deck_15096767 Flashcards
Sponge approach
The more information you absorb about the world, the more capable you are of understanding it
Weak-sense critical thinking
The use of critical thinking to defend your current beliefs
Strong-sense critical thinking
The use of critical thinking to evaluate all claims and beliefs, especially your own
What are the 4 primary values of a critical thinker?
Autonomy, curiosity, humility, and respect for good reasoning wherever you find it
Issue
A question of controversy responsible for the conversation of discussion
Conclusion
The message that the speaker wishes you to accept
Diagnosis bias
When a label is given to a person, we ignore any evidence that doesn’t match up with that label
System 1 thinking
Automatic, immediate, and typically controlled by our emotions
System 2 thinking
Analytical and critical thinking
Descriptive issues
The accuracy of descriptions of the past, present, or future
Prescriptive issues
What we should do or what is right or wrong
Social/psychological contagion effect
When the emotions of others influence your emotions
Conformity
The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour to group norms
When does conformity increase?
When group size, task difficulty, and social status of other group members increases
When does conformity decrease?
When individuals can respond privately, and when at least one dissenter is present
Confederate
Someone who was hired by the researcher to play a role
When is the vocal minority the most effective in a group?
When they are confident, persistent, and skilled in social influence
Obedience to authority
The tendency for individuals to follow instructions of authority figures even when it conflicts with their own moral conscience
What three skills does an approach to knowledge based on multiple disciplines require?
Socratic skills, scientific skills, and brain skills
Socratic skills
Ability to identify and challenge assumptions using scrutinizing beliefs about the world
Scientific skills
Ability to observe the work, ask questions about those observations, and draw conclusions to better understand the world
Brain skills
Understanding of how the brain senses, interprets, responds to, and creates information in and about the world
What are the 4 C’s of cause-and-effect attributions?
Cause, correlation, contribution, constitution
Loss aversion
The tendency to go great lengths to avoid possible losses
Commitment
Once you commit to a certain idea or belief, it can be really difficult to let go of that commitment
Value attribution
Our tendency to associate someone with certain qualities based on perceived value, rather than on objective data
Fundamental attribution error
Judging differently for yourself than others (if something negative happens and it has to do with us, we are more likely to blame this on the environment, if something negative happens to do with someone else, we blame the person, and if something positive happens to us we credit ourselves, but we blame the environment if it’s someone else)
Reasons
Statements offered to support conclusions
Warrants
Support for the argument (reasons AND evidence)
Argument
Consists of a conclusion and the reasons meant to support it
Managed reasoning
When a person argues with their conclusion in mind, without actually finding any valid reasons or evidence to support that conclusion beforehand
Ambiguity
The existence of multiple possible meanings for a word or phrase
Explaining by naming
Assuming that by naming a topic you are automatically explaining it (what “everyone” thinks it is)
Evidence
Facts that demonstrate the truth of the reasons
Ad populum
A claim that something is true simply because that’s what a large number of people believe
Priming
Different cues influence perception and outcomes
Sunk-cost effect
Tendency to continue investing in something that clearly isn’t working
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A prediction that causes itself to become true
Pygmalion effect
Person takes on the traits assigned to them by other people
Golem effect
When less is expected of you, you perform worse
Procedural justice
When it comes to fairness, it’s the process, not the outcome, that causes us to react irrationally
Intrinsic rewards
Internal rewards such as value, enjoyment, and mastery
Extrinsic rewards
External rewards such as money, toys, and praise
Groupthink
The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages individual responsibility
Ad hominem
An attack on the person rather than addressing the person’s reasons
Assumption
Unstated or hidden beliefs
Meme
An idea, behavior, or style that spreads from one person to another within a culture
Meme theory
Idea that memes are like genes and are replicated when passed from one mind to another
Fallacies
Faults or errors in reasoning
Straw person fallacy
When someone distorts another person’s argument and then attacks the distorted version of the argument instead
Either-or-false dilemma fallacy
Assuming there’s only two alternatives
Narrative fallacy
The tendency of people to create simple and flawed stories out of a sequence of facts to make sense of the world
Slippery slope fallacy
When someone makes a claim about a series of events that would lead to one major (and usually catastrophic) event
Planning fallacy
Underestimating how much time is needed to complete a task
Glittering generality fallacy
Using important-sounding words that have little or no real meaning
Red herring fallacy
When a misleading argument or question is presented to distract from the main issue at hand
Begging the question fallacy
When the argument assumes that the conclusion is true instead of supporting its truth
Appeal to emotion
Using emotionally charged language to distract readers from relevant reasons and evidence
Searching for a solution
Assuming that since part of a problem remains after a solution is tried, the solution should not be used
Inattentional (perceptual) blindness
When you unintentionally ignore things that are right in front of your eyes
Confirmation bias
The tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs
Hindsight bias
The tendency to see events as being more predictable than they were
For a study to be reliable, it should be:
Replicable, controlled, and precise
Hasty generalization fallacy
When a person draws a conclusion about a large group based on experiences with only a few members of the group
Impossible certainty fallacy
Assuming that a research conclusion should be rejected if it is not absolutely certain
Rival cause
An alternative explanation for an event
Confound
Third variable that influences both the dependent and independent variables
Causal oversimplification fallacy
Overemphasizing causes that are insufficient
Post hoc fallacy
Confusing “after this” with “because of this” - assuming that because B came after A, A caused B
Dichotomous thinking
The tendency to think in terms of polar opposites
Grey thinking
When you are open to finding more than one possibility or solution
Halo effect
The tendency to recognize one quality of a person and then associate that quality with everything about that person
Availability heuristic
The mental shortcut we use to form conclusions based on whatever information is immediately available to us
Recency effect
When we form conclusions based on the most recent piece of information we have encountered
Mathematical model of jury decision making
The belief that jury decision making is a set of calculations and mathematical weight is assigned to each piece of evidence
Explanation model of jury decision making
The belief that jury decision making is based on a logical story and evidence is organized into a coherent story structure
What does MOVE stand for?
Meaningful learning from STM to LTM, organization, visualization, elaboration
What are rigid thinkers high in (personality traits)?
Authoritarianism and dogmatism
Locus of causality
Consists of internal and external causes
Locus of stability
Whether the causes would change over time
Locus of control
Whether the cause could be controlled by the individual or not
Ultimate attribution error
Fundamental attribution error applied to groups of people - basis of stereotypes
Polarization effect
When individuals tend to become more extreme in their initial position following a group discussion
Leniency bias
When jurors move toward greater leniency during deliberation
Blacksheep effect or distancing reaction
The tendency of group members to judge likeable ingroup members more positively and deviant ingroup member more negatively
Prosecution bias
Individuals with authoritarian/dogmatic personalities tend to align themselves with the prosecution
Truthfulness bias
The tendency of people to judge more messages as truthful than deceptive
Hostile attribution bias
The tendency to interpret others’ behavior as having hostile intent
