Deck 1 Flashcards
Is symbolic
Reality
Is sermonic
Language
Is an internal, personal opinion or interpretation or feeling
Believing
Is an external, public position or demonstration or reason
Knowing
Is “reason giving” in communicative situations by people whose purpose is the justification of acts, beliefs, and values
Argumentation
May be defined as “reasons which are psychologically compelling for a given audience”
Good reasons
Is the process of inquiry and advocacy, a way of arriving at a reasoned judgment on a proposition
Debate
Is referred to as the father of debate
Protagoras
Is symbolic interaction composed of the basic unit of rational thought.
Discourse
Sentences are neither true nor false
Instrumental
Sentences are either true or false
Inferential
Defined “an argument” as “a complete unit of logical proof”; an assertion plus a reason why the assertion is probably true
Aristotle
Calls the assertion part of an argument the claim and divides the reason part into data and warrant
Toulmin
Appear in one of three forms: past fact; present condition; future action.
Claims
Is the externally generated support for a claim.
Data
Evidence is any “thing” that can be “consensual lay” validated: perceived by the senses; measured objectively; documented historically.
Real/factual
Evidence is made up of the statements made about “consentually” validated things
Created
Are single, highly detailed accounts or illustrations of “things”.
Examples
Are numerical collections, or manipulations of “things”.
Statistics
Are statements made by people who are trained to make judgments in a discipline
Expert interpretations
Are statements made by people who are not trained to make judgements in a discipline.
Lay observations
Means the advocate must insure that the evidence is the most up to date available
Recency
Means the advocate must provide enough evidence to support the claim
Sufficiency
Means the advocate must determine whether the evidence corresponds with know “facts”.
Consistency
Is statements made about “single” or “numerical” evidence
Testimony
Means the advocate must insure that the evidence directly relates to the matter at hand.
Relevancy
Means the advocate must insure that the source is actually and reliable.
Competency
Is the internally generated support for a claim
Warrent
Reasoning involves the process of going from generally accepted premises to a necessary
Deductive
Reasoning Involves the process of going from specific instances to a probable conclusion
Inductive
Are plato’s formal/mathematical forms of reasoning from general to specific
Syllogisms
Are Aristotle’s informal/rhetorical forms of reasoning from general to specific
Enthymemes
Is the form of reasoning from specific to general that collects positive instances.
Generalization
Is the form of reasoning from specific to general that eliminates negative instances.
Hypothesis testing
Is the fallacy of setting up a weak argument merely to knock it down easily.
Straw-man
Is the fallacy of presenting an irrelevant argument to distract attention from other issues.
Red herring
Is the fallacy of confusing time for cause
Post-hoc
The “ultimate claim” in a debate; the statement around which the clash revolves.
Proposition
Propositions focus upon what was or is; forensic; judicial.
Accept/belief/condition
Propositions focus upon what should be; deliberative; legislative.
Behavior/action/change
The assumption that the status quo, existing order, present system will be retained until such time as a “good person” can be offered to over turn it.
Presumption
Propositions assume that “since change is undesirable” that status quo retains the advantage in a tie; the judge votes negative.
Forensic/judicial
Propositions assume that “since change is inevitable” the advantage shifts to least risky course of action; the judge votes for the side with the greatest benefit-to-cost ratio.
Deliberative/legislative
Rests upon the negative to win at least one of the four “stock issues” in order to win
Burden of refute
Rests upon the affirmative to win all four “stock issues” in order to win the debate.
Burden of proof
Is the “stock issue” which addresses the “ills”/problems within the present system; the extent and impact of the “harms”
“I’ll”/significance
Is the “stock issue” which addresses the “causes” of the problems; the structures and attitudes that prevent the present system from solving the problems.
Inherency
Is the “stock issues” which addresses the affirmative’s “cure” for the problems; who is assigned to enforce the specific mandates of the “plan”.
Solvency
Is the “stock issues” which addresses the negative’s identified “costs” of the plan; what disadvantages to the plan exist which offset and benefits the affirmative might claim.
Disadvantages
Is the fallacy of attacking the person’s character rather than the argument
Ad hominem
