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PSYCH DTATS NA MAKASAKIT UG ULO > Deck and Kiffy ng stats > Flashcards

Deck and Kiffy ng stats Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relationship between two variables?

A

The relationship between two variables is the effect of one variable on the other.

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2
Q

What is manipulation in an experiment?

A

Manipulation in an experiment refers to the researcher changing the value of an independent variable.

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3
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The independent variable is the variable manipulated by the researcher.

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4
Q

What is a quasi-independent variable?

A

A quasi-independent variable is the variable used to create different groups of scores.

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5
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The dependent variable is the one observed to assess the effect of the treatment.

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6
Q

What is a control condition in an experiment?

A

A control condition in an experiment is where individuals do not receive the experimental treatment.

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7
Q

What are constructs?

A

Constructs are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed.

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8
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

An operational definition identifies the set of operations required to measure an external behavior.

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9
Q

What are discrete variables?

A

Discrete variables have separate, indivisible categories with no values between two neighboring categories.

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10
Q

What are continuous variables?

A

Continuous variables have an infinite number of possible values between any two observed values.

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11
Q

What are real limits?

A

Real limits are the boundaries of each interval representing scores measured on a continuous number line.

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12
Q

When would you use a t-test?

A

A t-test is used when comparing two groups (e.g., treatment and control).

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13
Q

When would you use an ANOVA (F-test)?

A

An ANOVA (F-test) is used when comparing more than two groups.

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14
Q

When would you use Pearson r correlation?

A

Pearson r correlation is used when measuring the association between two variables.

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15
Q

When would you use regression or multiple regression?

A

Regression or multiple regression is used when trying to predict an outcome (using a crystal ball).

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16
Q

What are ordinal data?

A

Ordinal data can be categories or numerical values that have an order or ranking.

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17
Q

What are frequency distributions?

A

Frequency distributions are organized tabulations of how often something is observed.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of a frequency distribution?

A

The purpose of a frequency distribution is to analyze the distribution of data.

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19
Q

What is a goodness of fit test?

A

A goodness of fit test is used to test the frequency distribution against a theoretical distribution.

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20
Q

What is a test of homogeneity?

A

A test of homogeneity is used to compare the frequency distributions of two or more groups.

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21
Q

What is a chi-square test (x²)?

A

A chi-square test (x²) is used to assess the association between two categorical variables.

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22
Q

What is the goal of statistical procedures?

A

To organize and summarize data.

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23
Q

What is a variable in statistics?

A

A characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of collecting data?

A

To determine exactly what conclusions are justified based on the obtained results.

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25
Q

What is a population in statistics?

A

The set of all individuals of interest in a particular study.

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26
Q

What is a sample in statistics?

A

A set of individuals selected from a population.

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27
Q

What is the relationship between population and sample?

A

A sample is usually intended to represent the population in a research study.

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28
Q

What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

A

Descriptive statistics summarize and organize data, while inferential statistics make generalizations about the population based on study samples.

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29
Q

What is the role of statistics in experimental research?

A

Statistics simplify, organize, and interpret experimental data.

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30
Q

What are some examples of descriptive statistics?

A

Tables, graphs, averages, and measures of central tendency.

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31
Q

What is sampling error?

A

The amount of error that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.

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32
Q

What are individual variables in statistics?

A

Variables that are observed and described in a study.

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33
Q

What are the two data structures used to determine the relationship between variables?

A

Correlational and comparing two (or more) groups of scores.

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34
Q

What is the correlational method in data structure I?

A

A method where two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them.

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35
Q

What are the limitations of the correlational method?

A

It can demonstrate the existence of a relationship but does not provide an explanation or cause-and-effect relationship.

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36
Q

What is data structure II?

A

Comparing two (or more) groups of scores.

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37
Q

What is the goal of the experimental method?

A

To demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship.

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38
Q

What must a researcher ensure in the experimental method?

A

That individuals in treatment A are tested in the same environment as the other participants.

39
Q

What must a researcher consider in comparing two (or more) groups of scores?

A

Ensuring that the participants in different groups do not differ in participant variables.

40
Q

What is the goal of inferential statistics?

A

To make generalizations about the population based on study samples.

41
Q

What are some commonly used terms in statistics?

A

Margin of error, statistically insignificant.

42
Q

What is a datum?

A

A single measurement or observation.

43
Q

What is a data set?

A

A collection of measurements or observations.

44
Q

What is a population parameter?

A

A value that describes a population.

45
Q

What is a sample statistic?

A

A value that describes a sample.

46
Q

What are some examples of descriptive statistics?

A

Number, frequency count, percentage, deciles and quartiles, measures of central tendency, variability, variance and standard deviation.

47
Q

What is the control method used in data structure I?

A

The researcher must exercise control over the research situation to ensure that other variables do not influence the relationship being examined.

48
Q

What is the precise median for a continuous variable?

A

The precise median is located in the interval defined by the real limits of the value.

49
Q

How can we determine the fraction of the interval needed to divide the distribution exactly in half?

A

To determine the fraction of the interval needed to divide the distribution exactly in half, we calculate the proportion of the interval that corresponds to the median.

50
Q

How does changing the value of a score affect the mean?

A

Changing the value of a score changes the mean, unless the score added or removed is exactly equal to the mean.

51
Q

What is the median of a distribution?

A

The median is the midpoint of the scores in a distribution when they are listed in order from smallest to largest.

52
Q

What is the mode of a distribution?

A

The mode is the score or category that has the greatest frequency of any score in the frequency distribution.

53
Q

Can a distribution have more than one mode?

A

Yes, it is possible for a distribution to have more than one mode.

54
Q

What are the characteristics of a symmetric distribution?

A

In a symmetric distribution, the mean and median have the same value. If there is exactly one mode, it also has the same value as the mean and median.

55
Q

What does it mean if the mean minus the median is greater than 0?

A

If the mean minus the median is greater than 0, the distribution is positively skewed.

56
Q

What does it mean if the mean minus the median is less than 0?

A

If the mean minus the median is less than 0, the distribution is negatively skewed.

57
Q

How does extreme scores influence the mean?

A

Extreme scores influence the mean and pull it towards the long tail side of the distribution.

58
Q

What is the mode of a distribution based on?

A

The mode is based on the category or score that is found near the short tail of the distribution.

59
Q

What is dispersion in statistics?

A

Dispersion in statistics refers to the extent of scatter or spread around the average or central tendency of a distribution.

60
Q

What does the range measure in a distribution?

A

The range measures the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

61
Q

What is the normal curve also known as?

A

The normal curve is also known as the bell curve.

62
Q

What is the standard deviation in statistics?

A

The standard deviation measures how much subjects differ from the mean of their group.

63
Q

What is skewness in statistics?

A

Skewness refers to whether a distribution is skewed to the right (positive) or left (negative).

64
Q

What type of information does a frequency distribution show?

A

A frequency distribution shows the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement.

65
Q

What are the research questions that can be answered using a frequency distribution?

A

Research questions that can be answered using a frequency distribution include: Do negative ads change how people vote? Is there a relationship between marital status and health insurance coverage? Do blondes have more fun?

66
Q

What are the two possible formats of a frequency distribution?

A

A frequency distribution can be presented either as a table or a graph.

67
Q

What is the structure of a frequency distribution table?

A

The structure of a frequency distribution table includes categories listed in columns and often ordered from highest to lowest. It also includes a frequency count next to each category.

68
Q

What does ‘N’ represent in statistical notation?

A

‘N’ represents the number of scores in a population.

69
Q

What does ‘n’ represent in statistical notation?

A

‘n’ represents the number of scores in a sample.

70
Q

How is summation notation represented?

A

Summation notation is represented by the symbol ‘∑’ followed by the equation or symbol that defines what is to be summed.

71
Q

What is the purpose of proportions in a frequency distribution?

A

Proportions measure the fraction of the total group that is associated with each score.

72
Q

What does the symbol ∑f stand for?

A

The symbol ∑f represents the summation of frequencies in a frequency distribution.

73
Q

What is the difference between discrete and continuous variables in frequency distributions?

A

Discrete variables have individual scores with precise measurements, while continuous variables require understanding that a score represents an interval.

74
Q

What happens when categories are grouped in a frequency distribution for continuous variables?

A

When categories are grouped in a frequency distribution for continuous variables, information is lost, and individual scores cannot be retrieved.

75
Q

What are the rules for constructing grouped frequency distributions?

A

The rules for constructing grouped frequency distributions include making the bottom score in each interval a multiple of the interval width and ensuring that the apparent limits of the grouped class interval are always one unit smaller than the real limits.

76
Q

What are the guidelines for constructing frequency distribution graphs?

A

The bottom (low) score in each interval should be a multiple of the interval width, and both axes should have a value of 0 where they meet. The height of the bars should be about ⅔ to ¾ of the length of the graph.

77
Q

What is the purpose of frequency distribution graphs?

A

Frequency distribution graphs provide a visual representation of the data organized in tables and show the measurements on the X-axis and the frequencies on the Y-axis.

78
Q

What are the general principles for constructing frequency distribution graphs?

A

The X-axis represents the categories of measurements, increasing from left to right, and the Y-axis represents the frequencies, increasing from bottom to top. Both axes should have a value of 0 where they meet.

79
Q

What are the four levels of measurement?

A

The four levels of measurement are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

80
Q

What is the difference between apparent limits and real limits?

A

Apparent limits are extended out one-half score unit at each end of the interval, while real limits define the boundaries of the interval.

81
Q

How can you determine if data is discrete or continuous?

A

Data is discrete if it consists of distinct, separate values, and data is continuous if it can take on any value within a range.

82
Q

When should you use a frequency distribution histogram?

A

A frequency distribution histogram is used when you have numeric scores, either at the interval or ratio level of measurement.

83
Q

What does each block represent in a block histogram?

A

Each block represents one case or observation.

84
Q

What do polygons represent in data graphing?

A

Polygons represent the distribution of non-measurable width data, such as ordinal data.

85
Q

What type of graph is suitable for representing nominal or ordinal data?

A

A bar graph is suitable for representing nominal or ordinal data.

86
Q

How would you describe a symmetrical distribution?

A

A symmetrical distribution has each side as a mirror image of the other.

87
Q

What is the goal of central tendency measures?

A

The goal of central tendency measures is to find the single score that is most typical or representative of the entire group.

88
Q

What is the median of the scores 3, 5, 8, 10, and 11?

A

The median is 8.

89
Q

What is the relationship between the mode, median, and mean in a skewed distribution with a lot of low grades?

A

The mode is smaller than the median, which is smaller than the mean.

90
Q

What is the definition of the mode in a distribution?

A

The mode is the point on the x-axis corresponding to the highest point, or the score with the greatest value or frequency.

91
Q

What is the definition of the median in a distribution with an even number of values?

A

The median is the point on the x-axis that cuts the distribution in half.

92
Q

What is Cochran’s Formula used for?

A

Cochran’s Formula is used to calculate sample size for proportions.

93
Q

What are the values of p and q in Slovin’s Formula?

A

p = 0.5 and q = 1–p

PSYCH DTATS NA MAKASAKIT UG ULO (1 decks)

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