Deck 1 Flashcards
Which structures conduct most oxygen molecules diffusing through the walls of continuous capillaries?
Endothelial cells
What neuropathy is caused by viral disease that destroys the motor neurones?
Poliomyelitis
Which structures conduct most glucose molecules diffusing through the walls of continuous capillaries?
Interendothelial junctions
Which structures contain Purkinje fibres?
Bundle branches
Which structures may actively pump fluid?
Lymphatics
Elderly man presents with diarrhoea after treatment for pneumonia. What do you do?
Request stool sample for C. difficile toxin testing
Traveller with chronic diarrhoea and weight loss. What do you do?
Request stool sample for microscopy for G. Lamblia (Giardia)
A sick young child presents with dysentery? How do you treat?
Request stool sample for culture and begin antibiotic treatment (although NHS site suggests often self-limiting and fluids, ORS and food should be adequate - amoebic version more serous than Shigella version)
Loss of what neurological structure is the defining feature of multiple sclerosis?
Myelin
What are the differences between multiple sclerosis and muscular dystrophy?
MS - autoimmune; partially due to genetics but thought to be viral and environment factors too; immune system attacks the outer layer of the nerves esp. In the brain, spinal cord and and optic nerve.
MD - genetic; muscle fibre breakdown due to gene controlling (certain) protein production - Duchenne common form, X-linked
How do you treat an overdose of ferrous sulphate tablets taken 5 hrs previously?
Give desferrioxamine
How do you treat dystonia that has occurred following anti-psychotic administration?
Procyclidine
Carbamazepine OD 30 mins prior to hospital visit. How do you treat?
Activated Charcoal
OD of IV morphine accidentally given 2 mins ago. How do you treat?
Naloxone (opioid antagonist)
Which cells of the immune system produce INF and help neutralise virally infected cells?
Natural killer cells and T cells
The vitelline duct may persist as an out pocketing of which part of the GI tract?
Ileum
A category of systematic error due to differences in the quality of information obtained from different groups in a study, particularly common in case control studies is considered what type of error?
A reporting (or recall) error (or bias)
The distortion of the relationship between 2 factors brought about by their mutual relationship with a third factor is termed?
Confounding
Systemic error due to differences between those chosen and those not chosen is considered what type of error or bias?
Selection (or referral) error (or bias)
The error or wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true (I.e. False positive) is termed what type of error?
Alpha (or type 1) error
The error of wrongly accepting the null hypothesis when it is true (I.e. False negative) is termed what type of error?
Beta (or type 2) error
What is used to ripen the cervix?
Prostin (dinoprostone)
What is given to women to encourage rhythmical uterine contractions?
Syntocinon (synthetic oxytocin)
What causes tetanic uterine contractions? (Sustained uterine contraction / tonic muscular spasm)
Ergometrine
(Given for 3 reasons: 1) can control excessive bleeding following childbirth 2) helps uterus contract back and controls loss of blood with this 3) speeds up delivery of placenta by causing contractions)
Used in post partum haemorrhage every 15mins intramuscularly upto max 8 doses?
Carboprost (15 alpha-methyl prostaglandin)
On an ECG, an irregular RR interval with no visible P waves is indicative of what?
Atrial fibrillation
Gastrulation begins with the formation of the?
Primitive streak
From what layer of cells does the primitive streak form?
The epiblast
What lies immediately dorsal to the epiblast?
The amniotic cavity
What type of studies provide estimates of incidence and prevalence but no information on the cause of the disease?
Cross sectional studies
Studies which compare the distribution of putative (generally accepted) causes and effects in a number of populations and which generate hypotheses for more rigorous observational or experimental studies are classified as what type of study?
Ecological studies
Often precede and preempt findings of more experimental studies
Give an example of a suicide practice often seen in women of South-Asian origin that is uncommon in those of Western origin.
Self-immolation (to set oneself on fire)
What is normal a aortic arterial systolic pressure? (mmHg) in a resting person.
25 mmHg
What is the O2 content if normal pulmonary arterial blood (ml of O2 per L of blood)?
150 ml/L blood
What is the O2 content if normal pulmonary venous blood (ml of O2 per L of blood)?
200 ml/L blood
What is the ratio of systemic to pulmonary vascular resistance?
10
What is the total pulmonary blood volume (ml)?
400ml
What is the most likely cause of birth weight of 2.3kg?
Multiple pregancy
Is increase in infant length of 50% by age 12 months normal or abnormal?
Normal
Weight gain if 100g/week in early infancy indicative of what?
Cystic Fibrosis (or other malabsorptive illness)
What is dehydroepiandrosterone?
An important endogenous steroid hormone. The most abundant circulating steroid in humans. Produced in gonads, brain and adrenal glands. Functions predominantly as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the androgen and oestrogen sex steroids.
