboo Stalks that were cut down but grew back
Resilience
A man in a cassock with hairy feet
Priests using religion in a dirty way
Chains
Slavery
Whips
Cruelties
Helmet of the Guardia Civil
Arrogance of those in authority
Maria Clara in real life
Leonor Rivera
Pilosopo Tasyo in real life
Paciano
Padre Salvi in real life
Fr. Antonio Piernavieja of the Augustinian order
Kapitan Tiyago in real life
Capt. Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas
Doña Victorina in real life
Doña Augustina Medel
Basilio & Crispin in real life
Crisostomo Brothers of Hagonoy, Bulacan
Padre Damaso in real life
typical abusive friar during Rizal’s time
– a Filipino who studied in Europe for 7 years
– the love interest of Maria Clara
– son of the deceased Don Rafael Ibarra
– main and most important character in the novel manifesting in him the Filipino who acquired European idea through his education in Europe
– represents the affluent and liberal European educated Filipino
Crisostomo Ibarra
Full name of Ibarra
Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin
– Ibarra’s mysterious friend
– a master boater, also a fugitive
– was referred to at one point as “the pilot”
– wants to revolutionize his country
– in the past, Ibarra’s grandfather condemned his grandfather of burning a warehouse,
making him the fugitive he is
– the character that Rizal placed to represent the Filipino masses who suffered from
Spanish brutalities and abuse due to their powerlessness in the novel and in real
Philippines social situation of that time
– represents the masses or people or typical Filipinos or the common people who suffered from Spanish brutalities and abuse due to their powerlessness in the novel
Elias
– Ibarra’s sweetheart
– the legitimate daughter of Father Damaso and Pia Alba
– in her, Ibarra has fallen in-love
– mirrored the Filipino woman of religious upbringing and orientation
– through her love to Ibarra, represents true loyalty and religiosity of the woman in real Filipino society
Maria Clara
Full name of Maria Clara
Maria Clara de los Santos
– a friar and Maria Clara’s biological father
– an antagonist in character and represents the in Christian works for the Catholic friars who are in the church
– represents the abusive friars in Rizal’s time
Fr. Damaso
Full name of Fr. Damaso
Damaso Verdolagas
– the mother of Basilio and Crispin who became insane after losing his sons
– represented in the novel unfortunate Filipina mothers losing her two sons; Basilio and Crispin
– in the novel, she loses her sanity
– represents typical characteristics of Filipino mothers who are willing to defend their children from all forms of injustices or accusations
Sisa
– the known father of Maria Clara but not the real one, lives in Binondo
– an illegal opium leader who subsequently was a landlord
– represented a businessman who used his money to work for him even in religious life and obligations
– to the common people, he was a symbol of the cacique mentality or bossy type of people
– never prayed to God even in the face of difficulties
– he let his money pray for him
– according to Rizal, he represents Filipinos who have nothing to do but protect their own business interests
Kapitan Tiago
Full name of Kapitan Tiago
Don Santiago de los Santos
– portrayed in the novel as pessimistic and mad by his neighbors
– portrays the role of a Philosopher who was completely misunderstood in many aspects
– argues with the belief of the Catholic Church and social changes and concerns in the novel
– represents Rizal’s epitome of a philosopher
Pilosopo Tasyo
Full name of Pilosopo Tasyo
Don Anastacio
– a woman who poses herself as a Peninsulares
– wife of Don Tiburcio de Espadaña
– known in the novel as a trying hard rich woman who abhors anything that is Filipino and clings for Spanish way of life
– this kind of character was manifested on some Filipinos of that time
– represents social climbers which are people who are eager to gain higher status in life
Dona Victorina
Full name of Doña Victorina
Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña
abusive husband of Sisa who loved cockfighting
Pedro
– known in the plot as a concerned citizen and property owner who was a father of
Crisostomo Ibarra
– Padre Damaso who played an antagonist role called him a heretic (people who are against and who don’t follow the commands of the church) and filibustero (people who don’t follow what the government wants) due to his view on relating to liberalism in society
– in the novel, there was a kid that was being bullied by a Spanish tax collector which he defended and it wasn’t expected that it turned to the death of the tax collector in which he was accused and prisoned for
– symbolizes an affluent landlord with a social conscience
Don Rafael Ibarra
– a teacher at San Diego who’s view in the novel represented the weak and useless education in the Philippines
– attributes the problem from facilities and methods of learning that the friars implemented in the country
The School Master
the leader of the rebels, whose family was destroyed because of the Spaniard
Tandang Pablo
– Sisa’s eldest son
– was adopted by Kapitan Tiago
– boyfriend of Juli
– an aspiring doctor
Basilio
the younger son of Sisa who died from the punishment of the soldiers from the false
accusation of stealing an amount of money
Crispin
– a Filipino friar
– described as short and has fair skin
– vice-rector of the University of Santo Tomas in El Fili
Padre Sibyla
Full name of Padre Sibyla
Hernando de la Sibyla
a secret admirer of Maria Clara
Padre Salvi
Full name of Padre Salvi
Bernardo Salvi
– chief of the Guardia Civil
– mortal enemy of the priests for power in San Diego
The Alferez
– Spanish husband of Doña Victorina who was limp and submissive to his wife
– also pretended to be a doctor
Don Tiburcio
Full name of Don Tiburcio
Don Tiburcio de Espadaña
– wife of the Alferez
– another woman who passed herself as a Peninsular
– best remembered for her abusive treatment of Sisa
– being the only competitor of Captain Tiago in godliness, she did everything to pretend that she was really religious by showing off to the public what she could contribute to the Church
Doña Consolacion
– most powerful official in the Philippines
– a hater of secular priests and corrupt officials
– a friend of Ibarra
Captain General (no specific name)
Who were allies of Ibarra in the story and who were they against?
The government, the Captain General and The Alferez against the secular priests or corrupt officials
He revealed Ibarra the incidents preceding the death of his father, Don Rafael
Lt. Guevarra
He warned Ibarra earlier of a plot to assassinate him
Elias
Fr. Damaso wanted him to be the one to marry Maria Clara
Linares
– sequel of Noli Me Tangere
– second novel written by Dr. Jose Rizal
– like the Noli, it was written in Spanish
– a less romantic novel, instead focuses more on greed, revolution or revenge
El Fili
English translation of El Fili
The Reign of Greed
To who did Rizal dedicate El Fili
three martyr priests, GOMBURZA
When did Rizal start writing El Fili and where was he when he started writing it?
Oct. 1887 in Calamba
When and where did Rizal complete El Fili?
Mar 29, 1891 in Biarritz, France
When and where was El Fili published?
Sept 18, 1891 in Ghent, Belgium
He helped Rizal fund the printing of El Fili
Valentin Ventura
To who did Rizal send two copies of El Fili to Hong Kong?
Basa
Sixto Lopez
– the continuation of the character of Crisostomo Ibarra disguised as a wealthy jeweler, bent on starting a revolution
– using his wealth, he encouraged the people who experienced abuse to join him in his rebellion against the church and the government
Simoun
– poet and Basilio’s best friend
– portrayed as emotional and reactive student leader
– Paulita Gomez’ ex
Isagani
a former Cabeza de Barangay (Barangay Head) who was known as a Luzon bandit Matanglawin
Kabesang Tales
– à famous “journalist” who was asked by the students about his decision for the Academia de Castellano
– in reality, he was quite an ordinary fellow who married a rich woman in order to be a member of Manila’s high society
Don Custodia
– girlfriend of Isagani
– niece of Doña Victorina
– the old India who passing (racial identity) passes herself off as a Peninsulares
– dumped Isagani, believing that she will have no future if she marries him
– in the end, she and Juanito Peláez were wed
Paulita Gomez
– Isagani’s godfather and a secular priest
– was engaged to be married but chose to be a priest after being pressured by his mother
– the story hinting at the ambivalence of his decision as he chose an assignment to a remote place, living in solitude near the sea
Fr. Florentino
– girlfriend of Basilio
– youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales
Juli or Juliana de Dios
a journalist who thought he was the “only” one thinking in the Philippines
Ben Zayb
Real name of Ben Zayb
Abraham Ibañez
a student of the University of Santo Tomas who was very intelligent and wise but did not want, if not only by his mother’s plea, to pursue his studies
Placido Penitente
– a Chinese businessman who dreamt of being a consul of a “Consulate of China” in the Philippines
– he kept Simoun’s weapons inside his house
Quiroga
– father of Kabesang Tales
– raised the sick and young Basilio after his mother Sisa had died
Tandang Selo
– the priest-friend of Isagani
– promised Isagani that he and the other priests will give in to the students’ demands
Fr. Fernandez
one of the great lawyers of mid-Hispanic Manila
Atty. Pasta
Who were Simoun’s alliance?
Basilio & the revolutionary group of Kabesang Tales
What gift did Simoun give to the Juanito Pelaez and Paulita Gomez?
a kerosene lamp with an explosive
What gift did Simoun give to the newlyweds?
a kerosene lamp with an explosive
Why did Simoun’s plan fail?
Because Isagani threw the lamp into the river after being told by Basilio to leave the place because the lamp will soon blow up
An account of Spanish observations in the Philippines
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
– Antonio De Morga is its author
– one of the first books to tackle Philippine history
– describes the events inside and outside of the country from 1493-1603, including the history
of the Philippines.
– consists of 8 chapters
– discusses the political, social, and economical aspects of a colonizer and the colonized country
– its content is based on documentary research, observation, and personal experience of Morga
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
a Spanish lawyer and official in the Philippines in the 17th century
Dr. Antonio De Morga
Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain
Las Islas Filipinas
the work of an honest observer, a versatile bureaucrat, who knew the workings of the administration from the inside
Sucesos
Rizal’s Objectives
- To awaken the consciousness of the Filipinos regarding their glorious ways of the past
- To correct what has been distorted about the Philippines due to Spanish conquest
- To prove that Filipinos are civilized even before the coming of the Spaniards
He encouraged Rizal to write about the Philippine’s pre-colonial history
Ferdinand Blumentritt
The First Objective
The Early Filipino Pride
The Second Objective
History as a Propaganda Weapon
Rizal strove to establish that the Filipinos could be proud of their pre-conquest past.
The Early Filipino Pride
Rizal aimed to use history as a propaganda weapon.
History as a Propaganda Weapon
Our forefathers in the pre-colonial Philippines already possessed a working judicial and legislative system
Early Government
The Spanish missionaries exploited the baybayin for their own ends, learning and using it to translate their goals
High Literacy Rate
Our ancestors were very proficient in the art of war. Aside from wielding swords and spears, they also knew how to make and fire guns and cannons.
Early Artillery
The pre-colonial Filipinos had already established trading and diplomatic relations with countries as far away as the Middle East
Smooth Foreign Relations
In terms of food, our forefathers did not suffer from any lack thereof. Blessed with such a resource-rich country, they had enough for themselves and their families
Self-Sufficient
Our ancestors possessed a complex working society and a culture replete with works of arts and literature
Advanced Civilization
Rizal’s Propositions
- The people of the Philippines have a culture on their own, before the coming of the Spaniards
- Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, exploited, and ruined by the Spanish colonization
- The present state of the Philippines was not necessarily superior to its past
Importance of Rizal’s Annotations in Today’s Generation
● To awaken in the Filipinos the consciousness of our past
● To devote ourselves to studying the future
● To first lay bare the past, in order to better judge the present and to survey the road trodden
during three centuries
● To prove Filipinos had a culture of their own, prior to colonization, that the Filipinos were NOT inferior to the white man
● To shatter the myth of the so-called “Indolence of the Filipinos”
● To reduce those Filipinos who denied their native tongue into rotten fish
● To seriously study Tagalog and produce a comprehensive Tagalog dictionary
● To embrace the generic term “Indio”, or in today’s case, Filipino, with all its negative connotations, and turn it into one of dignity and nobility
