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PSYCH DTATS NA MAKASAKIT UG ULO > Deck and Kiffy ng stats > Flashcards

Deck and Kiffy ng stats Flashcards

To understand the deck and kiffy of stats (93 cards)

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1
Q

What is the relationship between two variables?

A

The relationship between two variables is the effect of one variable on the other.

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2
Q

What is manipulation in an experiment?

A

Manipulation in an experiment refers to the researcher changing the value of an independent variable.

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3
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The independent variable is the variable manipulated by the researcher.

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4
Q

What is a quasi-independent variable?

A

A quasi-independent variable is the variable used to create different groups of scores.

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5
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The dependent variable is the one observed to assess the effect of the treatment.

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6
Q

What is a control condition in an experiment?

A

A control condition in an experiment is where individuals do not receive the experimental treatment.

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7
Q

What are constructs?

A

Constructs are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed.

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8
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

An operational definition identifies the set of operations required to measure an external behavior.

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9
Q

What are discrete variables?

A

Discrete variables have separate, indivisible categories with no values between two neighboring categories.

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10
Q

What are continuous variables?

A

Continuous variables have an infinite number of possible values between any two observed values.

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11
Q

What are real limits?

A

Real limits are the boundaries of each interval representing scores measured on a continuous number line.

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12
Q

When would you use a t-test?

A

A t-test is used when comparing two groups (e.g., treatment and control).

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13
Q

When would you use an ANOVA (F-test)?

A

An ANOVA (F-test) is used when comparing more than two groups.

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14
Q

When would you use Pearson r correlation?

A

Pearson r correlation is used when measuring the association between two variables.

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15
Q

When would you use regression or multiple regression?

A

Regression or multiple regression is used when trying to predict an outcome (using a crystal ball).

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16
Q

What are ordinal data?

A

Ordinal data can be categories or numerical values that have an order or ranking.

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17
Q

What are frequency distributions?

A

Frequency distributions are organized tabulations of how often something is observed.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of a frequency distribution?

A

The purpose of a frequency distribution is to analyze the distribution of data.

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19
Q

What is a goodness of fit test?

A

A goodness of fit test is used to test the frequency distribution against a theoretical distribution.

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20
Q

What is a test of homogeneity?

A

A test of homogeneity is used to compare the frequency distributions of two or more groups.

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21
Q

What is a chi-square test (x²)?

A

A chi-square test (x²) is used to assess the association between two categorical variables.

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22
Q

What is the goal of statistical procedures?

A

To organize and summarize data.

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23
Q

What is a variable in statistics?

A

A characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of collecting data?

A

To determine exactly what conclusions are justified based on the obtained results.

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25
What is a population in statistics?
The set of all individuals of interest in a particular study.
26
What is a sample in statistics?
A set of individuals selected from a population.
27
What is the relationship between population and sample?
A sample is usually intended to represent the population in a research study.
28
What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
Descriptive statistics summarize and organize data, while inferential statistics make generalizations about the population based on study samples.
29
What is the role of statistics in experimental research?
Statistics simplify, organize, and interpret experimental data.
30
What are some examples of descriptive statistics?
Tables, graphs, averages, and measures of central tendency.
31
What is sampling error?
The amount of error that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.
32
What are individual variables in statistics?
Variables that are observed and described in a study.
33
What are the two data structures used to determine the relationship between variables?
Correlational and comparing two (or more) groups of scores.
34
What is the correlational method in data structure I?
A method where two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them.
35
What are the limitations of the correlational method?
It can demonstrate the existence of a relationship but does not provide an explanation or cause-and-effect relationship.
36
What is data structure II?
Comparing two (or more) groups of scores.
37
What is the goal of the experimental method?
To demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship.
38
What must a researcher ensure in the experimental method?
That individuals in treatment A are tested in the same environment as the other participants.
39
What must a researcher consider in comparing two (or more) groups of scores?
Ensuring that the participants in different groups do not differ in participant variables.
40
What is the goal of inferential statistics?
To make generalizations about the population based on study samples.
41
What are some commonly used terms in statistics?
Margin of error, statistically insignificant.
42
What is a datum?
A single measurement or observation.
43
What is a data set?
A collection of measurements or observations.
44
What is a population parameter?
A value that describes a population.
45
What is a sample statistic?
A value that describes a sample.
46
What are some examples of descriptive statistics?
Number, frequency count, percentage, deciles and quartiles, measures of central tendency, variability, variance and standard deviation.
47
What is the control method used in data structure I?
The researcher must exercise control over the research situation to ensure that other variables do not influence the relationship being examined.
48
What is the precise median for a continuous variable?
The precise median is located in the interval defined by the real limits of the value.
49
How can we determine the fraction of the interval needed to divide the distribution exactly in half?
To determine the fraction of the interval needed to divide the distribution exactly in half, we calculate the proportion of the interval that corresponds to the median.
50
How does changing the value of a score affect the mean?
Changing the value of a score changes the mean, unless the score added or removed is exactly equal to the mean.
51
What is the median of a distribution?
The median is the midpoint of the scores in a distribution when they are listed in order from smallest to largest.
52
What is the mode of a distribution?
The mode is the score or category that has the greatest frequency of any score in the frequency distribution.
53
Can a distribution have more than one mode?
Yes, it is possible for a distribution to have more than one mode.
54
What are the characteristics of a symmetric distribution?
In a symmetric distribution, the mean and median have the same value. If there is exactly one mode, it also has the same value as the mean and median.
55
What does it mean if the mean minus the median is greater than 0?
If the mean minus the median is greater than 0, the distribution is positively skewed.
56
What does it mean if the mean minus the median is less than 0?
If the mean minus the median is less than 0, the distribution is negatively skewed.
57
How does extreme scores influence the mean?
Extreme scores influence the mean and pull it towards the long tail side of the distribution.
58
What is the mode of a distribution based on?
The mode is based on the category or score that is found near the short tail of the distribution.
59
What is dispersion in statistics?
Dispersion in statistics refers to the extent of scatter or spread around the average or central tendency of a distribution.
60
What does the range measure in a distribution?
The range measures the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
61
What is the normal curve also known as?
The normal curve is also known as the bell curve.
62
What is the standard deviation in statistics?
The standard deviation measures how much subjects differ from the mean of their group.
63
What is skewness in statistics?
Skewness refers to whether a distribution is skewed to the right (positive) or left (negative).
64
What type of information does a frequency distribution show?
A frequency distribution shows the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement.
65
What are the research questions that can be answered using a frequency distribution?
Research questions that can be answered using a frequency distribution include: Do negative ads change how people vote? Is there a relationship between marital status and health insurance coverage? Do blondes have more fun?
66
What are the two possible formats of a frequency distribution?
A frequency distribution can be presented either as a table or a graph.
67
What is the structure of a frequency distribution table?
The structure of a frequency distribution table includes categories listed in columns and often ordered from highest to lowest. It also includes a frequency count next to each category.
68
What does 'N' represent in statistical notation?
'N' represents the number of scores in a population.
69
What does 'n' represent in statistical notation?
'n' represents the number of scores in a sample.
70
How is summation notation represented?
Summation notation is represented by the symbol '∑' followed by the equation or symbol that defines what is to be summed.
71
What is the purpose of proportions in a frequency distribution?
Proportions measure the fraction of the total group that is associated with each score.
72
What does the symbol ∑f stand for?
The symbol ∑f represents the summation of frequencies in a frequency distribution.
73
What is the difference between discrete and continuous variables in frequency distributions?
Discrete variables have individual scores with precise measurements, while continuous variables require understanding that a score represents an interval.
74
What happens when categories are grouped in a frequency distribution for continuous variables?
When categories are grouped in a frequency distribution for continuous variables, information is lost, and individual scores cannot be retrieved.
75
What are the rules for constructing grouped frequency distributions?
The rules for constructing grouped frequency distributions include making the bottom score in each interval a multiple of the interval width and ensuring that the apparent limits of the grouped class interval are always one unit smaller than the real limits.
76
What are the guidelines for constructing frequency distribution graphs?
The bottom (low) score in each interval should be a multiple of the interval width, and both axes should have a value of 0 where they meet. The height of the bars should be about ⅔ to ¾ of the length of the graph.
77
What is the purpose of frequency distribution graphs?
Frequency distribution graphs provide a visual representation of the data organized in tables and show the measurements on the X-axis and the frequencies on the Y-axis.
78
What are the general principles for constructing frequency distribution graphs?
The X-axis represents the categories of measurements, increasing from left to right, and the Y-axis represents the frequencies, increasing from bottom to top. Both axes should have a value of 0 where they meet.
79
What are the four levels of measurement?
The four levels of measurement are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
80
What is the difference between apparent limits and real limits?
Apparent limits are extended out one-half score unit at each end of the interval, while real limits define the boundaries of the interval.
81
How can you determine if data is discrete or continuous?
Data is discrete if it consists of distinct, separate values, and data is continuous if it can take on any value within a range.
82
When should you use a frequency distribution histogram?
A frequency distribution histogram is used when you have numeric scores, either at the interval or ratio level of measurement.
83
What does each block represent in a block histogram?
Each block represents one case or observation.
84
What do polygons represent in data graphing?
Polygons represent the distribution of non-measurable width data, such as ordinal data.
85
What type of graph is suitable for representing nominal or ordinal data?
A bar graph is suitable for representing nominal or ordinal data.
86
How would you describe a symmetrical distribution?
A symmetrical distribution has each side as a mirror image of the other.
87
What is the goal of central tendency measures?
The goal of central tendency measures is to find the single score that is most typical or representative of the entire group.
88
What is the median of the scores 3, 5, 8, 10, and 11?
The median is 8.
89
What is the relationship between the mode, median, and mean in a skewed distribution with a lot of low grades?
The mode is smaller than the median, which is smaller than the mean.
90
What is the definition of the mode in a distribution?
The mode is the point on the x-axis corresponding to the highest point, or the score with the greatest value or frequency.
91
What is the definition of the median in a distribution with an even number of values?
The median is the point on the x-axis that cuts the distribution in half.
92
What is Cochran's Formula used for?
Cochran's Formula is used to calculate sample size for proportions.
93
What are the values of p and q in Slovin's Formula?
p = 0.5 and q = 1–p

PSYCH DTATS NA MAKASAKIT UG ULO (1 decks)

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