Deck1 All

Question 1

Adept

Answer 1

Skilled

Become adept at sth

Question 2

Adhere

Answer 2

Comply
Adhere strictly/firmly /rigorously to rules/principles/policy
adhere to somethingphrasal verbformal
to continue to behave according to a particular rule, agreement, or belief:
Weadhere totheprinciplesof equal rights and freedom of expression for all.
I haveadheredstrictlytotherules.

Question 3

Durable

Answer 3

Sturdy
Durable refrigerator/tire/ ...
durableespecially writtenused about materials and products that will remain in good condition for a long time – often used on product labels:
The jacket has a durable nylon lining.
Varnish is more durable than paint.

Question 4

Foster

Answer 4

Stimulate

to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop over a period of timeSynonym :encourage,promote

Question 5

Halt

Answer 5

Stop
Put a halt to sth 
brought to atemporaryhalt
bring sth to halt
Perp. In, to
come/grind/screech etc to a hal

Question 6

Harbor

Answer 6

Shelter
1.to keep bad thoughts, fears, or hopes in your mind for a long time:
I think he’s harbouring some sort of grudge against me.
She began to harbour doubts over the wisdom of their journey.

2.to contain something, especially something hidden and dangerous:
Sinks and draining boards can harbour germs.

3.to protect and hide criminals that the police are searching for

Question 7

Comply

Answer 7

to do what you have to do or are asked to do ⇒compliance,compliant
compliant with
Future versions will be fully compliant with the industry standard.

comply with
Failure to comply with the regulations will result in prosecution.
The newspaper was asked by federal agents for assistance and agreed to comply.

Question 8

Baffle

Answer 8

Puzzle
if something baffles you, you cannot understand or explain it at all:
The question baffled me completely.
—baffledadjective:
We were all utterly baffled.
—bafflingadjective:
a baffling mystery
—bafflementnoun[uncountable]

Question 9

Perilous

Answer 9

Hazardous, dangerous

a perilous journey, situation etc is very dangerous

Question 10

Promote

Answer 10

Boost, advertise, foster, advance

1.ENCOURAGEto help something to develop or increase:
a meeting to promote trade between Taiwan and the UK
Fertilizer promotes leaf growth.

3.SELLto help sell a new product, film etc by offering it at a reduced price or by advertising it:
She’s in London to promote her new book.

Question 11

Redundant

Answer 11

Repetitious, extra, inessential

1.British Englishif you are redundant, your employer no longer has a job for you:
Seventy factory workers weremade redundantin the resulting cuts.
make a job/position etc redundant
As the economy weakens, more and more jobs will be made redundant.

2.not necessary because something else means or does the same thing:
the removal of redundant information

Question 12

Substantial

Answer 12

Significant, important, considerable
1.large in amount or numberSynonym :considerableAntonym :insubstantial:
We have the support of a substantial number of parents.
a substantial salary
a substantial breakfast
The document requires substantial changes.

2.[only before noun]large and strongly madeAntonym :insubstantial:
a substantial piece of furniture
Substantive (adj)
formaldealing with things that are important or real
substantive matters/issues
The State Department reported that substantive discussions had taken place with Beijing.

substantially = considerably or essentially
1.very much or a lotSynonym :considerably:
substantially higher prices
The deer population has increased substantially in recent years.

2.used to say that in many ways something is true, the same, different etcSynonym :essentially:
There are one or two minor differences, but they’re substantially the same text.

Question 13

trait

Answer 13

characteristic
a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.
“the traditionally British trait of self-denigration”
ADJ. admirable, appealing | negative, undesirable, unfortunate | human Her boss did not display any human traits. | distinctive, enduring, individual | family, genetic, hereditary, inherited | behavioural, character, personal, personality | mental, psychological | obsessional | physical | female, male | cultural, national
VERB + TRAIT have, possess | lack | share She shares several character traits with her father. | display, exhibit, show | acquire, develop, inherit We do not know which behavioural traits are inherited and which acquired. | identify, recognize

Question 14

underscore

Answer 14

highlight, emphasize, feature, underline

1. to emphasize the fact that something is important or true Synonym : underline
2. to draw a line under a word or phrase to show that it is important Synonym : underline
   The report..underscores the common complaint made by several groups.

Question 15

advent

Answer 15

the arrival of an event, invention or person:
Life in Britain was transformed by the advent of the steam engine.

the arrival of an event, invention or person:
Life in Britain was transformed by the advent of the steam engine.

Question 16

aggregate

Answer 16

total, combined, overall
aggregate of
the total after a lot of different figures or points have been added together
aggregate of
The smaller minorities got an aggregate of 1,327 votes.
In the aggregate (=as a group or in total), women outlive men by 7 or more years.

to put different amounts, pieces of information etc together to form a group or a total
aggregate with
A wife’s income is no longer aggregated with that of her husband.

Question 17

analogous to

Answer 17

similar to
analogous to/with
The report’s findings are analogous with our own.
The two situations are roughly analogous.
PREP. to The company is in a position closely analogous to that of its main rival.
with The national debt is analogous with private debt.

Question 18

annihilate

Answer 18

destroy, abolish, eradicate, exterminate

1. to destroy something or someone completely:
   Just one of these bombs could annihilate a city the size of New York.
2. to defeat someone easily and completely in a game or competition:
   Tyson annihilated his opponent in the first round

Question 19

anamoly

Answer 19

irregularity, abnormality, eccentricity, exception, incongruity, inconsistency, oddity, peculiarity

something that is noticeable because it is different from what is usual:
In those days, a woman professor was still an anomaly.
anomaly in
various anomalies in the tax system

Question 20

antagonist

Answer 20

opponent, adversary, competitor, contender, enemy, foe, rival
your opponent in a competition, battle, quarrel etc

Question 21

Elaborate

Answer 21

expand (upon), add detail, amplify, develop, embellish
[intransitive and transitive]to give more details or new information about somethingSynonym :enlarge:
He said he had new evidence, but refused to elaborate any further.
elaborate on
McDonald refused to elaborate on his reasons for resigning.

verb
ADV.furtherThis point will be elaborated further in the next chapter.
at length
VERB + ELABORATEattempt to, try to|refuse to
PREP.on/uponThey refused to elaborate on the reasons for their decision.

Question 22

conscientious

Answer 22

meticulous, thorough, exact, diligent
careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do:
A conscientious teacher may feel inclined to take work home.
a conscientious and hard-working student
—conscientiously adverb
—conscientiousness noun [uncountable]:

Question 23

convey

Answer 23

1. to communicate or express something, with or without using words:
   All this information can be conveyed in a simple diagram.
   Ads convey the message that thin is beautiful.
   He was sent to convey a message to the UN Secretary General.
   convey something to somebody
   I want to convey to children that reading is one of life’s greatest treats.
   convey a sense/an impression/an idea etc
   You don’t want to convey the impression that there’s anything illegal going on.

Question 24

encompass

Answer 24

include, comprise, contain, surround
1. to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc:
The study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.

2. to completely cover or surround something:
   The houses encompassed about 100 square metres.

Question 25

underscore

Answer 25

highlight, emphasize, to make evident

1. to emphasize the fact that something is important or true Synonym : underline

Question 26

inadvertent (ly)

Answer 26

unintentional, careless, unplanned,
بی ملاحظه ، سهو ، غیر عمدی
All authors need to be wary of inadvertent copying of other people’s ideas.

Question 27

noteworhty

Answer 27

remarkable, exceptional
important or interesting enough to deserve your attention:
a noteworthy achievement

Question 28

infancy

Answer 28

beginnings
1. the period of a child’s life before they can walk or talk
in infancy
In the past, many children died in infancy.

2. the time when something is just starting to be developed:
   the infancy of radio broadcasting
   Genetic engineering is still in its infancy

Question 29

paramount

Answer 29

principal, cardinal, chief, main
more important than anything else:
During a war the interests of the state are paramount, and those of the individual come last.
Women’s role as mothers is of paramount importance to society.
—paramountcy noun [uncountable]

Question 30

proficient

Answer 30

skilled, adept, accomplished, competent
able to do something well or skilfully
proficient in/at
 Martha’s proficient in Swedish.
 There’s only one way to become proficient at anything – practice!
 a proficient typist
—proficiently adverb 
[TahlilGaran] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ▲

Collocations

Question 31

unwarranted

Answer 31

غیرقابل ضمنانت ، توجیه نکردنی ، بیجا
unjustified
done without good reason, and therefore annoying:
unwarranted interference

Question 32

zenith

Answer 32

peak, apex
1. the most successful point in the development of something Synonym : peak Antonym : nadir
reach its zenith/be at its zenith
The Roman Empire reached its zenith around the year 100.

Question 33

come across

Answer 33

encounter, find, bump into, chance upon
1. come across somebody/something to meet, find, or discover someone or something by chance:
I came across an old diary in her desk.
I’ve never come across anyone quite like her before.
We’ve come across a few problems that need resolving.
In written English, people often use encounter when writing about problems or difficulties because this sounds more formal than come across:
The team of researchers had encountered similar problems before
3. if someone comes across in a particular way, they seem to have particular qualities Synonym : come over
come across as
He comes across as a very intelligent sensitive man.
She sometimes comes across as being rather arrogant.
I don’t think I came across very well (=seemed to have good qualities) in the interview.

Question 34

culminate in/with sth

Answer 34

conclude, end up, come to a climax
culminate in/with sth If an event or series of events culminates in something, it ends with it, having developed until it reaches this point:
My arguments with the boss got worse and worse, and it all culminated in my deciding to change jobs.
Their many years of research have finally culminated in a cure for the disease.

culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
noun [U]
Winning first prize was the culmination of years of practice and hard work.
the culmination of something something, especially something important, that happens at the end of a long period of effort or development:
This little book represented the culmination of 15 years’ work.

Question 35

exert

Answer 35

apply, use, employ, utilize
اعمال کردن
1. to use your power, influence etc in order to make something happen:
They exerted considerable influence within the school.
Environmental groups are exerting pressure on the government to tighten pollution laws.
exert pressure
Did Democratic leaders exert pressure on their colleagues to vote for the new law?
exert influence
These large companies exert considerable influence over the government.
exert control
The state should not exert control over the media.
exert power
He exerts considerable power within the family.
exert authority
It is every parent’s responsibility to exert their authority by laying down some firm rules.
exert discipline
Exerting discipline is essential, especially when there are problem students in the class.
exert effort
We exerted every effort to get there on time.
exert your will (=make something happen in the way that you want)
The army exerted its will by arresting anti-government supporters.

Question 36

erroneous = fallacious

Answer 36

erroneous ideas or information are wrong and based on facts that are not correct Synonym : incorrect:
His economic predictions are based on some erroneous assumptions.
~ theory/motive/view/perception/cliche/apprehension

Question 37

feasible

Answer 37

شدنی ، عملی ، امکان پذیر ، میسر ، ممکن
possible, achievable, attainable
a plan, idea, or method that is feasible is possible and is likely to work Synonym : possible:
a feasible solution
economically/technically/politically etc feasible
It was no longer financially feasible to keep the community centre open.
feasibly adverb
—feasibility /ˌfiːzəˈbɪləti, ˌfiːzɪˈbɪləti/ noun [uncountable]:
a feasibility study
feasible
adj.
VERBS be, look, seem | become | consider sth A tunnel was not considered economically feasible.
ADV. entirely, perfectly, quite It’s perfectly feasible to produce electricity without creating pollution.
barely, hardly, not really, scarcely | administratively, economically, financially, politically, technically

Question 38

intuition

Answer 38

hunch, instinct
the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering the facts Synonym : instinct:
feminine intuition
Intuition told her it was unwise to argue.
an idea about what is true in a particular situation based on a feeling rather than facts
intuition (that)
He had an intuition there was trouble brewing.
We should trust our intuitions

Question 39

fallacious, fallacy

Answer 39

fallacious
[adjective]
a fallacious argument
If we are to avoid this foundationalist conclusion we shall have to show that the regress argument is fallacious.
In these circumstances facile and fallacious deductions about the consequences of having abolished the death penalty were bound to be rife.
Of course, continued Durieu, this is a fallacious approach.
Sometimes these views are based on reasoning that an economist would judge fallacious.
Such a bill would be entirely fallacious.
The either-or argument is of course as unfair as it is fallacious.
This development was usually formally fallacious, as the philosopher G. E. Moore pointed out.
This is fallacious, as a study of esoteric teachings soon makes clear.

Question 40

inordinate amount of …

lack of rain

Answer 40

excessive, disproportionate, extravagant, immoderate, intemperate, preposterous
بی اندازه ، بیش از حد ، مفرط ، غیر معتدل
inordinate /ɪˈnɔː.dɪ.nət/ US /ˌɪnˈɔːr-/
adjective FORMAL
unreasonably or unusually large in size or degree:
Margot has always spent an inordinate amount of time on her appearance.

far more than you would reasonably or normally expect Synonym : excessive:
Testing is taking up an inordinate amount of teachers’ time.
—inordinately adverb:
She’s inordinately fond of her parrot.

Question 41

limber

Answer 41

flexible
limber /ˈlɪm.bəʳ/ US /-bɚ/
adjective
(of a person) able to bend and move easily and gracefully

limber
I. [verb]
Now senior officers fear the organisation is limbering up for a wave of further atrocities.
On the whole we are, until suddenly panic reigns and we must rush to a class again and limber up.
Outside in the passage Ferris was prancing gently on his toes like a runner limbering for a race.
So she walked to limber her muscles.

limber
II. [adjective]
I’m not even limber enough to touch my toes.
It hasn’t hurt my playing any, though, but I have to practise more to keep myself limber.
Like well-toned athletes and good musicians, economies work best when they are flexible and limber, rather than brittle and stiff.
Marian was amazed at her limber body.
This was how he learned to stay limber.
With their coiled energy, jumps, louche shoulder work, insinuating hips and limber backs, they look like real dancers.

Question 42

means

Answer 42

method, agency, instrument, medium
توانایی ، دارایی ، استطاعت ، وسایل ، وسیله ، وسائل ، توانائی ، درامد ، دارائی
1. METHOD [countable] a way of doing or achieving something
means of
For most people, the car is still their main means of transport.
The only means of communication was sign language.
The window was our only means of escape.
Do you have any means of identification?
art as a means of expression
Homework should not be used as a means of controlling children.
I had no means of telling him I would be late.
Brian was prepared to use any means to get what he wanted.
They had entered the country by unlawful means.
the means by which performance is assessed
5. by means of something formal using a particular method or system:
The blocks are raised by means of pulleys.
a means to an end something that you do only to achieve a result, not because you want to do it or because it is important:
For Geoff, the job was simply a means to an end.
- by all means: certainly, definitely, doubtlessly, of course, surely
- by no means: in no way, definitely not, not in the least, on no account

Question 43

preconception

Answer 43

bias, preconceived idea or notion, bias
a belief or opinion that you have already formed before you know the actual facts, and that may be wrong
preconception about/of
I had the same preconceptions about life in South Africa that many people have.

Question 44

notion

Answer 44

idea, belief, concept, impression, inkling, opinion, sentiment, view
تصور ، اندیشه ، نظریه ، خیال ، ادراک ، فکری ، مفهوم

1. an idea, belief, or opinion
   notion of
   misguided notions of male superiority
   The traditional notion of marriage goes back thousands of years.
   She had only a vague notion of what she wanted to do.
   notion that
   the notion that human beings are basically good
   She had no notion what he meant.
   ADJ. absurd, peculiar, ridiculous | hazy, vague | faintest, foggiest I haven’t the faintest notion how to get there.
   romantic | accepted, conventional, traditional | preconceived | general There seems to be a general notion that nothing can be done about the problem.
   simple, simplistic
   VERB + NOTION have He’s got some vague notion that people will be queueing up to finance the project.
   reject | accept | support | dispel We must dispel this notion that you can rely on the state for everything.
   PREP. ~ of They have come to reject the traditional notion of womanhood.

Question 45

robust

Answer 45

strong, powerful, sturdy
1. a robust person is strong and healthy:
a robust man of six feet four

2. a robust system, organization etc is strong and not likely to have problems:
   The formerly robust economy has begun to weaken.
3. a robust object is strong and not likely to break Synonym : sturdy:
   a robust metal cabinet
4. showing determination or strong opinions:
   a typically robust performance by the Prime Minister

robustly
قاطعانه

Question 46

swift (ly)

Answer 46

quick, fast
1. happening or done quickly and immediately:
My letter received a swift reply.
She shot a swift glance at Paul.
swift to do something
They were swift to deny the accusations.

2. [only before noun] moving, or able to move, very fast:
   a swift runner
   She wiped her tears away in one swift movement.
3. somebody is not too swift American English spoken used to say that someone is not very intelligent
   —swiftly adverb:
   Alice dressed swiftly.
4. done quickly, immediately, or at the right time:
   Prompt action must be taken.
   Prompt payment is requested.
   a prompt response

Question 47

COHERENT

Answer 47

logical, consistent, logical, lucid, meaningful, orderly, organized, rational
چسبیده ، مربوط ، دارای ارتباط یا نتیجه منطقی ، منسجم
coherently

Question 48

evolve

Answer 48

develop
to develop and change gradually over a long period of time:
The school has evolved its own style of teaching.
Businesses need to evolve rapidly.
evolve out of

Question 49

fabricate

Answer 49

invent, makeup, build, assemble
1. to invent a story, piece of information etc in order to deceive someone:
The police were accused of fabricating evidence.

REGISTER
Fabricate is used mainly in writing, for example in journalism and legal contexts. In everyday English, people usually say make something up:
They accused him of making the whole thing up.

2. technical to make or produce goods or equipment Synonym : manufacture:
   The discs are expensive to fabricate.

Question 50

geenric

Answer 50

not specific, comprehensive, general
جامع، عمومی

chèvre is a generic term for all goat’s milk cheese”
1. relating to a whole group of things rather than to one thing
generic term/name (for something)
Fine Arts is a generic term for subjects such as painting, music, and sculpture.

~ + skills/term/name/drug

Question 51

look over

Answer 51

examine
to examine something or someone quickly, without paying much attention to detail:
Do you have a few minutes to look these samples over?

inspect/survey/examine something
“Please take some time to look over these documents before you sign them.”

Question 52

normally

Answer 52

usually, as a rule, commonly, generally, habitually, ordinarily, regularly, typically

Question 53

notion

Answer 53

• idea, belief, concept, impression
  تصور ، اندیشه ، نظریه ، خیال

1. an idea, belief, or opinion
   notion of
   misguided notions of male superiority
   The traditional notion of marriage goes back thousands of years.
   She had only a vague notion of what she wanted to do.
   notion that
   the notion that human beings are basically good
   She had no notion what he meant.
   accept/challenge/reject etc a notion
   They reject the notion of group guilt.

Question 54

novel

Answer 54

نو ، جدید ، بدیع
new, different, fresh, innovative, original, strange, uncommon, unfamiliar, unusual
not like anything known before, and unusual or interesting
novel idea/approach/method/suggestions etc
What a novel idea!

Question 55

nurture

Answer 55

cultivate

develop, bring up, discipline, educate, instruct

Question 56

relate

Answer 56

باز گو کردن ، گزارش دادن ، شرح دادن ، نقل کردن ، گفتن

• connect, associate, correlate, couple, join, link
• concern, apply, be relevant to, have to do with, pertain, refer
• tell, describe, detail, narrate, recite, recount, report

Question 57

transfer

Answer 57

alter

Question 58

trigger

Answer 58

generate, set off, activate, cause, generate, produce, prompt, provoke
1. to make something happen very quickly, especially a series of events:
The assassination triggered off a wave of rioting.
Certain forms of mental illness can be triggered by food allergies.
trigger a memory (=make you suddenly remember something)
His action triggered a massive response from the government.

2. to make something such as a bomb or electrical system start to operate Synonym : set off:
   The burglars fled after triggering the alarm.

trigger fear

Question 59

UNBIASED

Answer 59

objective,
unbiased information, opinions, advice etc is fair because the person giving it is not influenced by their own or other people’s opinions Synonym : impartial:
We aim to provide a service that is balanced and unbiased.
an unbiased observer

Question 60

accentuate

Answer 60

emphasize,
تاکید کردن ، اهمیت دادن ، برجسته نمودن
accentuate to show something clearly and make it easier to notice:
The recent economic crisis has accentuated the gap between the rich and the poor.

Question 61

devise

Answer 61

work out, conceive, contrive
devise formal to invent a way of doing something, especially one that is clever or complicated:
This system was devised as a way of measuring students’ progress.
conceive formal to think of a new idea, plan etc and develop it in your mind:
The project was originally conceived by a Dutch businessman two years ago.

Question 62

disguise the fact that/ his feelings

Answer 62

conceal

Question 63

embedded (in)

Answer 63

inserted,

جاسازی شده

Question 64

ignite

Answer 64

kindle

Question 65

indifferent

Answer 65

apathetic
1. not at all interested in someone or something
indifferent to
Sarah was absolutely indifferent to him, and it hurt.

2. not particularly good Synonym : mediocre:
   an indifferent cook
   —indifferently adverb

ap‧a‧thet‧ic /ˌæpəˈθetɪk◂/ adjective
not interested in something, and not willing to make any effort to change or improve things:
She felt too apathetic even to move.
apathetic about
How can you be so apathetic about the world and its problems?
—apathetically /-kli/ adverb

Question 66

initiate

Answer 66

launch, commence, begin
1. formal to arrange for something important to start, such as an official process or a new plan:
They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper.
Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism
initiative ابتکار خلاقیت

Question 67

narrate

Answer 67

relate
3. [transitive] formal to tell someone about events that have happened to you or to someone else
relate something to somebody
He later related the whole story to me

Question 68

nevertheless

Answer 68

nonetheless, in spite of that
nev‧er‧the‧less S3 W2 AC /ˌnevəðəˈles $ -vər-/ adverb formal
in spite of a fact that you have just mentioned Synonym : nonetheless:
What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind.
با اینحال ، با این وجود ، علیرغم
Combined Fleet nevertheless remained convinced that it must take the offensive somewhere as soon as possible

Question 69

obsolete

Answer 69

غیرقابل استفاده ، فرسوده ، منسوخ ، مهجور ، غیرمتداول ، متروک ، متروکه ، کهنه ، از کار افتاده
extinct, antiquated, archaic, discarded, disused, old, old-fashioned, outmoded, out of date
no longer useful, because something newer and better has been invented ⇒ out-of-date:
obsolete weapons
computer hardware that quickly became obsolete
Will computers render (=make) books obsolete?

Question 70

omit

Answer 70

neglect, leave out
حذف کردن ، از قلم انداختن
leave out, drop, eliminate
1. to not include someone or something, either deliberately or because you forget to do it Synonym : leave out:
Please don’t omit any details, no matter how trivial they may seem.
omit something from something
Lisa’s name had been omitted from the list of honor students.

Question 71

outlandish

Answer 71

strange, bizarre, exotic
strange and unusual:
outlandish clothes
Her story seemed so outlandish.
A crash is a moment of panic when events are out of control and outlandish predictions become thinkable.
There is nothing outlandish in the idea of lions killing hunters.

Question 72

partially

Answer 72

somewhat

Question 73

Archaic

Answer 73

Ancient
1.old and no longer usedSynonym :outdatedAntonym :modern:
archaic words

2.old-fashioned and needing to be replaced:
Many smaller radio stations broadcast on archaic equipment.

3.from or relating to ancient timesSynonym :ancient:
archaic civilizations

Question 74

Eclectic

Answer 74

including a mixture of many different things or people, especially so that you can use the best of all of themSynonym :diverse:
galleries with an eclectic range of styles and artists
an eclectic mixture of 18th and 19th century furniture

Question 75

Minuscule

Answer 75

Tiny

Question 76

Consistent

Answer 76

دائما پیوسته dependably

Question 77

Factor in

Answer 77

consider,
to include something when you are doing a calculation, or when you are trying to understand something:
People are earning more, but when inflation is factored in, they are no better off.
The age of the patients and their overall health must be factored into the results.

Question 78

gratify , gratifying

Answer 78

satisfying