deck_1522518 Flashcards
what increases cell membrane fluidity
cholesterol
What gradient is used for co-transport of glucose, proteins and other mlq?
Na+ gradient
Are cells more negative inside or outside and why?
negative inside compared to outside bc of Na/K ATPase (3Na+ out/ 2K+ in)
What are the following1) adhesion mlq (cell to cell and cell to extracellular2) cell to cell occluding junctions (impermeable)3)permeable jnc allow communication bw cells
1)desmisomes (cell-cell), hemidesmisomes (cell-matrix)2)tight junctions3) gap junctions
How do the following work1) g-protein2) ligand-triggered protein kinase
1) intramembrane, transduce signal from receptor to response enzyme2) receptor and response enzyme are single transmembrane protein
What kind of cell surface receptors are:1) ABO blood-type antigens2)HLA-type antigens
1) glycolipids on cell membrane2) glycoproteins (Gp) on cell membrane
Cell cycle:1) which part determines cell cycle length2) protein synthesis3) chromosome duplication4) mitosis5) nucleus division
1) G1 most variable2) S3) S4)M5) M
What phase of mitosis do the following occur in:1) chromosome alignment2) separate nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes3) centromere attachment, spindle formation, nucleus disappears4) chromosomes pulled apart
1) metaphase2) telophase3) prophase4) anaphase
1) describe nucleus membrane
double, outer membranse continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum
Where are ribosomes made
in nucleolus (within the nucleus, no membrane)
1_ what is used for transcriptionTranscription factors:2) where do steroid hormones bind3) where do thyroid hormones bind4) what are initiation factors
1) DNA-template for RNA polymerase-> makes mRNA2)bind in cytoplasm then enter nucleus3) bind receptor in nucleus4) bind RNA polymerase to initiate transcription
uses oligonucleotides to amplify specific DNA sequences
DNA polymerase chain reaction
1) Purines2) Pyrimidines3) what has the strongest bond and why
1) Adenine, Guanine2) cytosine, thymidine(DNA), uracil(RNA)3) Cytosine-Guanine (3 hydrogen bonds… T-A only has two)
Translation
mRNA used as template by ribosomes for protein synthesis
How ribosomes work
small and large subunits read mRNA then bind appropriate tRNAs that have amino acids and eventually make proteins
glycolysis
1 glucose -> 2ATP + 2 pyruvate
Where does Krebs cycle occur
mitochondria inner matrix
Krebs cycle
2 pyruvate (from 1 glucose) -> NADH and FADH2 -> electron transport chain -> 36 ATP from 1 glucose
Gluconeogenesis
lactic acid (Cori cycle- opposite of glycolysis) + aa => glucose
why can’t fat and lipids be used in gluconeogenesis
acetyl CoA (breakdown product of fat metabolism) can’t be converted back to pyruvate
Where does Cori cycle occur
in liver, pyruvate has key role, converts lactate into new glucose
Functions of 1) Rough endoplasmic reticulum2) smooth endoplasmic reticulum3) golgi apparatus4) phagosomes5) endosomes
1) makes proteins (increased in pancreatic acinar cells)2) lipid/steroid synthesis, detoxifies drugs (increased in liver and adrenal cortex)3) modifies proteins with carbs then transported to cell membrane, secreted or targeted to lysosomes4)engulf large particles and take to lysosome5) same but for small particles
Protein Kinase C1) what activates it2) what does it do
1) calcium and diacylglycerol (DAG)2) phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins
Protein Kinase A- what activates it and what does it do
activated by cAMP, same as PKC in action