deck_14752517 Flashcards
Mouth
Start of the digestive system, where food enters starts to be broken down into smaller parts, and moistens food so it travels smoother to the stomach
Pharynx
After food goes through the mouth, it goes to the pharynx which is 5-6 inches at the back of the throat, doesnt do anything but pass food to the esophagus
Esophagus
After the pharynx, food goes through the esophagus towards the stomach. Here, the epiglottis prevents food from going to the lungs (IE “food going down the wrong tube”). It uses muscle contractions to move food down. And at the bottom the esophageal sphincter prevents stomach acid from traveling up into the esophagus
Stomach
A muscle lined sack where food is churned and mixed mechanically and broken down with stomach acid and enzymes and turned into chyme.
Pancreas
The pancreas is a gland that makes digestive juices and insulin as well as other hormones related to digestion. It is located under the liver, close to the gallbladder, stomach, and bowel
Gall Bladder
Stores bile that is produced in the liver and released into the small intestine through a bile duct. Bile is used to break down fat in foods. It is located on the right side of the abdomen , just under your liver.
Small intestine
The small intestine breaks down food and absorbs nutrients, it is right under the stomach and passes on extra waste to the large intestine. Receives bile from the gall bladder.
Large Intestine
Absorbs water and electolytes and produces and absorbs vitamins and propels waste towards the rectum for elimination. Right below the small intestine, receives waste from the small intestine
Liver
The liver filters all the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, like alcohol. It also produces bile which helps digest fats and carry away waste. Is located at the top of the stomach.
Enzymes
Enzymes are organicly produced catalysts that have very specific functions
Leptin
Leptin is a hormone that suppresses hunger. It is produced by body fat
Grehlin
Ghrelin is a hormone that makes you hungry. It is made in the stomach
Insulin
Hormone that lowers blood sugar, is produced by pancreas
Glucagon
Hormone that raises blood sugar, is produced by pancreas
Glucose
The sugar found in your blood that your body uses as energy
Diabeties
Your blood sugar is too high. 2 types, type 1: your body cant make insulin to lower it. Or type II: you are unhealthy as hell and are drowning your blood in sugar to the point where you cant make enough insulin
Excretory system
Gets rid of waste and maintains homeostasis.
Kidney
Removes waste products from blood and makes urine. is part of the urinary system. Is located on each side of rust below the ribcage on the side of your spine, you have 2 of them.
Mitosis
A process of cellular reproduction in which a parent diploid cell does IPMAT (the phases of mitosis) to create 2 identical daughter cells with the exact same chromosomes
Meiosis
A process of cellular reproduction for sex cells in which a diploid cell (46c) splits into 2 haploid cells and then splits again into 4 haploid cells each with 23c
Diploid cell
A diploid cell is a cell containing 2 copies of each chromosome
Haploid cell
A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome
Parent cell
A cell that is the source of other cells, almost always diploid
Daughter cell
A cell produced by cellular reproduction from a parent cell, haploid or diploid
Zygote
The first cell of a human. A fertilized egg cell resulting from the merge of a human egg and sperm
Interphase
Resting phase, DNA is replicated and the cell grows
Prophase (Mitosis)
Chromosomes condense into x’s
Metaphase (Mitosis)
Cells align along the center next to their sister cells
Anaphase (Mitosis)
The sister cells separate into 2 genetically identical groups on opposite sides of the cell
Telophase & Cytokinesis (Mitosis)
The cell membrane goes away and 2 new ones form around the genetic information
Prophase (Meiosis I)
Chromosomes condense and pair up and parts cross over
Metaphase (Meiosis I)
The pairs align along the center, with each sister chromosome on 1 side of the middle
Anaphase(Meiosis I)
The sister chromosomes split and go to opposite sides
Telophase & Cytokinesis (Meiosis I)
The cell membrane breaks down and new ones form around the 2 sets of genetic information
Prophase (Meiosis II)
The chromosomes condense again and new spindle fibers form
Metaphase(Meiosis II)
The pairs align along the center, with each sister chromosome on 1 side of the middle
Anaphase(Meiosis II)
The sister chromosomes split and go to opposite sides
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes with the same genes in the same order
Crossing Over
Parts of the chromosomes that contain the same genes but different copies.
Nucleus
Contains the DNA(chromosomes)
Mitocondrea
The powerhouse of the cell, that produces most of the chemical energy (ATP)
Cytoskeleton
The structure of proteins that make the cell have a rigid shape
DNA (in a cell)
Chromosomes
Cell Membrane
Protects the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell
Cell wall
Protects the plant cell and provides support(plant only)
Chloroplasts
Produces energy through photosynthesis(plant only)
Ribosomes
They synthesize proteins by translating DNA into amino acid sequences
Lysosomes
Digestion system of the cell, gets rid of old and degraded organelles and extra material from the outside
Peroxisomes
They oxidize stuff using oxygen
Vacuoles
Stores water and nutrients
Vesicles
Helps transport and store waste products
Golgi Apparatus
Proteins are processed and sorted to their final definitions
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Produces proteins the rest of the cell uses
Lipids
Fatty compounds that help with moving and storing energy and absorbing vitamins and making hormones. Comes from fats like olive oil, vegetable oil, avocado, nuts, peanut butter, seeds, and some fish
Carbohydrates
Provides the body with glucose (energy) used to support bodily functions. Some foods that have carbs are literally everything but some more carb based sources are bread, fruits, sugar, etc
Proteins
Builds and repairs muscles and bones. And makes hormones and enzymes. Some foods that have proteins are meat, and things like red meat, chicken, fish, beans, and dairy like milk and yogurt and eggs.
Respiratory System
Moves fresh air into the body while getting rid of waste gasses. We need oxygen to build proteins which are needed to build everything
Reproductive System
Used to reproduce new organisms
Integumentary System
Your skin, which protects you from the outside world
Lymphatic System
Organs and vessels that protect your body from infection and keep a healthy balance of fluids.
Cardiovascular System
Moves blood throughout the body.
Skeletal System
Your bones, provides rigidity and structure to the body, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs, and stores minerals
Urinary System
Filters blood and creates urine as a waste byproduct
Circulatory System
Delivers oxygen and nutrients throughout the body through blood and helps purify
Nervous System
Sends messages from the brain to throughout the body to control it, using nerves
Endocrine System
Glands that makes hormones that go into the blood stream to activate and control bodily functions
Hormone
A chemical messenger that travels through blood to control bodily functcions
Neuron
Nerve cells used by the nervous system to send signals throughout the body. Many diffrent types.
Amygdala
Makes very fast instinctive responses to respond to stresses, may not always be the best choice
Prefrontal Cortex
Regulate and reasons with your amygdala to make good decisions. Overridden by stress. Regulates emotions.
