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ASTI Bio, First Semester > deck_14752517 > Flashcards

deck_14752517 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mouth

A

Start of the digestive system, where food enters starts to be broken down into smaller parts, and moistens food so it travels smoother to the stomach

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2
Q

Pharynx

A

After food goes through the mouth, it goes to the pharynx which is 5-6 inches at the back of the throat, doesnt do anything but pass food to the esophagus

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3
Q

Esophagus

A

After the pharynx, food goes through the esophagus towards the stomach. Here, the epiglottis prevents food from going to the lungs (IE “food going down the wrong tube”). It uses muscle contractions to move food down. And at the bottom the esophageal sphincter prevents stomach acid from traveling up into the esophagus

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4
Q

Stomach

A

A muscle lined sack where food is churned and mixed mechanically and broken down with stomach acid and enzymes and turned into chyme.

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5
Q

Pancreas

A

The pancreas is a gland that makes digestive juices and insulin as well as other hormones related to digestion. It is located under the liver, close to the gallbladder, stomach, and bowel

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6
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Stores bile that is produced in the liver and released into the small intestine through a bile duct. Bile is used to break down fat in foods. It is located on the right side of the abdomen , just under your liver.

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7
Q

Small intestine

A

The small intestine breaks down food and absorbs nutrients, it is right under the stomach and passes on extra waste to the large intestine. Receives bile from the gall bladder.

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8
Q

Large Intestine

A

Absorbs water and electolytes and produces and absorbs vitamins and propels waste towards the rectum for elimination. Right below the small intestine, receives waste from the small intestine

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9
Q

Liver

A

The liver filters all the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, like alcohol. It also produces bile which helps digest fats and carry away waste. Is located at the top of the stomach.

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10
Q

Enzymes

A

Enzymes are organicly produced catalysts that have very specific functions

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11
Q

Leptin

A

Leptin is a hormone that suppresses hunger. It is produced by body fat

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12
Q

Grehlin

A

Ghrelin is a hormone that makes you hungry. It is made in the stomach

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13
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that lowers blood sugar, is produced by pancreas

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14
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone that raises blood sugar, is produced by pancreas

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15
Q

Glucose

A

The sugar found in your blood that your body uses as energy

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16
Q

Diabeties

A

Your blood sugar is too high. 2 types, type 1: your body cant make insulin to lower it. Or type II: you are unhealthy as hell and are drowning your blood in sugar to the point where you cant make enough insulin

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17
Q

Excretory system

A

Gets rid of waste and maintains homeostasis.

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18
Q

Kidney

A

Removes waste products from blood and makes urine. is part of the urinary system. Is located on each side of rust below the ribcage on the side of your spine, you have 2 of them.

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19
Q

Mitosis

A

A process of cellular reproduction in which a parent diploid cell does IPMAT (the phases of mitosis) to create 2 identical daughter cells with the exact same chromosomes

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20
Q

Meiosis

A

A process of cellular reproduction for sex cells in which a diploid cell (46c) splits into 2 haploid cells and then splits again into 4 haploid cells each with 23c

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21
Q

Diploid cell

A

A diploid cell is a cell containing 2 copies of each chromosome

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22
Q

Haploid cell

A

A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome

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23
Q

Parent cell

A

A cell that is the source of other cells, almost always diploid

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24
Q

Daughter cell

A

A cell produced by cellular reproduction from a parent cell, haploid or diploid

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25
Q

Zygote

A

The first cell of a human. A fertilized egg cell resulting from the merge of a human egg and sperm

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26
Q

Interphase

A

Resting phase, DNA is replicated and the cell grows

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27
Q

Prophase (Mitosis)

A

Chromosomes condense into x’s

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28
Q

Metaphase (Mitosis)

A

Cells align along the center next to their sister cells

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29
Q

Anaphase (Mitosis)

A

The sister cells separate into 2 genetically identical groups on opposite sides of the cell

30
Q

Telophase & Cytokinesis (Mitosis)

A

The cell membrane goes away and 2 new ones form around the genetic information

31
Q

Prophase (Meiosis I)

A

Chromosomes condense and pair up and parts cross over

32
Q

Metaphase (Meiosis I)

A

The pairs align along the center, with each sister chromosome on 1 side of the middle

33
Q

Anaphase(Meiosis I)

A

The sister chromosomes split and go to opposite sides

34
Q

Telophase & Cytokinesis (Meiosis I)

A

The cell membrane breaks down and new ones form around the 2 sets of genetic information

35
Q

Prophase (Meiosis II)

A

The chromosomes condense again and new spindle fibers form

36
Q

Metaphase(Meiosis II)

A

The pairs align along the center, with each sister chromosome on 1 side of the middle

37
Q

Anaphase(Meiosis II)

A

The sister chromosomes split and go to opposite sides

38
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes with the same genes in the same order

39
Q

Crossing Over

A

Parts of the chromosomes that contain the same genes but different copies.

40
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the DNA(chromosomes)

41
Q

Mitocondrea

A

The powerhouse of the cell, that produces most of the chemical energy (ATP)

42
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The structure of proteins that make the cell have a rigid shape

43
Q

DNA (in a cell)

A

Chromosomes

44
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Protects the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell

45
Q

Cell wall

A

Protects the plant cell and provides support(plant only)

46
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Produces energy through photosynthesis(plant only)

47
Q

Ribosomes

A

They synthesize proteins by translating DNA into amino acid sequences

48
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestion system of the cell, gets rid of old and degraded organelles and extra material from the outside

49
Q

Peroxisomes

A

They oxidize stuff using oxygen

50
Q

Vacuoles

A

Stores water and nutrients

51
Q

Vesicles

A

Helps transport and store waste products

52
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Proteins are processed and sorted to their final definitions

53
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Produces proteins the rest of the cell uses

54
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty compounds that help with moving and storing energy and absorbing vitamins and making hormones. Comes from fats like olive oil, vegetable oil, avocado, nuts, peanut butter, seeds, and some fish

55
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Provides the body with glucose (energy) used to support bodily functions. Some foods that have carbs are literally everything but some more carb based sources are bread, fruits, sugar, etc

56
Q

Proteins

A

Builds and repairs muscles and bones. And makes hormones and enzymes. Some foods that have proteins are meat, and things like red meat, chicken, fish, beans, and dairy like milk and yogurt and eggs.

57
Q

Respiratory System

A

Moves fresh air into the body while getting rid of waste gasses. We need oxygen to build proteins which are needed to build everything

58
Q

Reproductive System

A

Used to reproduce new organisms

59
Q

Integumentary System

A

Your skin, which protects you from the outside world

60
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Organs and vessels that protect your body from infection and keep a healthy balance of fluids.

61
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Moves blood throughout the body.

62
Q

Skeletal System

A

Your bones, provides rigidity and structure to the body, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs, and stores minerals

63
Q

Urinary System

A

Filters blood and creates urine as a waste byproduct

64
Q

Circulatory System

A

Delivers oxygen and nutrients throughout the body through blood and helps purify

65
Q

Nervous System

A

Sends messages from the brain to throughout the body to control it, using nerves

66
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands that makes hormones that go into the blood stream to activate and control bodily functions

67
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger that travels through blood to control bodily functcions

68
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cells used by the nervous system to send signals throughout the body. Many diffrent types.

69
Q

Amygdala

A

Makes very fast instinctive responses to respond to stresses, may not always be the best choice

70
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Regulate and reasons with your amygdala to make good decisions. Overridden by stress. Regulates emotions.

ASTI Bio, First Semester (1 decks)

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