Deck 1 Flashcards
Wind speed direction temperature 781939
Wind direction over 36 subtract 50 from direction and add 100 kts to wind speed. 280 119 kts -39 C
Alternate airport requirements
Not all airports can be used as alternate airports. An airport may not be qualified for alternate use if the airport NAVAID is unmonitored, is Global Positioning System (GPS) based (unless plane is waas capable), or if it does not have weather reporting capabilities. For an airport to be used as an alternate, the forecast weather at that airport must meet certain qualifications at the estimated time of arrival. Standard alternate minimums for a precision approach are a 600-foot ceiling and 2 SM visibility. For a non-precision approach, the minimums are an 800-foot ceiling and 2 SM visibility. Standard alternate minimums apply unless higher alternate minimums are listed for an airport.
MRA
Minimum reception altitude. To do, copy def.
Ifr off airway flight over mountainous terrain.
2000’ above terrain within 4 norm
MEA
Minimum Enroute IFR Altitude (MEA): The lowest published altitude between radio fixes which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes. The MEA prescribed for a Federal airway or segment thereof, area navigation low or high route or other direct route applies to the entire width of the airway, segment, or route between the radio fixes defining the airway, segment, or route.
Oxygen
12501 to 14000 required if longer than 30 min 14001 to 15000 pilot required Above 15000 everyone required
Airspeed notify arc
10 knots or 10% change average tas
Typical class b airspace top
10,000
Altimeter change with baromsetting
10’ per .01” of mercury. Higher baro setting indicates higher altitude. Set to 29.92 actual 30.26 will read 340’ lower than actual.
Three fundamental skills of aircraft instrument fling.
- Cross check 2. Instrument Interpretation 3. Aircraft Control
What prolongs hazard of wake turbulence for longest period
Light quartering tail wind
No waas gps codes
TSO-C129() and TSO-C196() This means you need alternate source of navigation.
Gps approach filing restriction
Non waas gps equipped aircraft can’t use gps at primary and alternate.
Class e visibility requirements vfr on top.
More than 10,000 is 5-111. 5 miles vis, 1000 ft above, 1000 ft below, 1 mile horizontal. Less than 10,000 is 3-152. 3 miles vis, 1000 ft above, 500 ft below, 2000 ft horizontal. Class e is controlled but not within a,b,c, or d.
Skid slip and ball
Skid. Pilot feels force to outside of turn, ball goes to outside. Slip. Pilot feels force to inside of turn, ball goes to inside. Both cases step on ball to correct.
For receiver check done by comparing two vor receivers against each other.
Checked against same receiver 4 degree difference on ground, 6 degree in the air. Remember from/to conversion is +/-180.
First place ice forms
Tail plane
Altitude corrections
100 ft or less -half bar pitch 100 ft or more - full bar pitch
Level off from a descent
Lead by 10% of descent rate
Clear ice formation
Supercooled liquid at just above freezing temps, large amount of water vapor, aircraft at high speeds.
To ensure proper airspace protection in a holding pattern what are maximum airspeeds for different altitudes
265 knots
Non radar climb or descent procedure
Descend or climb at an optimum rate consistent with the operating characteristics of the aircraft to 1,000 feet above or below the assigned altitude, and then attempt to descend or climb at a rate of between 500 and 1,500 fpm until the assigned altitude is reached. If at anytime the pilot is unable to climb or descend at a rate of at least 500 feet a minute, advise ATC.
Vfr cruising altitude
East (0-179) fly odd 1000 plus 500 starting at 3500. West (180 to 359) fly even 1000 plus 500 starting at 4500. Based on course, not heading.
Special vfr
1 mile visibility, clear of clouds.
2 bar casino
RED OVER WHITE = YOU’RE ALRIGHT WHITE OVER WHITE = YOU’LL FLY ALL NIGHT RED OVER RED = MAY END UP DEAD
Ice accumulation aircraft
Wind tunnel and flight tests indicate that ice, frost, or snow formations on the leading edge and upper surface of a wing, having a thickness and surface roughness similar to medium or coarse sandpaper, can reduce wing lift by as much as 30 percent and increase drag by 40 percent. These changes in lift and drag will significantly increase stall speed, reduce controllability and alter aircraft flight characteristics.
Class g vfr visibility requirements
10,000 to 17’999 - 5-111. 5 sm vis, 1000’ above, 1000’ below. 1 mile horizontal. Below 10,000 msl - 3-152 night, 1-152 day. 1000 ft abov, 500 below, 2000 horizontal.
Typical class d airspace
2,500’ AGL 4 mm radius
Holding pattern issued by act in lue of a procedure turn.
A holding pattern in lieu of procedure turn may be specified for course reversal in some procedures. In such cases, the holding pattern is established over an intermediate fix or a final approach fix. The holding pattern distance or time specified in the profile view must be observed. Maximum holding airspeed limitations as set forth for all holding patterns apply.
What to be aware of in temperature inversion.
A concentrated shear zone and turbulence can develop in the stable air associated with a temperature inversion when strong vertical shear is present above the inversion. This condition can cause abrupt airspeed changes for aircraft as they climb or descend through the inversion layer.
To avoid icing when flying through stratiform clouds.
Change altitude to just above freezing or 10 degrees below freezing.
Drift correction on instrument approach
Should be established before reaching outer marker, afterwards no more than 2 degree correction.
Floor of class e airspace on federal airway
1200
Increase in weight of 10% results in increase of landing distance of
10%
REIL
RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER LIGHTS (REIL) REILs are installed at many airfields to provide rapid and positive identification of the approach end of a particular runway. The system consists of a pair of synchronized flashing lights located laterally on each side of the runway threshold. REILs may be either omnidirectional or unidirectional facing the approach area. They are effective for: Identification of a runway surrounded by a preponderance of other lighting. Identification of a runway which lacks contrast with surrounding terrain. Identification of a runway during reduced visibility.
Ice forms on the underside of the wing
During high angle of attack (climb) and results in increased drag.
Recovery from nose high altitude
Add power, level wings, pitch down.
When switching to alt static
The altimeter will read higher than normal, airspeed greater than normal, and the VSI will momentarily show a climb if we select an alternate source of static pressure vented inside the airplane.
Feet per nautical mile
6076
Feet per statute mile
5280
To level off at a speed higher than the descent speed, assuming a 500 fpm descent, old power be added?
100 to 150’ prior to level off
Icing types, code, and cause
Rime (RM) rough milky ice formed by instantaneous freezing of small supercooled droplets. Clear (CLR) a glossy clear translucent ice formed by relatively slow freezing of,large supercooled droplets. Mixed (MX) combination of above
Icing reporting types
(NEG) no icing Trace (TRACE) ice accumulation is barely perceptible. Rate of accumulation is slightly greater than rate of sublimation. Not hazardous unless encountered for more than 1 hour. Light (LGT) rate of accumulation may pose an issue if flight in this condition is more than 1 hour. Occasional use of depicting equipment eliminates ice. No problem if anti ice equipment used. Moderate (MOD) rate of accumulation is such that even short encounters become hazardous. Use of anti-ice equipment or diversion is required. Severe (SEV) rate of accumulation is such that deciding equipment fails to control the hazard. Immediate diversion required.
When switching to alt static
Altitude will read higher, air speed faster, vis will momentarily show a climb.
When recovering from unusual attitude without the attitude indicator, approximate level pitch is met when
Airspeed and altimeter stop movement, VSI momentarily reduces trend.
Taxiway to runway hold short lines are
4 yellow lines Dashed on the runway side
When an aircraft is accelerate some attitude indicators will process and show a
Climb
Skid
Ball opposite turn. Airplane is skidding away from turn. Less rudder pressure to inside of turn.
Slip
Ball on same side of the turn Plane slipping down into the turn More rudder that side of the turn
Constant bank turn increase air speed
Rate of turn decreases, radius of turn increases
After cycling boots residual ice remains that will increase…
At lower speeds and lower temperatures.
Troposphere altitude
20k at poles 65k at equator 37k average
Advection fog
Warm moist air blown over cold water
Upslope fog
War moist Air blown up slope. As altitude increases air expands, cools, and condenses.
High clouds consist of
Mostly ice crystals. Cirrus clouds. 16k’ to 45k’ at mid latitudes.
Radiation fog
Warm moist air over flat areas on clear calm nights
Fog abundant in industrial areas because of
Abundant amount of nuclei
Why relationship exists between winds at 2000’ vs. winds on the ground
Winds at 2000’ parallel isobars Surface winds cross isobars at an angle toward the lower pressure and are weaker.
Jet stream winds in mid latitudes
Are stronger and move further south in the winter.
IFR pattern entry
VFR, marginal VFR, IFR, Low IFR
Magenta Low IFR = < 500, < 1 mile
RED IFR = 500 to 1000’, 1-3 miles.
BLUE Marginal VFR = 1,000 to 3,000’, 3-5 miles
GREEN VFR > 3000’ and > 5 miles
When to file an alternate airport
1, 2, 3 rule
1 hour either side of the arrival
Weather is forecast to be at least 2000’
and 3 miles visability
Standard alternate minimums
600’ and 2 sm visibility for precision approaches
800’ and 2 sm visibility for non-precision approaches.
4 families of clouds
High, middle, low, and those with extensive vertical development.
Temperature in the tropopause
-55 to -65
A temperature inversion forms in
Stable air
Advection fog
warm moiste air moving over cold land or water
Dry adiabatic lapse rate
3 degrees c per thousand feet.
The rate of decrease of temperature with height when unsaturated air is lifted adiabatically.
Adiabatic is temperature change due to moving to a lower pressure.
unsaturated air flowing up a slope cools at this rate.
Characteristic of stratosphere
Air mass definition
When a body of air comes to rest or moves slowly over an extensive area having fairly uniform properties of temperature and moisture, the air takes on those properties.
Squall definition
A squall is a sudden increase of at least 15 knots in average wind speed to a sustained speed of 20 knots or more for at least one (1) minute.
Wind shear definition
Wind shear generates eddies between two wind currents of differing velocities. The differences may be in wind speed, wind direction, or in both. Wind shear may be associated with either a wind shift or a wind speed gradient at any level in the atmosphere. Three conditions are of special interest -
wind shear with a low level temperature inversion,
wind shear in a frontal zone, and
clear air turbulence (CAT) at high levels associated with a jet stream or strong circulation.
Jet stream wind
50 kts or greater
Microburst doowndraft
6000 fpm downdraft max
Max 15 min to dissipation
Area covered by taf
5 am from center of runway complex.
Time period of an airmet
6 hours
Area forecast
18 hours and covers several states
TAF VRB code
winds are 6 kts or less
WND in the aviation area forecast means
surface wind is forecast to be 20 kts or greater
RAE42 means
RAE42 means “rain ended 42 past the hour”
Primary indicators for pitch, bank, power
Altimeter — supplies the most pertinent altitude information and is therefore primary for pitch.
Heading Indicator — supplies the most pertinent bank or heading information, and is primary for bank.
Airspeed Indicator — supplies the most pertinent information concerning performance in level flight in terms of power output, and is primary for power
Minimum ifr climb rate
200 ft per nautical mile. This s 40:1 ratio.
