deck_15096767 Flashcards
Sponge approach
The more information you absorb about the world, the more capable you are of understanding it
Weak-sense critical thinking
The use of critical thinking to defend your current beliefs
Strong-sense critical thinking
The use of critical thinking to evaluate all claims and beliefs, especially your own
What are the 4 primary values of a critical thinker?
Autonomy, curiosity, humility, and respect for good reasoning wherever you find it
Issue
A question of controversy responsible for the conversation of discussion
Conclusion
The message that the speaker wishes you to accept
Diagnosis bias
When a label is given to a person, we ignore any evidence that doesn’t match up with that label
System 1 thinking
Automatic, immediate, and typically controlled by our emotions
System 2 thinking
Analytical and critical thinking
Descriptive issues
The accuracy of descriptions of the past, present, or future
Prescriptive issues
What we should do or what is right or wrong
Social/psychological contagion effect
When the emotions of others influence your emotions
Conformity
The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour to group norms
When does conformity increase?
When group size, task difficulty, and social status of other group members increases
When does conformity decrease?
When individuals can respond privately, and when at least one dissenter is present
Confederate
Someone who was hired by the researcher to play a role
When is the vocal minority the most effective in a group?
When they are confident, persistent, and skilled in social influence
Obedience to authority
The tendency for individuals to follow instructions of authority figures even when it conflicts with their own moral conscience
What three skills does an approach to knowledge based on multiple disciplines require?
Socratic skills, scientific skills, and brain skills
Socratic skills
Ability to identify and challenge assumptions using scrutinizing beliefs about the world
Scientific skills
Ability to observe the work, ask questions about those observations, and draw conclusions to better understand the world
Brain skills
Understanding of how the brain senses, interprets, responds to, and creates information in and about the world
What are the 4 C’s of cause-and-effect attributions?
Cause, correlation, contribution, constitution
Loss aversion
The tendency to go great lengths to avoid possible losses
Commitment
Once you commit to a certain idea or belief, it can be really difficult to let go of that commitment
Value attribution
Our tendency to associate someone with certain qualities based on perceived value, rather than on objective data
Fundamental attribution error
Judging differently for yourself than others (if something negative happens and it has to do with us, we are more likely to blame this on the environment, if something negative happens to do with someone else, we blame the person, and if something positive happens to us we credit ourselves, but we blame the environment if it’s someone else)
Reasons
Statements offered to support conclusions
Warrants
Support for the argument (reasons AND evidence)
Argument
Consists of a conclusion and the reasons meant to support it
Managed reasoning
When a person argues with their conclusion in mind, without actually finding any valid reasons or evidence to support that conclusion beforehand
Ambiguity
The existence of multiple possible meanings for a word or phrase
Explaining by naming
Assuming that by naming a topic you are automatically explaining it (what “everyone” thinks it is)
Evidence
Facts that demonstrate the truth of the reasons
Ad populum
A claim that something is true simply because that’s what a large number of people believe