Deck 4 - Lectures 19-22 - Sarah Flashcards
Disaster risk reduction and disaster risk management
Definition
DRR is a policy goal and DRM is the implementation of that policy. both rely on science to understand how earth system processes, environmental and social systems, technological or engineering solution will interact and/or have interacted during and after any given disaster.
you have to bring all different disciplines together!
Planning and the Chch EQ
- A map produced in the early 2000s, clear that fault sources were likely to affect chch - identified well before the EQ.
- Issue of that being communicated to people who made the decisions about the building code and so on and the level of risk. Risk was low and chch was ranked far down. Buildings were not required to be built to the same level as they were in wellington
- the effects of the EQ were very differentiated across the city.
- 2004/2005 map provided by ECAN but never considered by the planners when approving developments. Known but not taken into consideration. Lots of different kinds of soil. More solid out in the west.
- Zoning categories and planning decisions. The science done after the earthquakes informed a change to the planning requirements. Now if you’re building a TC3 place it is more difficult - you have to make the found more solid etc. blue zones are right across the area of high liquefaction.
Visual images of disasters
- ‘focusing effect’ of disasters - this effect drives connected ‘mobilization’ communities/researchers/decision-makers to change policy settings.
- In democratic systems visual images matter.
- Found that the pictures focus on the effect of the disasters - focused the media, the public and politicians on the disaster. Focus and effect mobilised communities and researchers and decision makers and they forced through changes in policy to reduce future disaster risk.
- Harder to find images of social impacts. you can get images of emergency responses/people who can get out of buildings, protests, Because it’s easier to the buildings and physical infrastructure that tends to be the focus of recovery and resourcing and concern - you can’t see the social impacts.
Social phenomena of disasters
what and why is it harder to see?
- disaster impacts are socially and spatially differentiated.
- social impacts of disasters differ according to age, gender, household formation, income, ethnicity etc.
- because these social variables differe over space, the social impacts of disasters are also spatially differentiated.
- for the parties affected the post disaster recovery trajectories reflect - varying degrees of vulnerability and resilience and varying levels of exposure due to differentiated hazard impacts.
- Social impacts make people more or less able to cope with disaster. Different kinds of exposure because of where they might be.
Factors influencing post-disaster ‘ercovery trajectories across scale
top down? vertical linking? community level?
7
- resources (internal and external, endogenous and exogenous, practical assistance, emotional support) TOP DOWN
- size and diversity/heterogeneity of community COMMUNITY LEVEL
- connectedness vs. isolation (because connectedness enables to support and exogenous resources) **VERTICAL LINKING **
- duration and intensity of the hazard event COMMUNITY LEVEL
- actions and timings of external agencies (government bodies, insurance companies) TOP DOWN
- attitudes (optimism vs. pessimism) COMMUNITY LEVEL
- political initiatives that inspire confidence (gvmt commitment to invest in the recovery of chch) TOP DOWN
After the disaster these matter in regards to how people respond, its where you move from the antecedent conditions and during it to what is required afterwards.
3 forms of justice at play in post disaster recovery
- Legal justice - is the treatment of a group or place lawful and are allegations of illegalty assesed using a fair and equitable process?)
- social justice - are people from different social groups treated fairly and equitably?
- spatial justice - are different places treated fairly and equitably?
4 R’s of disaster managment
- readiness
- response
- recovery
- reduction
recovery definition
Restoring or improving the livelihoods and health and economic/physical/social/cultural/environmental assests/systems/activities of a disaster affected community or society using sustainable development principles and reducing disaster risk.
but this is hard to distinguish between recovery and business as usual - very general definiton - what a gvmt should be doing anyway.
when does disaster recovery end?
disaster response ends when emergency management ends when the emergency management is no longer required and the recovery operation begins.
post disaster time compression
- post disaster urban development activites are compressed in time and in space.
- Time compression is the key thing that makes time compression different from other kinds of urban development.
- Demolitions and new builds track quite closely together. Then in an earthquake you have an extreme time compressed spike in normal depletion processes. Then suddenly there needs to be a huge surge in rebuilds and replacement processes.
- You need rebuilds and other things that have to be amped up in a short space of time - decision making, no.s of people involved, financing etc.
- Bureaucratic processes like insurance processes and government processes don’t compress easily in time.
- Turbulence because of the time pressure and different processes compress at a different rate.
- How does this affect individuals and households?
Time poverty - road works and difficulty moving around, moving schools, and applying for insurance. Messes with the ability to do things.
Highly stressful - causes death. In terms of people working on the response - working late hours and then going to communities.
disaster risk management shifts overtime
What is focused on by research and larger disaster risk management has changed over the years. Before 1950 - heavily focused on engineering for hazards - defences ot manage the hazards. 50-70s → shift to are people behaving in a way that put them at risk and where there ways to change nbehaviour to minimise that - warnings etc.
70s - shift to development focus.
Each phase builds on the last one. It’s getting more complex and multilayer.
More recently there is a greater focus in the way that natural and social systems interact. Think about interactions and complexity.
social vulnerability and disaster key findings
5
- vulnerability to disaster risk is socially and spatially differentiated
- human experience can be influenced by a persons class and wealth, gender, ethnicity, employment status.
- contributing factors can act in combination - individuals/groups characterised by one or more of these factors are likely to be more negatviely impacted by their exposure to a hazard than others.
- these differences in disaster experiences can reflect differences in position and status in a society as well as differening levels of access to assistance, support and resources.
- social inequities can drive increased vulnerability
concepts of disaster resilience and vulnerability
key points
Gradual recognition that climate and disaster resilience are quite closely related.
In the late 20th century climate change research was almost entirely focused on mitigation, focused on what and why it was happening and how to reduce that. Emergency response and having these distributed from national to local levels.
More recently there has been a shift to disaster resilience and making the system better able to not be affected by disasters. Focus on adapting to impacts of CC.
Disaster and climate - both of them rely heavily on relationships, networks and connections
Can be measured using numbers.
Differ in their focus and what they measure.
Vulnerability - measures the qualities before a hazard event. Demographic - population trends etc. high level.
Resilience - measuring the processes used to do these things - to cope and adapt and transform to solve problems. Relationships and networks. Need to connect them to understand what is happening in the community.
both are not two ends of the same spectrum.
Migrant groups who in theory would be quite highly vulnerable but in fact turn out to be quite resilient to disasters. Because they are so used to dealing with disaster and adversity, you can have groups with low vulnerability and no resilience to disasters - affluent parents in chch who didn’t cope well, largely because of the level of exposure.
social capital
definition and 3 types
Social capital is the networks that you have. The people you can connect with.
Bonding capital happens within a community - about connections between people with similar characteristics - migrant community etc. between people who are similar, makes huge difference after disasters.
Bridging capital - bringing together many different communities. Bonds outside the communities to different communities.
Linking capital (what lyttleton did well) - linking up to sources of support and resources.
How society is responding and the networks it is using to do this.
linear model of making decisions
- Simple problems - everyone agrees what the problem is and what the goal is - what they want to do to solve the problem. Pandemic - agreement to reduce transmission fo the virus. Conventional models - using science to make the decision. The linear model - single track of interactions and the scientist focus on the socienc and the decision makers focus on the decision making.
1. scientists conduct research
2. scientists provide findings to decision-makers
3. decision makers use findings as basis of decisiosn.
