Deck 1

Question 1

Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF)

Answer 1

Name for Canadian troops overseas in WWI

Question 2

Canadian Women’s Army Corps (CWAC)

Answer 2

Established in 1941 as a separate non-combatant unit of the Canadian Army; provided support mainly as office staff, drivers/mechanics, and canteen workers; some served overseas.

Question 3

Dieppe Raid

Answer 3

1942, complete failure of a mission. Helped gain intel for invasion of Normandy later

Question 4

Hyde Park Agreement

Answer 4

A wartime pact between Canada and the United States; allowed Canadian-made goods manufactured for export to Britain to be covered under the Britain-USA Lend-Lease Agreement.

Question 5

Ogdensburg Agreement

Answer 5

1940, a wartime accord signed between United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King; produced the Permanent Joint Board of Defence.

Question 6

Regulation 17

Answer 6

In Ontario, a provincial program to reduce the availability of French language education; introduced shortly before the Great War; contributed to tensions between Francophone Quebec and Anglophone Ontario and the federal government.

Question 7

Section 98

Answer 7

Refers to Section 98 of the Criminal Code, which bans “unlawful associations;” introduced following the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919; targeted organizations which advocate political change through violent means; used to target the Communist Party in the 1920s and 1930s.

Question 8

RCAF and RCAF Women’s Division

Answer 8

Royal Canadian Air Force. First branch to actively recruit women (during WWII)

Question 9

block settlements

Answer 9

refers to the practice in immigration policy in which people from a common ethnic group were given contiguous land to settle to take advantage of cultural mutual support.

Question 10

continuous voyage requirement

Answer 10

a ticky tack law that targeted immigrants from India and Japan. Required immigrants to reach Canada in a single unbroken journey. 1908-1914.

Question 11

Doukhobors

Answer 11

Russian pacifists (dissident religion) who settled the prairies then BC. Prosecuted in 20th century for pacifism and rejection of materialist culture.

Question 12

Chinese in BC and Canada

Answer 12

Present in BC from pre-confederation. Faced massive legal discrimination by WWI. Barred from voting and many jobs. Over 114 pieces of discriminatory legislation against Asians. Many left BC, starting new enclaves. MacDonald extended discrimination to federal level with Head Tax (1885). Up to $500 (about a year’s wage) 1923-1945 Chinese immigration outright banned.

Question 13

Battle of Ballantyne Pier

Answer 13

A bloody confrontation between striking dock worker and the RCMP. Vancouver, 1935.

Question 14

Bloody Sunday

Answer 14

Sunday at daybreak, 19 June, 1938, while the Vancouver Police peacefully evacuated the Art Gallery (occupied by unemployed protesters), the RCMP stormed the Post Office with tear gas and truncheons. A window-smashing campaign followed, and hours later, a demonstration of support took place at an East End park where 10,000 to 15,000 locals gathered. Many were hospitalized that day.

Question 15

boondoggles

Answer 15

Meaningless routine work, associated with “work relief” for the unemployed, intended to keep them busy but not necessarily productive.

Question 16

Free Trade Agreement (FTA)

Answer 16

Between Canada and the United States; signed in 1988, and brought into effect in 1989, the FTA created a single market for most goods and services.

Question 17

On-to-Ottawa Trek

Answer 17

Beginning in June 1933, the Relief Camp Workers’ Union mobilized the unemployed in British Columbia to abandon the camps and put their issues directly before Prime Minister Bennett, travelling across Canada on railway boxcars. The Trek started in Vancouver but was stopped in Regina and culminated in a riot.

Question 18

Privy Council Order PC 1003 (1944):

Answer 18

Allowed unions for the first time to engage in widespread organization and to bargain collectively for job contracts.

Question 19

Rand Formula (1946)

Answer 19

Based on a landmark legal ruling by Mr. Justice Ivan C. Rand, the Rand Formula provided unions with a pathway to gain legitimacy and long-term stability if, but only if, they agreed to conduct themselves “responsibly.”

Question 20

Royal Commission on the Status of Women

Answer 20

Created in 1967 and reported out in 1970; chaired by Florence Bird; produced 167 recommendations that focussed on issues of equality of opportunity and identifying the many institutional, legal, and systemic barriers to the same. While most of the recommendations have been adopted, provision of day care remains an outstanding exception. The RCSW did not address issues associated with sexual identity or sexual orientation and its failure to discuss violence against women was a major oversight. The Office for the Status of Women was established as a consequence of the Commission’s report.

Question 21

Second Wave Feminism / Women’s Liberation Movement

Answer 21

A renewal of movement feminism in the postwar era; focussed on rights in the workplace, equality of opportunity and pay, reproductive rights, and violence against women. See also // Both an informal and loose organization of various women’s advocacy and political groups, and an alternative term for second wave feminism; first appeared in 1968.

Question 22

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Answer 22

Founded in 1968, an advocacy group established to counter the United States government’s Indian Termination policies of the 1950s and 1960s. Inspired by the civil rights movement, it was influential among Canadian First Nations activists.

Question 23

asymmetrical federation

Answer 23

A federation in which one or more constituent parts enjoys more autonomy and/or authority than one or more of the other constituent parts. In the case of the Meech Lake Accord, it was suggested that recognition of Quebec, as a distinct society would create an asymmetry in confederation.

Question 24

Bill 101 (think French 101)

Answer 24

The Charter of the French Language, passed into law in 1977, which advanced the provisions of the Official Language Act (Bill 22) of 1974, and which made French Quebec’s official language. Bill 101 established the primacy of French in day-to-day life.

Question 25

Meech Lake Accord

Answer 25

1987; an agreement reached between all the provincial premiers and the Prime Minister that provided for a constitutional amending formula, a distinct society clause for Quebec, senate and Supreme Court reforms, and a devolution of some immigration issues to the provincial level. Despite a promising start, the Accord failed to achieve final approval.

Question 26

October Crisis

Answer 26

This was a combination of events in October 1970 including the kidnapping of James Cross and Pierre Laporte by members of the FLQ, attempts to ransom the two men, the execution of Cross by his abductors, and the use of the War Measures Act for the first time in peacetime.

Question 27

Quiet Revolution

Answer 27

A period of rapid and consequential change in the character of Quebec politics and society beginning in the late 1950s.

Question 28

relocation programs

Answer 28

A federal government initiative in the mid-20th century to move Aboriginal peoples in the North to locations where they would serve as a sign of Canadian sovereignty and/or where services (education, healthcare, administration, and the church) might be more effectively centralized; a program to which Inuit in particular were subjected, their lives disrupted, and their economies severed.

Question 29

Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism

Answer 29

Created in 1963 and reported out in 1969; co-chaired by A. Davidson Dunstan and André Laurendeau (who was succeeded at his death by Jean-Louis Gagnon); identified underrepresentation of Franco-Canadians in many areas of public life, second-rate services in French in national and relevant provincial systems, and poor opportunities for Francophones in post-secondary institutions outside of Quebec; recommended the establishment of a Commissioner of Official Languages.

Question 30

Manitoba schools question

Answer 30

In 1890 the provincial government turned its back on commitments in the Manitoba Act (1870) to provide a dual — French and English — system of education, a move that was stimulated by declining French and Catholic populations. The Privy Council determined (twice) that the federal government had the power to reverse this decision. In opposition, Wilfrid Laurier blocked Ottawa’s attempt at disallowance; in government he negotiated a compromise with Manitoba.

Question 31

Lend-Lease Agreement

Answer 31

Prior to declaring war against the Axis Powers in 1941, the United States agreed to support the Allied war effort by selling materiel to Britain on a deferred-payment program. Canada was able to take advantage of this arrangement, which led to rapid industrial recovery and expansion. See also Hyde Park Declaration.

Question 32

Thomas Scott

Answer 32

A prisoner during the Red River Rebellion. He was one of the settlers from Ontario who opposed the rebel government. He was executed under Riel, infuriating Ontario and making it impossible for Riel to gain amnesty.

Question 33

Manitoba Act 1870

Answer 33

Created the small province of Manitoba. A limited victory of the Red River Rebellion. Riel and other leaders exiled. Metis guaranteed some rights to land, and province was supposed to be bilingual, but not treated well. They ended up largely fleeing to the northwest.

Question 34

Northwest Rebellion 1885

Answer 34

Disorganized with various groups involved. Violence put down by North-West Mounted Police. Riel not well, technology advantages Canada. Riel and several indigenous leaders hanged. Some first nations fled to the USA.

Question 35

Pacific Scandal

Answer 35

1873; Macdonald’s Conservative Party was given significant funds from the Canadian Pacific Railway, which caused the CPR to lose the opportunity to complete the Intercolonial Railway, cost Macdonald his administration, and brought the Mackenzie Liberals into office.

Question 36

Edgar Dewdney

Answer 36

Served as Lieutenant Governor of NW territories under MacDonald. Used starvation as a policy to force indians onto reserve and to submit to the government. Oversaw response to NW rebellion and severe punishments. Advocated for residential schools to remove children from the influence of their families.

Question 37

Fenians

Answer 37

Irish organization that wanted independence for Ireland. Conducted raids into Canada from the US 1866-1871

Question 38

Dominion Lands Act 1872

Answer 38

Legal mechanism to seize land in the west.

Question 39

Winnipeg General Strike

Answer 39

1919- strike across Winnipeg for collective bargaining rights and better working conditions. Some One Big Union leadership. 30,000 workers walked off. The fed. government supported employers. Violently broke up protests in “Bloody Saturday”. Troops occupied the streets.

Question 40

Indian Act

Answer 40

1876- Policy regarding “indians”. Made into wards of the state. Defined status and reserves. Paternalistic and invasive. Pushed for assimilation and colonization.

Question 41

Numbered Treaties

Answer 41

Begin 1870s. Transfer of land to complete railroad (Canada) v. Peace Treaties (First Nations) Also created reserves.

Question 42

Red Paper

Answer 42

Also called Citizens Plus; prepared by Harold Cardinal and the Indian Association of Alberta in 1970, the Red Paper was a response to Ottawa’s 1969 White Paper (aka: The Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy, 1969); called for preservation of Treaty rights and recognition of Aboriginal rights.

Question 43

numbered treaties

Answer 43

Treaties struck between Canada and Aboriginal peoples from 1871 (Treaty 1) to 1921 (Treaty 11), covering a territory that stretches from Ontario’s eastern boundary in the North West to British Columbia, incorporating the whole of the Peace River Valley and the Mackenzie River drainage basin. Areas not covered by numbered treaties include southern Ontario (including the Rainy River area and Thunder Bay-Nippissing corridor), most of British Columbia, most of the Yukon and North West Territories, and all of Quebec, the Maritimes, and Newfoundland-Labrador.

Question 44

Idle No More

Answer 44

A peaceful protest and awareness-raising movement launched in 2012 by a group of Aboriginal and allies; catalyzed by Federal Government legislation that threatened Treaty rights.

Question 45

Penner Report

Answer 45

Recommended to Ottawa in 1983 that Aboriginal peoples constitute a distinct order of government and ought to be recognized as such.

Question 46

White Paper:

Answer 46

Also known as The Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy, 1969; proposed the dismantling of the Indian Act, an effective end to Indian Status, and the conversion of reserve land to private property; introduced by the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau and led by the Minister of Justice, Jean Chrétien; met with strident opposition from Aboriginal leaders, part of which took the form of the Red Paper.

Question 47

Canadian Bill of Rights

Answer 47

The Canadian Bill of Rights (1960) arose in part from an increased postwar interest in human rights. This was an ideal championed by the United Nations, made more pressing with the revelations of the Nuremberg Trials. It was also a bedrock issue in the West as regards Cold War rhetoric. That is, rights were associated with free democracies and not with communist or fascist regimes. In practice, the Canadian Bill of Rights was limited in its impact. Its range was limited to federal laws, it did not involve a constitutional change, and it neither called for nor engaged in the kind of housekeeping needed to eliminate contradictions in existing legislation. Nevertheless, it was a landmark in that it was a bold and concise statement of rights that extended to all members of Canadian society.

Question 48

Maternal Feminism

Answer 48

Also called first wave feminism; a movement to achieve greater civic rights for women; based its appeal on the biological differences between women and men, arguing that women have a natural nurturing instinct and ability which ought to be welcomed in a democratic system; women could apply the knowledge and attributes acquired from their universal role as mothers to address various inequities and social ills.

Question 49

National Policy

Answer 49

John A. Macdonald’s linkage of three policies into one: a tariff wall to exclude American manufactures; an transcontinental railway (the CPR) to link the Maritimes with British Columbia; and the settlement of the West. Although most of the components were in place by 1876, it was only touted as a single National Policy in 1879.

Question 50

One Big Union (OBU)

Answer 50

In the first instance, the idea (pioneered by the Knights of Labor) that working people should belong to a single organization that can fight for their rights collectively; secondly, an actual organization — the OBU — formed after 1919, as a revolutionary industrial union (which included workers in support of the Bolshevik and other left-wing revolutions).

Question 51

Trades and Labour Congress of Canada

Answer 51

A national association of craft unions modelled on the American Federation of Labor; established in 1883 and merged with the Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL) in 1956 to create the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC).

Question 52

Knights of Labour

Answer 52

Fully, the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor. Established in the United States in 1869-70; expanded into Canada in the next decade; organized workers regardless of race (apart from Asians), sex, or skill levels. Competition with the new craft unions resulted in the Knights’ expulsion from the Trades and Labour Congress in 1902, and its gradual disintegration thereafter.