Deck Flashcards
Red Blood Cells
Give blood colour, contains protein that carries oxygen to muscles and tissues. Removes CO2 and contains haemoglobin.
White Blood Cells
Fight infections and is a major part of the immune system
Platelets
Help form blood clots to stem bleeding
Plasma
Allows blood cells to be transported around the body, maintains body temp and removes waste.
Ventilation (VE)
The volume of air moved in and out of the respiratory tract per minute.
Ventilation (VE) = Respiratory Rate (breaths per minute) x Tidal Volume (Litres per Breath)
Increases when we exercise
Respiratory rate (RR)
Breaths per minute. This increases when we exercise.
Tidal Volume (TV)
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath. Men on average have a higher tidal volume than women. Average TV for a male is 600ml and for a woman it is 500ml.
When exercising, Tidal Volume will reach a plateau during sub-maximal activity.
Heart rate (HR)
The amount of times the heart beats per minute, As exercise increases as does the heart rate.
Max heart rate = 220 - Persons age
Stroke Volume (SV)
Is the measurement of how much blood is squeezed out of the heart into the aorta every beat.
As you exercise more blood is pumped out of the heart and stroke volume reaches its maximum at around 50–60 percent of maximal heart rate
Cardiac Output (Q)
Is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute.
Cardiac output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate
When we exercise, cardiac output will rise as the heart rate keeps increasing.
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction. What is it? Why does it occur?
Because the cardiovascular system is a ‘closed circuit’, whenever blood vessels dilate in one part of the body, they must also constrict somewhere else.
During exercise blood vessels dilate and constrict to redirect the oxygenated blood flow to working muscles instead of non-essential organs and other sites.
Diffusion/movement of gases. How does it occur?
- Diffusion is the movement of gas and oxygen in blood.
- The gases will always move from high concentration to low concentration
- In the lungs, it occurs when blood enters to lungs via the heart and the lungs feed the blood oxygen in exchange for CO2 from the blood, which is then breathed out.
- In muscles, blood enters the muscle via the capillaries and feeds the muscle oxygen in exchange for CO2.
- The difference between the types of diffusion is that one is receiving oxygen and the other is receiving CO2
Arteriovenous oxygen difference. (Av O2 diff). What is it? Where does it occur?
a-vO2 difference is the amount of oxygen being extracted by the muscle from the bloodstream. It occurs at the muscle site and the more you exercise, the higher the need for oxygen will be in the muscle, meaning that the a-vO2 diff will increase.
Homeostasis. How does the body manage its core temperature?
. Hypothermia - cold
- Vasoconstriction of the limbs
- Higher metabolism, causing more chemical reactions because they release heat
- Shivering»_space; Involuntary to produce heat
- Raised body hair to trap heat
Pathway of blood from the heart, to the lungs, to the muscles and back to the heart again
- Blood returns to the heart via the Vena Cava, rich in CO2
- Blood enters the right atrium then goes into the right ventricle
- Pumped along the pulmonary artery to the lungs (only artery that carries deoxygenated blood)
- At the lungs diffusion occurs, O2 in, CO2 out of the bloodstream
- Blood returns to the heart via pulmonary vein
- Enters the left atrium»_space; and left ventricle»_space; pumped out the Aorta to the rest of the body.
- Blood moves along arteries»_space; splits into arterioles»_space; splits into capillaries at muscle site.
- Capillaries feed blood to the muscle fibres for diffusion to occur again
- O2 goes into muscles, CO2 moves from muscles to the bloodstream
- Blood leaves muscle through capillaries»_space; into Venules»_space; Into Veins
- Blood returns to the heart vein via veins.
