deck no. 12 Flashcards
1
Q
to add a twist
A
dodać coś nietypowego, urozmaicić
China may end up doing Bitcoin with an authoritarian twist: instead of anonymity it may want all data to be trackable and centrally stored.
2
Q
izba rozrachunkowa (rozliczająca transakcje finansowe między instytucjami)
A
clearing house
Western clearing houses refused to settle its debt securities.
3
Q
ramification
A
konsekwencja
Rarely are the ramifications of a fourletter word so great as in the case of Yukos, a defunct Russian oil firm.
4
Q
fiddler
A
skrzypek
These were the basis for the musical Fiddler on the Roof.
5
Q
porozstawiać po kątach, zaprowadzić porządek
A
to knock heads together
These, some say, can knock heads together quickly and help firms recover. It is best to take such statements with a pinch of salt.
6
Q
to issue
A
emitować, wypuszczać (np. akcje)
Russia’s debt is being de-dollarised, too. New issuance is often in roubles or euros, and the government is exploring selling yuan-denominated bonds.
7
Q
chichotać
A
to chuckle
When asked whether he would continue to work in the new government, Mr. Lavrov, 69 years old, chuckled, saying he was still on the job for now.
8
Q
output
A
produkcja, wyniki pracy
Nonetheless Rosneft, a state-backed producer that accounts for over 40% of Russia’s crude output, has denominated its tender contracts in euros.
9
Q
martial
A
wojenny; wojskowy
And the martial approach that America has adopted threatens the dollar’s dominance, reckons Jeffrey Frankel of Harvard University.
10
Q
trade in arms
A
handel bronią
State-backed Promsvyazbank pjsc is used for trade in arms so as to shield bigger banks like Sberbank and vtb from the threat of sanctions.
11
Q
proceedings
A
sprawozdanie, protokół
That is, the recent US presidential impeachment proceedings in which Mr Giuliani, in his capacity as President Donald Trump’s personal lawyer, was shown to be criss-crossing Ukraine in search of possible evidence of corruption involving a political rival, former vice-president Joe Biden.
12
Q
niepoliczony, nieobliczalny
A
untold
Their calculus is that nothing can stop these firms, which are destined to earn untold riches.
13
Q
brzmieć wiarygodnie
A
to ring true
The oil metaphor also rings true because some types of data and some of the insights extracted from them are already widely traded.
14
Q
po taniości
A
on the cheap
Warren Buffett picked up assets on the cheap in 2007-09, while JPMorgan Chase cemented its place as America’s leading bank as the industry retrenched.
15
Q
w całej; na całej
A
-wide
But perhaps themost radical element of the scheme is its focus on generating profits almost from the get-go, in defiance of dire industry-wide projections.
16
Q
perennial
A
wieloletni
A data economy in which those who produce a large part of the main input are perennially underpaid is unlikely to be a healthy economy.
17
Q
to collude
A
być w zmowie
BMW is fighting a ruling by the European Commission, the European Union’s executive arm, that it colluded with other car makers to fix prices of emissions technology.
18
Q
midsized
A
średniej wielkości
Consultancy McKinsey estimates midsized electric vehicles cost $12,000 more to produce than their petrol or diesel counterparts, forcing carmakers to charge more or face squeezed margins.
19
Q
headwinds
A
trudności
China keeps its internet giants under tacit state control and wants to rely less on Silicon Valley, including Apple, which is already dealing with the covid-19 virus and other headwinds there.
20
Q
to set somebody apart
A
wyróżniać kogoś (np. jakością)
What sets VW apart, he added, is its “very tough” culture.
21
Q
construct
A
idea
Since most personal data are fundamentally a social construct to which more than one person has the right, individuals could engage in a race to the bottom.
22
Q
adage
A
przysłowie, porzekadło
They also givenewmeaning to the adage that knowledge is power.
23
Q
zbędny; spisany na straty
A
expendable
Russia has gone furthest. It has designated expendable entities to engage in commerce with countries America considers rogue, in order to avoid putting important banks and firms at risk.
24
Q
to chalk up
A
zwyciężać, osiągać (np. sukces)
Messrs. Putin and Lavrov chalked up a string of victories last year.
25
emitować, wypuszczać (np. akcje)
to issue
Russia’s debt is being de-dollarised, too. New **issuance** is often in roubles or euros, and the government is exploring selling yuan-denominated bonds.
26
jaw-dropping
oszałamiający, imponujący
Even as regulators discuss new rules and activists fret about the right to privacy, the shares of the five biggest American tech firms have been on a **jaw-dropping** bull run over the past 12 months, rising by 52%.
27
przewyższyć (np. jakąś kwotę)
to top
Elon Musk has navigated Tesla Inc. into new territory, as the electric-car maker’s market value **topped** $100 billion Wednesday and overtook Volkswagen AG as the world’s No. 2 most-valuable auto maker.
28
to wit
mianowicie
**To wit**, he has assumed a role as self-styled conscience of the business world in telling CEOs how to run their companies.
29
na odwrót; przeciwnie
conversely
**Conversely**, Russian firms and households retain a fondness for dollars when it comes to holding international assets: they have $80bn more than they did in 2014.
30
as things stand
w obecnej formie, w obecnym stanie rzeczy
**As things stand**, their work may become systematically undervalued, reckons Glen Weyl of Microsoft.
31
skewed
wypaczony
Yet it is the **skewed** distribution of income between capital and labour that may turn out to be the most pressing problem of the data economy.
32
niedogodność; mankament; wada, minus
drawback
But most countries will probably shy away from the **drawbacks** of even less draconian measures.
33
przerwać coś, zakończyć coś
to call a halt to something
It is the biggest monetary policy experiment of modern times. One that has divided economists, central bankers and politicians. But now that Sweden has **called a halt** to its five-year trial with negative interest rates the serious work has begun on looking at whether it worked.
34
to vacate
opuscić, zwolnić
Brokers said Italy’s Prada SpA and La Perla both plan to **vacate** Russell Street this year, where they have stores occupying 15,000 and 8,000 square feet, respectively.
35
unit of account
jednostka rozliczeniowa, jednostka obrachunkowa
The dollar is used globally as a **unit of account**, store of value and medium of exchange.
36
pozornie, rzekomo
ostensibly
This is **ostensibly** why BlackRock has voted against more than 80% of the climate resolutions on proxy ballots by activist shareholders.
37
żużycie (podczas eksploatacji)
wear and tear
And they make possible new business models: why buy heavy equipment if its **wear and tear** can bemeasured in detail and it can thus be rented by the minute?
38
ostensibly
pozornie, rzekomo
This is **ostensibly** why BlackRock has voted against more than 80% of the climate resolutions on proxy ballots by activist shareholders.
39
przysłowie, porzekadło
adage
They also givenewmeaning to the **adage** that knowledge is power.
40
to vest
nadawać
The president is **vested** the executive power.
41
conundrum
zagadka, tajemnica
It will conclude by discussing what is perhaps the biggest **conundrum** of the mirror world: the risk is that the wealth it creates will be even more unequally distributed than in its terrestrial twin.
42
mniejsze marże
squeezed margins
Consultancy McKinsey estimates midsized electric vehicles cost $12,000 more to produce than their petrol or diesel counterparts, forcing carmakers to charge more or face **squeezed margins**.
43
dodać coś nietypowego, urozmaicić
to add a twist
China may end up doing Bitcoin **with an authoritarian twist**: instead of anonymity it may want all data to be trackable and centrally stored.
44
gloom
mrok; smutek
Other brokers are also **gloomy** about the price outlook for Hong Kong, even as they say the lower rates are drawing interest from potential new tenants who so far haven’t set up shop in the city.
45
to assume
obejmować (np. jakieś stanowisko)
To wit, he has **assumed** a role as self-styled conscience of the business world in telling CEOs how to run their companies.
46
nieczysta gra, nieuczciwe zachowanie
foul play
After decades of churning out huge profits and setting the standard for premium cars, Germany’s top luxury auto makers are on the retreat, hurt by increased competition, allegations of **foul play** and tech-heavy upstarts.
47
trudności
headwinds
China keeps its internet giants under tacit state control and wants to rely less on Silicon Valley, including Apple, which is already dealing with the covid-19 virus and other **headwinds** there.
48
spowodować coś
to bring about something
The emergence of these mirror worlds will **bring about** a distinct economy.
49
to eat into something
uszczuplić coś (np. zapasy); nadszarpnąć coś,
Eurozone banks say they have paid €25bn in negative rates to the ECB since it cut rates below zero in June 2014, **eating into** their already weak profits.
50
okres trwałości
shelf life
All of which means that fossil fuels still have a long **shelf life**, especially in developing countries.
51
odpoczynek
respite [respit]
He said Netflix wants to be the safe **respite** for its subscribers, with none of the controversy around exploiting users with advertising.
52
uzyskać
to secure
Businesses have been able to **secure** loans with fewer strings attached, for example if they look like they may struggle to repay the money.
53
killing field
pole walki
The Anatevka saga is a reminder of the powerful but fraught role that a handful of rabbi shave come to play in Ukraine, a place that was one of the bloodiest **killing field**s of the Holocaust but is now undergoing a Jewish revival.
54
to secure
uzyskać
Businesses have been able to **secure** loans with fewer strings attached, for example if they look like they may struggle to repay the money.
55
log
belka; kłoda
Anatevka has come a longway in five years. It features a school, a dormitory, apartments for about 150 residents, a rustic synagogue built from pine **logs**, a woodworking shop, a football pitch and a nearly completed rehabilitation centre for the infirm.
56
to breathe life into something
tchnąć w coś życie, ożywić coś (np. sztukę teatralną, wystąpienie)
Peugeot **breathed new life into** its DS brand.
57
incumbent
tu: obecny
A decade later, VW’s **incumbent** boss Herbert Diess is spending more than €33 bn on proving him wrong.
58
to boast
chlubić się, szczycić się (np. zabytkami, atrakcjami miejskimi)
It not only **boasts** the biggest and most innovative tech companies, but plenty of potential customers, fibre-optic cables, cheap power and land to build cavernous data centres.
59
to top
przewyższyć (np. jakąś kwotę)
Elon Musk has navigated Tesla Inc. into new territory, as the electric-car maker’s market value **topped** $100 billion Wednesday and overtook Volkswagen AG as the world’s No. 2 most-valuable auto maker.
60
uznany; o ugruntowanej pozycji
established
In the rich world one in eight **established** companies makes too little profit to pay the interest on their loans, let alone the principal.
61
tacit
milczący (o przyzwoleniu, zgodzie)
China keeps its internet giants under **tacit** state control and wants to rely less on Silicon Valley, including Apple, which is already dealing with the covid-19 virus and other headwinds there.
62
in defiance of
wbrew
But perhaps themost radical element of the scheme is its focus on generating profits almost from the get-go, **in defiance of** dire industry-wide projections.
63
to bring about something
spowodować coś
The emergence of these mirror worlds will **bring about** a distinct economy.
64
jak w przypadku
as with
And in some cases the data flows are simply too large to be sent to the cloud, **as with** the traffic lights in Las Vegas, which together generate 60 terabytes a day (a tenth of the amount Facebook collects in a day).
65
optymalny punkt (np. coś, co przynosi najlepsze efekty); najlepsza część do uderzenia piłki (np. na rakiecie, kiju golfowym)
sweet spot
Celebrity tie-ins do seem to have hit a **sweet spot**, though. Ben & Jerry’s flavors based on Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia, late night talkshow hosts Jimmy Fallon and Stephen Colbert made up three of the company’s 10 best-selling ice creams last year.
66
to move about
poruszać się
This can mean simply **moving about** online and providing feedback, as most people already do.
67
wstrząs (ziemi)
tremor
The big tech firms’ supersized valuations suggest their profits will double or so in the next decade, causing far greater economic **tremors** in rich countries and an alarming concentration of economic and political power.
68
pendulum
wahadło; nagły zwrot
How far will the **pendulum** swing back?
69
to blaze a trail
przecierać szlaki
Will China follow the **trail blazed** by Russia?
70
przetarg
tender
Nonetheless Rosneft, a state-backed producer that accounts for over 40% of Russia’s crude output, has denominated its **tender** contracts in euros.
71
przeciwstawić się czemuś
to push back on something
Countries that used merely to gripe about America’s financial might are now **pushing back**.
72
to hobble
osłabić
America’s ability to blacklist or **hobble** Chinese tech firms, such as Huawei, ultimately rests on punishing suppliers and other counterparties who do business with them through the dollarbased banking and payments system.
73
oxide
tlenek
That culture was in part what led to Dieselgate, the 2015 scandal in which VW admitted to having sold 11m cars worldwide fitted with devices that under-reported emissions of nitrogen **oxide**.
74
ziemski (od: Ziemia)
terrestrial
It will conclude by discussing what is perhaps the biggest conundrum of the mirror world: the risk is that the wealth it creates will be even more unequally distributed than in its **terrestrial** twin.
75
resentment
frustracja
When recession strikes it will fuel new **resentments**.
76
in turn
po kolei
This special report will tackle these topics **in turn**.
77
pogorszyć się
to sour
Banks are in better shape thanks to new (albeit largely untested) regulations enacted since 2008, and so should be able to keep lending if the economy **sours**.
78
pomysłowość
ingenuity
As the Trump administration continues to use sanctions aggressively, efforts to circumvent them will accelerate. America does not have a monopoly on financial **ingenuity**.
79
to unveil
zaprezentować; ujawnić; odkryć
When Volkswagen **unveiled** its first battery-powered prototype in 2009, chief executive Martin Winterkorn warned about "electro hype"—the idea that this new technology could be as affordable and ubiquitous as its fleet of petrol and diesel cars.
80
spowodować coś, dać czemuś początek
to give rise to something
A deluge of data is **giving rise** to a new economy.
81
dormant
uśpiony; nieaktywny
In 2013, Ford revived the long-**dormant** Vignale subbrand, to compete against Volkswagen.
82
bulwark
zapora; falochron
Mr. Lavrov said Russia would continue to try to boost relations with China, which Moscow sees as a **bulwark** against the West.
83
wykonalny
feasible
Electricity then allowed power to be distributed to where it was needed, which made assembly lines **feasible**.
84
mrok; smutek
gloom
Other brokers are also **gloomy** about the price outlook for Hong Kong, even as they say the lower rates are drawing interest from potential new tenants who so far haven’t set up shop in the city.
85
to enact
uchwalać, wcielać w życie
Banks are in better shape thanks to new (albeit largely untested) regulations **enacted** since 2008, and so should be able to keep lending if the economy sours.
86
średniej wielkości
midsized
Consultancy McKinsey estimates **midsized** electric vehicles cost $12,000 more to produce than their petrol or diesel counterparts, forcing carmakers to charge more or face squeezed margins.
87
wieloletni
perennial
A data economy in which those who produce a large part of the main input are **perennially** underpaid is unlikely to be a healthy economy.
88
pracownik
staffer
The commission is working on a new action plan, part of which involves encouraging eu countries to eliminate undue reference to the dollar in payments and trade invoicing, according to a **staffer**.
89
zmieniać kierunek (np. rzeki, drogi)
to divert
Russia’s growing sway on the world stage has reinvigorated Russians’ patriotism and contributed to the backbone of support for Mr. Putin at home, even as much-needed rubles are **diverted** away from social programs to boost the military.
90
to reinstate
przywracać; ponownie wprowadzić (przepis lub prawo)
That **reinstated** a decision in 2014 by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), an international dispute-resolution court in The Hague.
91
frustracja
resentment
When recession strikes it will fuel new **resentments**.
92
zwyciężać, osiągać (np. sukces)
to chalk up
Messrs. Putin and Lavrov **chalked up** a string of victories last year.
93
argumentacja
line of argument
This **line of argument** has already given birth to what is known as the "open-data" movement.
94
zasięg
footprint
He said many retailers were cutting space or moving stores to better locations, while new entrants were expanding their **footprint** at cheaper rents.
95
to complement
uzupełniać
China has some of the building blocks to become more autonomous. It has its own domestic payments and settlement infrastructure, called CIPS. Launched in 2015, it has so far **complemented** swift (which it uses for interbank messaging).
96
milczący (o przyzwoleniu, zgodzie)
tacit
China keeps its internet giants under **tacit** state control and wants to rely less on Silicon Valley, including Apple, which is already dealing with the covid-19 virus and other headwinds there.
97
początek
get-go
But perhaps themost radical element of the scheme is its focus on generating profits almost from the **get-go**, in defiance of dire industry-wide projections.
98
tlenek
oxide
That culture was in part what led to Dieselgate, the 2015 scandal in which VW admitted to having sold 11m cars worldwide fitted with devices that under-reported emissions of nitrogen **oxide**.
99
respite [respit]
odpoczynek
He said Netflix wants to be the safe **respite** for its subscribers, with none of the controversy around exploiting users with advertising.
100
zerwać (np. związek, romans), rzucić (kogoś)
to ditch
We aren’t aiming to **ditch** the dollar, Mr Putin has said. The dollar is ditching us.
101
będący w trudnej sytuacji finansowej
straitened
A recession half as bad as the 2007-09 slump would result in $19trn of corporate debt—nearly 40% of the total— being owed by such **straitened** companies, according to the IMF.
102
wycofywać się; spadać (o akcjach)
to retreat
After decades of churning out huge profits and setting the standard for premium cars, Germany’s top luxury auto makers are on the **retreat**, hurt by increased competition, allegations of foul play and tech-heavy upstarts.
103
to ditch
zerwać (np. związek, romans), rzucić (kogoś)
We aren’t aiming to **ditch** the dollar, Mr Putin has said. The dollar is ditching us.
104
top spot
pierwsze miejsce
There was heady talk of the yuan challenging the dollar for the **top spot** by 2020.
105
zapora; falochron
bulwark
Mr. Lavrov said Russia would continue to try to boost relations with China, which Moscow sees as a **bulwark** against the West.
106
intermediate goods
połprodukty
The economic growth damping effects of the current coronavirus outbreak threaten to ripple around a world dependent on supply chains that rely on China’s factories for many **intermediate** and finished goods.
107
skrzypek
fiddler
These were the basis for the musical **Fiddler** on the Roof.
108
pianka; lanie wody; gadanie bzdur
froth
And the loss-making antics of flaky tech "unicorns", such as Uber and WeWork, evoked the kind of speculative **froth** often seen at the tail end of a long boom.
109
być w zmowie
to collude
BMW is fighting a ruling by the European Commission, the European Union’s executive arm, that it **colluded** with other car makers to fix prices of emissions technology.
110
wskazówka
giveaway
The **giveaway** is that Mr. Fink says BlackRock will divest its actively managed funds from corporations that generate 25% or more of their revenues from coal production.
111
tremor
wstrząs (ziemi)
The big tech firms’ supersized valuations suggest their profits will double or so in the next decade, causing far greater economic **tremors** in rich countries and an alarming concentration of economic and political power.
112
z czymś, łączony z
-cum-
According to Openai, a startup**-cum-**think-tank, the computing power used in cutting-edge ai projects started to explode in 2012.
113
na równych prawach; na takich samych zasadach
on equal footing
Stripe, the payments platform that is now the most valuable private US tech company, last year declared its fifth "engineering hub"would be "remote"— **putting homeworkers on an equal footing** with its offices in San Francisco, Seattle, Dublin and Singapore.
114
on the cheap
po taniości
Warren Buffett picked up assets **on the cheap** in 2007-09, while JPMorgan Chase cemented its place as America’s leading bank as the industry retrenched.
115
tu: obecny
incumbent
A decade later, VW’s **incumbent** boss Herbert Diess is spending more than €33 bn on proving him wrong.
116
on equal footing
na równych prawach; na takich samych zasadach
Stripe, the payments platform that is now the most valuable private US tech company, last year declared its fifth "engineering hub"would be "remote"— **putting homeworkers on an equal footing** with its offices in San Francisco, Seattle, Dublin and Singapore.
117
every nook and cranny
najgłębsze zakamarki
Similarly, for every warehouse-sized data centre, there will be an endless network of cables and connections, collecting data from **every nook and cranny** of the world.
118
obejmować (np. jakieś stanowisko)
to assume
To wit, he has **assumed** a role as self-styled conscience of the business world in telling CEOs how to run their companies.
119
undue
nienależny; niewłaściwy
The commission is working on a new action plan, part of which involves encouraging eu countries to eliminate **undue** reference to the dollar in payments and trade invoicing, according to a staffer.
120
wstrząs (ziemi); dreszcz (np. podniecenia); drżenie (np. rąk)
tremor
The world is clearly continuing to **tremor**, Mr. Lavrov said. The key destabilizing factor is the aggressive stance of a number of Western countries, most of all our American colleagues.
121
to wrest
wyrywać, wydzierać, odbierać (np. władzę)
Brought in by a renegade Libyan general, they helped rebel forces **wrest** control of the oil-rich region from the Libyan government.
122
line of argument
argumentacja
This **line of argument** has already given birth to what is known as the "open-data" movement.
123
handel bronią
trade in arms
State-backed Promsvyazbank pjsc is used for **trade in arms** so as to shield bigger banks like Sberbank and vtb from the threat of sanctions.
124
opuscić, zwolnić
to vacate
Brokers said Italy’s Prada SpA and La Perla both plan to **vacate** Russell Street this year, where they have stores occupying 15,000 and 8,000 square feet, respectively.
125
nienależny; niewłaściwy
undue
The commission is working on a new action plan, part of which involves encouraging eu countries to eliminate **undue** reference to the dollar in payments and trade invoicing, according to a staffer.
126
to give rise to something
spowodować coś, dać czemuś początek
A deluge of data is **giving rise** to a new economy.
127
twang
mówienie przez nos; brzdękanie
Moshe, how are ya, baby? Mr Giuliani asks in his Brooklyn **twang**.
128
idea
construct
Since most personal data are fundamentally a social **construct** to which more than one person has the right, individuals could engage in a race to the bottom.
129
nadawać
to vest
The president is **vested** the executive power.
130
tender
przetarg
Nonetheless Rosneft, a state-backed producer that accounts for over 40% of Russia’s crude output, has denominated its **tender** contracts in euros.
131
-cum-
z czymś, łączony z
According to Openai, a startup**-cum-**think-tank, the computing power used in cutting-edge ai projects started to explode in 2012.
132
to ping someone
dać komuś znać, wysłać komuś krótką wiadomość (w celu zwrócenia uwagi)
America has a tight grip on the main cross-border messaging system used by banks, swift, whose members **ping** each other 30m times a day.
133
sprawozdanie, protokół
proceedings
That is, the recent US presidential impeachment **proceedings** in which Mr Giuliani, in his capacity as President Donald Trump’s personal lawyer, was shown to be criss-crossing Ukraine in search of possible evidence of corruption involving a political rival, former vice-president Joe Biden.
134
powiernik, instytucja powiernicza (a person who holds assets in trust for a beneficiary)
fiduciary
BlackRock is a **fiduciary** and as such is legally obligated to act in its clients’ best interest.
135
building block
klocek (do zabawy dla dzieci); element składowy
China has some of the **building blocks** to become more autonomous. It has its own domestic payments and settlement infrastructure, called CIPS. Launched in 2015, it has so far complemented swift (which it uses for interbank messaging).
136
to stay put
nie ruszać się z miejsca;
To prevent all data from flowing, countries would essentially have to cut their connection to the internet: it would be the only way to ensure that data really **stays put**.
137
to rack up
uzbierać; uzyskać (np. punkty w grze)
Daimler, Volkswagen and BMW AG continue to **rack up** record new-car sales, but the brands are becoming less profitable and losing market share in the U.S. and elsewhere.
138
podmiot (np. gospodarczy)
entity
Russia has gone furthest. It has designated expendable **entities** to engage in commerce with countries America considers rogue, in order to avoid putting important banks and firms at risk.
139
to divert
zmieniać kierunek (np. rzeki, drogi)
Russia’s growing sway on the world stage has reinvigorated Russians’ patriotism and contributed to the backbone of support for Mr. Putin at home, even as much-needed rubles are **diverted** away from social programs to boost the military.
140
w obecnej formie, w obecnym stanie rzeczy
as things stand
**As things stand**, their work may become systematically undervalued, reckons Glen Weyl of Microsoft.
141
workaround
obejście
The new age of international monetary experimentation features the de-dollarisation of assets, trade **workarounds** using local currencies and swaps, and new bankto-bank payment mechanisms and digital currencies.
142
trącać czymś
to smack of something
Unsurprisingly, this position also **smacks of** self-interest: Microsoft does not make much money from data directly, but does from tools and services that handle data.
143
zaprezentować; ujawnić; odkryć
to unveil
When Volkswagen **unveiled** its first battery-powered prototype in 2009, chief executive Martin Winterkorn warned about "electro hype"—the idea that this new technology could be as affordable and ubiquitous as its fleet of petrol and diesel cars.
144
tie-in
towar w sprzedaży wiązanej z innym produktem; reklama łączona (reklamowanie tego samego produktu w różnych mediach równocześnie)
Celebrity **tie-ins** do seem to have hit a sweet spot, though. Ben & Jerry’s flavors based on Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia, late night talkshow hosts Jimmy Fallon and Stephen Colbert made up three of the company’s 10 best-selling ice creams last year.
145
drawback
niedogodność; mankament; wada, minus
But most countries will probably shy away from the **drawbacks** of even less draconian measures.
146
placeholder
symbol zastępczy
Somewhat unexpectedly, it is rooted in Germany and comes by the name of gaia-x, referring to the goddess of Earth in Greek mythology, with the x being a **placeholder** for future specialisation (gaia-Health, gaia-Mobility).
147
entity
podmiot (np. gospodarczy)
Russia has gone furthest. It has designated expendable **entities** to engage in commerce with countries America considers rogue, in order to avoid putting important banks and firms at risk.
148
obejść (np. prawo); ominąć; przechytrzyć
to circumvent
As the Trump administration continues to use sanctions aggressively, efforts to **circumvent** them will accelerate. America does not have a monopoly on financial ingenuity.
149
state-backed
państwowy
Nonetheless Rosneft, a **state-backed** producer that accounts for over 40% of Russia’s crude output, has denominated its tender contracts in euros.
150
to take off
ruszyć, nabierać tempa, nabierać rozpędu (np. o karierze)
If such a "virtuous cycle" were to **take off**, it would be quite a reversal of the old world’s fortunes.
151
traktować coś z przymrużeniem oka
to take something with a pinch of salt
These, some say, can knock heads together quickly and help firms recover. It is best to **take such statements with a pinch of salt**.
152
to give birth to something
dać początek czemuś
This line of argument has already **given birth** to what is known as the "open-data" movement.
153
rozchodzić, roznosić się
to ripple
The economic growth damping effects of the current coronavirus outbreak threaten to **ripple** around a world dependent on supply chains that rely on China’s factories for many intermediate and finished goods.
154
zaatakować; nawiedzić
to strike
Much of the money has gone to companies with far less ability to repay their current debts, let alone when a downturn **strikes**.
155
wahadło; nagły zwrot
pendulum
How far will the **pendulum** swing back?
156
to lean on somebody
opierać się na kimś, polegać na kimś
Russia **leans on** mercenary forces to regain clout.
157
kapitał (bez procentów)
principal
In the rich world one in eight established companies makes too little profit to pay the interest on their loans, let alone the **principal**.
158
to smack of something
trącać czymś
Unsurprisingly, this position also **smacks of** self-interest: Microsoft does not make much money from data directly, but does from tools and services that handle data.
159
to be in the throes of something
zmagać się z czymś (np. z recesją, głodem)
Audi sales did soar over the past five years, but the German brand **is in the throes of** restructuring and has barely gained any market share because rivals such as Tesla, Infiniti and Volvo Cars racked up bigger gains.
160
to get one's head around something
być w stanie coś zrozumieć, pojąć coś, ogarnąć
The increase in the firms’ combined value, of almost $2trn, is hard to **get your head round**: it is roughly equivalent to Germany’s entire stockmarket.
161
ogniwo, sieć
nexus
As Adam M. Smith, a sanctions expert at Gibson Dunn, a law firm, points out, America can claim jurisdiction if a transaction has any American "**nexus**", even if it is not denominated in dollars.
162
as with
jak w przypadku
And in some cases the data flows are simply too large to be sent to the cloud, **as with** the traffic lights in Las Vegas, which together generate 60 terabytes a day (a tenth of the amount Facebook collects in a day).
163
oszałamiający, imponujący
jaw-dropping
Even as regulators discuss new rules and activists fret about the right to privacy, the shares of the five biggest American tech firms have been on a **jaw-dropping** bull run over the past 12 months, rising by 52%.
164
jednostka rozliczeniowa, jednostka obrachunkowa
unit of account
The dollar is used globally as a **unit of account**, store of value and medium of exchange.
165
unabashed
niezawstydzony, niespeszony
To some degree, the rabbi believes he is also being punished for his **unabashed** support for Mr Trump.
166
umowa o wyłączności
lock-in
The main aim is still one of industrial policy: seeding the formation of an "über-cloud", a legal-cum-software layer that would insulate German firms and government agencies from the power of big foreign clouds by minimising "**lock-in**".
167
to sour
pogorszyć się
Banks are in better shape thanks to new (albeit largely untested) regulations enacted since 2008, and so should be able to keep lending if the economy **sours**.
168
measures
środki; działania
In 2018 America’s Treasury put legal **measures** in place that prevented Rusal, a strategically important Russian aluminium firm, from freely accessing the dollar-based financial system—with devastating effect.
169
to prove somebody wrong
udowadniać komuś, że nie ma racji
A decade later, VW’s incumbent boss Herbert Diess is spending more than €33 bn on **proving him wrong**.
170
wzajemne oskarżenia
recrimination
**Recriminations** will fly, then abate.
171
to chuckle
chichotać
When asked whether he would continue to work in the new government, Mr. Lavrov, 69 years old, **chuckled**, saying he was still on the job for now.
172
mówienie przez nos; brzdękanie
twang
Moshe, how are ya, baby? Mr Giuliani asks in his Brooklyn **twang**.
173
footprint
zasięg
He said many retailers were cutting space or moving stores to better locations, while new entrants were expanding their **footprint** at cheaper rents.
174
principal
kapitał (bez procentów)
In the rich world one in eight established companies makes too little profit to pay the interest on their loans, let alone the **principal**.
175
przywracać; ponownie wprowadzić (przepis lub prawo)
to reinstate
That **reinstated** a decision in 2014 by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), an international dispute-resolution court in The Hague.
176
obejście
workaround
The new age of international monetary experimentation features the de-dollarisation of assets, trade **workarounds** using local currencies and swaps, and new bankto-bank payment mechanisms and digital currencies.
177
słabnąć; wygasać
to abate
Recriminations will fly, then **abate**.
178
uchwalać, wcielać w życie
to enact
Banks are in better shape thanks to new (albeit largely untested) regulations **enacted** since 2008, and so should be able to keep lending if the economy sours.
179
symbol zastępczy
placeholder
Somewhat unexpectedly, it is rooted in Germany and comes by the name of gaia-x, referring to the goddess of Earth in Greek mythology, with the x being a **placeholder** for future specialisation (gaia-Health, gaia-Mobility).
180
get-go
początek
But perhaps themost radical element of the scheme is its focus on generating profits almost from the **get-go**, in defiance of dire industry-wide projections.
181
to have yet to do something
jeszcze czegoś nie zrobić
Disney said a day after the service began that it had signed up 10 million users, but the company **has yet to** provide updated results.
182
to strike
zaatakować; nawiedzić
Much of the money has gone to companies with far less ability to repay their current debts, let alone when a downturn **strikes**.
183
on the sidelines of
na uboczu; na obrzeżach; na marginesie
**On the sidelines of** a recent summit, leaders from Iran, Malaysia, Turkey and Qatar proposed using cryptocurrencies, national currencies, gold and barter for trade.
184
epoch
epoka
Russia and China have continued to successfully develop relations of a fullfledged partnership, having announced their entrance into a new **epoch**, Mr. Lavrov said.
185
środki; działania
measures
In 2018 America’s Treasury put legal **measures** in place that prevented Rusal, a strategically important Russian aluminium firm, from freely accessing the dollar-based financial system—with devastating effect.
186
to float the idea
sugerować pomysł lub plan w celu sprawdzenia reakcji
Last year Mr Carney **floated the idea** of a network of central-bank digital monies that could serve as a global invoicing currency.
187
proof of concept
weryfikacja koncepcji, weryfikacja pomysłu (w fazie rozwoju projektu)
The plan is to have a "**proof of concept**" ready by the second quarter of this year, but don’t hold your breath.
188
na uboczu; na obrzeżach; na marginesie
on the sidelines of
**On the sidelines of** a recent summit, leaders from Iran, Malaysia, Turkey and Qatar proposed using cryptocurrencies, national currencies, gold and barter for trade.
189
sweet spot
optymalny punkt (np. coś, co przynosi najlepsze efekty); najlepsza część do uderzenia piłki (np. na rakiecie, kiju golfowym)
Celebrity tie-ins do seem to have hit a **sweet spot**, though. Ben & Jerry’s flavors based on Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia, late night talkshow hosts Jimmy Fallon and Stephen Colbert made up three of the company’s 10 best-selling ice creams last year.
190
slider
suwak
Depending on where one sets the cryptographic **slider**, data can indeed be private goods like oil or public goods like sunlight—or something in between, known as a "club good".
191
pole walki
killing field
The Anatevka saga is a reminder of the powerful but fraught role that a handful of rabbi shave come to play in Ukraine, a place that was one of the bloodiest **killing field**s of the Holocaust but is now undergoing a Jewish revival.
192
to hint at
robić aluzję do czegoś
In 2003 Mikhail Khodorkovsky, then Yukos’s CEO and largest shareholder (and Russia’s wealthiest man), had begun financing opposition parties and **hinted at** running for president.
193
najgłębsze zakamarki
every nook and cranny
Similarly, for every warehouse-sized data centre, there will be an endless network of cables and connections, collecting data from **every nook and cranny** of the world.
194
to fit something with something
wyposażyć coś w coś
That culture was in part what led to Dieselgate, the 2015 scandal in which VW admitted to having sold 11m cars worldwide **fitted with** devices that under-reported emissions of nitrogen oxide.
195
wypaczony
skewed
Yet it is the **skewed** distribution of income between capital and labour that may turn out to be the most pressing problem of the data economy.
196
fiduciary
powiernik, instytucja powiernicza (a person who holds assets in trust for a beneficiary)
BlackRock is a **fiduciary** and as such is legally obligated to act in its clients’ best interest.
197
crescent
półksiężyc
Rebels are expanding control of the region, known as the "oil **crescent**," where 85% of Libya’s reserves lie. American companies long dominated the region until civil war prompted them to leave.
198
połprodukty
intermediate goods
The economic growth damping effects of the current coronavirus outbreak threaten to ripple around a world dependent on supply chains that rely on China’s factories for many **intermediate** and finished goods.
199
to knock heads together
porozstawiać po kątach, zaprowadzić porządek
These, some say, can **knock heads together** quickly and help firms recover. It is best to take such statements with a pinch of salt.
200
giveaway
wskazówka
The **giveaway** is that Mr. Fink says BlackRock will divest its actively managed funds from corporations that generate 25% or more of their revenues from coal production.
201
established
uznany; o ugruntowanej pozycji
In the rich world one in eight **established** companies makes too little profit to pay the interest on their loans, let alone the principal.
202
być w stanie coś zrozumieć, pojąć coś, ogarnąć
to get one's head around something
The increase in the firms’ combined value, of almost $2trn, is hard to **get your head round**: it is roughly equivalent to Germany’s entire stockmarket.
203
nie ruszać się z miejsca;
to stay put
To prevent all data from flowing, countries would essentially have to cut their connection to the internet: it would be the only way to ensure that data really **stays put**.
204
stronghold
twierdza, bastion
Given their respective limitations, none of the three sorts of data economies will dominate, but they are likely to have **strongholds**.
205
to sustain
utrzymywać (przy życiu)
A recession will come, eventually. When it does it will batter companies that have been **sustained** only by low interest rates.
206
wyróżniać kogoś (np. jakością)
to set somebody apart
What **sets VW apart**, he added, is its "very tough" culture.
207
dać początek czemuś
to give birth to something
This line of argument has already **given birth** to what is known as the "open-data" movement.
208
ruszyć, nabierać tempa, nabierać rozpędu (np. o karierze)
to take off
If such a "virtuous cycle" were to **take off**, it would be quite a reversal of the old world’s fortunes.
209
to push back on something
przeciwstawić się czemuś
Countries that used merely to gripe about America’s financial might are now **pushing back**.
210
napięty, pełen napięcia
fraught
The Anatevka saga is a reminder of the powerful but **fraught** role that a handful of rabbi shave come to play in Ukraine, a place that was one of the bloodiest killing fields of the Holocaust but is now undergoing a Jewish revival.
211
wojenny; wojskowy
martial
And the **martial** approach that America has adopted threatens the dollar’s dominance, reckons Jeffrey Frankel of Harvard University.
212
chlubić się, szczycić się (np. zabytkami, atrakcjami miejskimi)
to boast
It not only **boasts** the biggest and most innovative tech companies, but plenty of potential customers, fibre-optic cables, cheap power and land to build cavernous data centres.
213
decyzja, orzeczenie, postanowienie
ruling
BMW is fighting a **ruling** by the European Commission, the European Union’s executive arm, that it colluded with other car makers to fix prices of emissions technology.
214
utrzymywać (przy życiu)
to sustain
A recession will come, eventually. When it does it will batter companies that have been **sustained** only by low interest rates.
215
fraught
napięty, pełen napięcia
The Anatevka saga is a reminder of the powerful but **fraught** role that a handful of rabbi shave come to play in Ukraine, a place that was one of the bloodiest killing fields of the Holocaust but is now undergoing a Jewish revival.
216
państwowy
state-backed
Nonetheless Rosneft, a **state-backed** producer that accounts for over 40% of Russia’s crude output, has denominated its tender contracts in euros.
217
recrimination
wzajemne oskarżenia
**Recriminations** will fly, then abate.
218
klocek (do zabawy dla dzieci); element składowy
building block
China has some of the **building blocks** to become more autonomous. It has its own domestic payments and settlement infrastructure, called CIPS. Launched in 2015, it has so far complemented swift (which it uses for interbank messaging).
219
wyposażyć coś w coś
to fit something with something
That culture was in part what led to Dieselgate, the 2015 scandal in which VW admitted to having sold 11m cars worldwide **fitted with** devices that under-reported emissions of nitrogen oxide.
220
suwak
slider
Depending on where one sets the cryptographic **slider**, data can indeed be private goods like oil or public goods like sunlight—or something in between, known as a "club good".
221
clearing house
izba rozrachunkowa (rozliczająca transakcje finansowe między instytucjami)
Western **clearing houses** refused to settle its debt securities.
222
poruszać się
to move about
This can mean simply **moving about** online and providing feedback, as most people already do.
223
doppelganger
sobowtór
An army of **doppelgangers** is invading the world. Digital copies of aircraft engines, wind turbines and other heavy equipment came first.
224
epoka
epoch
Russia and China have continued to successfully develop relations of a fullfledged partnership, having announced their entrance into a new **epoch**, Mr. Lavrov said.
225
sugerować pomysł lub plan w celu sprawdzenia reakcji
to float the idea
Last year Mr Carney **floated the idea** of a network of central-bank digital monies that could serve as a global invoicing currency.
226
mianowicie
to wit
**To wit**, he has assumed a role as self-styled conscience of the business world in telling CEOs how to run their companies.
227
odkładać coś (na bok); wygospodarować
to set something aside
Over the past three quarters, Daimler has **set aside** over $4 billion following investigations into allegations that it cheated on diesel emissions.
228
to hold
utrzymać się (przetrwać)
Ms Nabiullina echoes Mark Carney, the governor of the Bank of England, who said in August that the dollar-centric system "won’t **hold**".
229
calculus
analiza matematyczna
Their **calculus** is that nothing can stop these firms, which are destined to earn untold riches.
230
konsekwencja
ramification
Rarely are the **ramifications** of a fourletter word so great as in the case of Yukos, a defunct Russian oil firm.
231
analiza matematyczna
calculus
Their **calculus** is that nothing can stop these firms, which are destined to earn untold riches.
232
wyrywać, wydzierać, odbierać (np. władzę)
to wrest
Brought in by a renegade Libyan general, they helped rebel forces **wrest** control of the oil-rich region from the Libyan government.
233
expendable
zbędny; spisany na straty
Russia has gone furthest. It has designated **expendable** entities to engage in commerce with countries America considers rogue, in order to avoid putting important banks and firms at risk.
234
to set something aside
odkładać coś (na bok); wygospodarować
Over the past three quarters, Daimler has **set aside** over $4 billion following investigations into allegations that it cheated on diesel emissions.
235
po kolei
in turn
This special report will tackle these topics **in turn**.
236
pitch
boisko
Anatevka has come a longway in five years. It features a school, a dormitory, apartments for about 150 residents, a rustic synagogue built from pine logs, a woodworking shop, a football **pitch** and a nearly completed rehabilitation centre for the infirm.
237
to retrench
oszczędzać, ograniczać wydatki
Warren Buffett picked up assets on the cheap in 2007-09, while JPMorgan Chase cemented its place as America’s leading bank as the industry **retrenched**.
238
staffer
pracownik
The commission is working on a new action plan, part of which involves encouraging eu countries to eliminate undue reference to the dollar in payments and trade invoicing, according to a **staffer**.
239
przecierać szlaki
to blaze a trail
Will China follow the **trail blazed** by Russia?
240
to fall into line
dostosowywać się, zastosować się
SWIFT quickly **fell into line** when America threatened action if it did not cut off Iranian banks after the reimposition of sanctions in 2018.
241
zlikwidowany (o przedsiębiorstwie), niefunkcjonujący (o urządzeniu)
defunct
Rarely are the ramifications of a fourletter word so great as in the case of Yukos, a **defunct** Russian oil firm.
242
to ripple
rozchodzić, roznosić się
The economic growth damping effects of the current coronavirus outbreak threaten to **ripple** around a world dependent on supply chains that rely on China’s factories for many intermediate and finished goods.
243
nexus
ogniwo, sieć
As Adam M. Smith, a sanctions expert at Gibson Dunn, a law firm, points out, America can claim jurisdiction if a transaction has any American "**nexus**", even if it is not denominated in dollars.
244
bluster
przechwałki
Some dismissed the remarks as **bluster**.
245
towar w sprzedaży wiązanej z innym produktem; reklama łączona (reklamowanie tego samego produktu w różnych mediach równocześnie)
tie-in
Celebrity **tie-ins** do seem to have hit a sweet spot, though. Ben & Jerry’s flavors based on Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia, late night talkshow hosts Jimmy Fallon and Stephen Colbert made up three of the company’s 10 best-selling ice creams last year.
246
to criss-cross
przemierzać wte i wewte
That is, the recent US presidential impeachment proceedings in which Mr Giuliani, in his capacity as President Donald Trump’s personal lawyer, was shown to be **criss-crossing** Ukraine in search of possible evidence of corruption involving a political rival, former vice-president Joe Biden.
247
to call a halt to something
przerwać coś, zakończyć coś
It is the biggest monetary policy experiment of modern times. One that has divided economists, central bankers and politicians. But now that Sweden has **called a halt** to its five-year trial with negative interest rates the serious work has begun on looking at whether it worked.
248
straitened
będący w trudnej sytuacji finansowej
A recession half as bad as the 2007-09 slump would result in $19trn of corporate debt—nearly 40% of the total— being owed by such **straitened** companies, according to the IMF.
249
downturn
spadek koniunktury
Much of the money has gone to companies with far less ability to repay their current debts, let alone when a **downturn** strikes.
250
foul play
nieczysta gra, nieuczciwe zachowanie
After decades of churning out huge profits and setting the standard for premium cars, Germany’s top luxury auto makers are on the retreat, hurt by increased competition, allegations of **foul play** and tech-heavy upstarts.
251
squeezed margins
mniejsze marże
Consultancy McKinsey estimates midsized electric vehicles cost $12,000 more to produce than their petrol or diesel counterparts, forcing carmakers to charge more or face **squeezed margins**.
252
uzbierać; uzyskać (np. punkty w grze)
to rack up
Daimler, Volkswagen and BMW AG continue to **rack up** record new-car sales, but the brands are becoming less profitable and losing market share in the U.S. and elsewhere.
253
uzupełniać
to complement
China has some of the building blocks to become more autonomous. It has its own domestic payments and settlement infrastructure, called CIPS. Launched in 2015, it has so far **complemented** swift (which it uses for interbank messaging).
254
zmagać się z czymś (np. z recesją, głodem)
to be in the throes of something
Audi sales did soar over the past five years, but the German brand **is in the throes of** restructuring and has barely gained any market share because rivals such as Tesla, Infiniti and Volvo Cars racked up bigger gains.
255
shelf life
okres trwałości
All of which means that fossil fuels still have a long **shelf life**, especially in developing countries.
256
lock-in
umowa o wyłączności
The main aim is still one of industrial policy: seeding the formation of an "über-cloud", a legal-cum-software layer that would insulate German firms and government agencies from the power of big foreign clouds by minimising "**lock-in**".
257
wear and tear
żużycie (podczas eksploatacji)
And they make possible new business models: why buy heavy equipment if its **wear and tear** can bemeasured in detail and it can thus be rented by the minute?
258
produkcja, wyniki pracy
output
Nonetheless Rosneft, a state-backed producer that accounts for over 40% of Russia’s crude **output**, has denominated its tender contracts in euros.
259
uszczuplić coś (np. zapasy); nadszarpnąć coś,
to eat into something
Eurozone banks say they have paid €25bn in negative rates to the ECB since it cut rates below zero in June 2014, **eating into** their already weak profits.
260
feasible
wykonalny
Electricity then allowed power to be distributed to where it was needed, which made assembly lines **feasible**.
261
przemierzać wte i wewte
to criss-cross
That is, the recent US presidential impeachment proceedings in which Mr Giuliani, in his capacity as President Donald Trump’s personal lawyer, was shown to be **criss-crossing** Ukraine in search of possible evidence of corruption involving a political rival, former vice-president Joe Biden.
262
pierwsze miejsce
top spot
There was heady talk of the yuan challenging the dollar for the **top spot** by 2020.
263
spadek koniunktury
downturn
Much of the money has gone to companies with far less ability to repay their current debts, let alone when a **downturn** strikes.
264
terrestrial
ziemski (od: Ziemia)
It will conclude by discussing what is perhaps the biggest conundrum of the mirror world: the risk is that the wealth it creates will be even more unequally distributed than in its **terrestrial** twin.
265
udowadniać komuś, że nie ma racji
to prove somebody wrong
A decade later, VW’s incumbent boss Herbert Diess is spending more than €33 bn on **proving him wrong**.
266
to circumvent
obejść (np. prawo); ominąć; przechytrzyć
As the Trump administration continues to use sanctions aggressively, efforts to **circumvent** them will accelerate. America does not have a monopoly on financial ingenuity.
267
półksiężyc
crescent
Rebels are expanding control of the region, known as the "oil **crescent**," where 85% of Libya’s reserves lie. American companies long dominated the region until civil war prompted them to leave.
268
oszczędzać, ograniczać wydatki
to retrench
Warren Buffett picked up assets on the cheap in 2007-09, while JPMorgan Chase cemented its place as America’s leading bank as the industry **retrenched**.
269
przewaga na starcie; przewaga; fory
head start
The company said it has a big **head start** in streaming and believes it will continue to prosper, even in a tougher battleground.
270
dać komuś znać, wysłać komuś krótką wiadomość (w celu zwrócenia uwagi)
to ping someone
America has a tight grip on the main cross-border messaging system used by banks, swift, whose members **ping** each other 30m times a day.
271
zagadka, tajemnica
conundrum
It will conclude by discussing what is perhaps the biggest **conundrum** of the mirror world: the risk is that the wealth it creates will be even more unequally distributed than in its terrestrial twin.
272
to take something with a pinch of salt
traktować coś z przymrużeniem oka
These, some say, can knock heads together quickly and help firms recover. It is best to **take such statements with a pinch of salt**.
273
to ring true
brzmieć wiarygodnie
The oil metaphor also **rings true** because some types of data and some of the insights extracted from them are already widely traded.
274
boisko
pitch
Anatevka has come a longway in five years. It features a school, a dormitory, apartments for about 150 residents, a rustic synagogue built from pine logs, a woodworking shop, a football **pitch** and a nearly completed rehabilitation centre for the infirm.
275
ruling
decyzja, orzeczenie, postanowienie
BMW is fighting a **ruling** by the European Commission, the European Union’s executive arm, that it colluded with other car makers to fix prices of emissions technology.
276
tchnąć w coś życie, ożywić coś (np. sztukę teatralną, wystąpienie)
to breathe life into something
Peugeot **breathed new life into** its DS brand.
277
osłabić
to hobble
America’s ability to blacklist or **hobble** Chinese tech firms, such as Huawei, ultimately rests on punishing suppliers and other counterparties who do business with them through the dollarbased banking and payments system.
278
przechwałki
bluster
Some dismissed the remarks as **bluster**.
279
ingenuity
pomysłowość
As the Trump administration continues to use sanctions aggressively, efforts to circumvent them will accelerate. America does not have a monopoly on financial **ingenuity**.
280
conversely
na odwrót; przeciwnie
**Conversely**, Russian firms and households retain a fondness for dollars when it comes to holding international assets: they have $80bn more than they did in 2014.
281
utrzymać się (przetrwać)
to hold
Ms Nabiullina echoes Mark Carney, the governor of the Bank of England, who said in August that the dollar-centric system "won’t **hold**".
282
weryfikacja koncepcji, weryfikacja pomysłu (w fazie rozwoju projektu)
proof of concept
The plan is to have a "**proof of concept**" ready by the second quarter of this year, but don’t hold your breath.
283
to abate
słabnąć; wygasać
Recriminations will fly, then **abate**.
284
niezawstydzony, niespeszony
unabashed
To some degree, the rabbi believes he is also being punished for his **unabashed** support for Mr Trump.
285
robić aluzję do czegoś
to hint at
In 2003 Mikhail Khodorkovsky, then Yukos’s CEO and largest shareholder (and Russia’s wealthiest man), had begun financing opposition parties and **hinted at** running for president.
286
uśpiony; nieaktywny
dormant
In 2013, Ford revived the long-**dormant** Vignale subbrand, to compete against Volkswagen.
287
twierdza, bastion
stronghold
Given their respective limitations, none of the three sorts of data economies will dominate, but they are likely to have **strongholds**.
288
to retreat
wycofywać się; spadać (o akcjach)
After decades of churning out huge profits and setting the standard for premium cars, Germany’s top luxury auto makers are on the **retreat**, hurt by increased competition, allegations of foul play and tech-heavy upstarts.
289
jeszcze czegoś nie zrobić
to have yet to do something
Disney said a day after the service began that it had signed up 10 million users, but the company **has yet to** provide updated results.
290
tremor
wstrząs (ziemi); dreszcz (np. podniecenia); drżenie (np. rąk)
The world is clearly continuing to **tremor**, Mr. Lavrov said. The key destabilizing factor is the aggressive stance of a number of Western countries, most of all our American colleagues.
291
untold
niepoliczony, nieobliczalny
Their calculus is that nothing can stop these firms, which are destined to earn **untold** riches.
292
wbrew
in defiance of
But perhaps themost radical element of the scheme is its focus on generating profits almost from the get-go, **in defiance of** dire industry-wide projections.
293
head start
przewaga na starcie; przewaga; fory
The company said it has a big **head start** in streaming and believes it will continue to prosper, even in a tougher battleground.
294
dostosowywać się, zastosować się
to fall into line
SWIFT quickly **fell into line** when America threatened action if it did not cut off Iranian banks after the reimposition of sanctions in 2018.
295
defunct
zlikwidowany (o przedsiębiorstwie), niefunkcjonujący (o urządzeniu)
Rarely are the ramifications of a fourletter word so great as in the case of Yukos, a **defunct** Russian oil firm.
296
belka; kłoda
log
Anatevka has come a longway in five years. It features a school, a dormitory, apartments for about 150 residents, a rustic synagogue built from pine **logs**, a woodworking shop, a football pitch and a nearly completed rehabilitation centre for the infirm.
297
froth
pianka; lanie wody; gadanie bzdur
And the loss-making antics of flaky tech "unicorns", such as Uber and WeWork, evoked the kind of speculative **froth** often seen at the tail end of a long boom.
298
opierać się na kimś, polegać na kimś
to lean on somebody
Russia **leans on** mercenary forces to regain clout.
299
-wide
w całej; na całej
But perhaps themost radical element of the scheme is its focus on generating profits almost from the get-go, in defiance of dire **industry-wide** projections.
300
sobowtór
doppelganger
An army of **doppelgangers** is invading the world. Digital copies of aircraft engines, wind turbines and other heavy equipment came first.
