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Theory Of Flight (Fixed Wing) > Deck 1 > Flashcards

Deck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 zones of the atmosphere we consider when speaking about aircraft

A

Troposphere
Tropopause
Stratosphere

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2
Q

What is the height of the Troposphere

A

11km

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3
Q

At what rates do temperatures drop when ascending through the atmosphere

A

2 degrees Celsius per 1000ft
6.5 degrees Celsius per 1000m

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4
Q

What are the ISA values for temperature, pressure and density

A

15 degrees Celsius
1013.2 millibar
1.226kg/m cubed

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5
Q

What is the definition of viscosity

A

A fluids resistance to internal friction

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6
Q

How are the AoA and AoI measured

A

AoA - angle between the chord line and relative air flow

AoI - angle between chord line and datum line

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7
Q

What is the aspect ratio and how is it calculated

A

The ratio of span to chord
Span / chord
Span^2 / area

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8
Q

What is wash out and wash in

A

Wash out - Decrease in AoI towards the wing tip

Wash in - Increase in AoI towards the wing tip

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9
Q

What is upwash and down wash

A

Upwash - Upwards flow of air before reaching the aerofoil

Downwash - Downwards flow of air after passing aerofoil

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10
Q

What are the 4 main aerofoil planforms

A

Rectangular - simplest to manufacture and use

Tapered - Chord length changes from wing root to wing tip

Swept - can be both forward and back swept

Delta - fighter jet

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11
Q

What are the 2 equations relating to subsonic flow

A

Bernoullis equation
Conservation of mass flow equation

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12
Q

What does the conservation of mass flow equation state

A

The mass of air at any point entering, passing through or leaving a pipe must be constant

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13
Q

What does bernoullis equation state

A

P1 + 1/2 pv1^2 =1 P2 + 1/2pv2^2

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14
Q

What happens to air when is passes through a Venturi

A

Velocity will increase, pressure will drop

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15
Q

What is the total reaction

A

The resultant force of the drag and lift

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16
Q

What happens to the CoP and AoA increases

A

Will initially move 20% forward along the chord line, then move 30% backwards

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17
Q

What is free stream flow

A

Air unaffected by the passage of aircraft through it

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18
Q

What is a streamline

A

The path traced by a particle in a steady fluid flow

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19
Q

What is the boundary layer

A

A thin section of slow moving air surrounding an aircraft, typically 0.1-0.2mm in thickness

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20
Q

What is the separation point

A

Where turbulent flow separates from the aerofoil shape

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21
Q

What happens to the fineness ratio when and aerofoil is streamlined

A

The fineness ratio will increase

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22
Q

What is stall defined as?

A

When an increase in AoA no longer produces an increase in lift

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23
Q

What is the standard stall angle

A

15-16 degrees

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24
Q

What is the stalling speed

A

The slowest an aircraft can fly to produce sufficient lift to overcome its weight

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25
Q

What is spanwise drift

A

The movement of air laterally from wing root to tip or vice versa

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26
Q

What 6 factors affect the total reaction

A

Density
Air velocity
Wing area
AoA
Surface finish
Aerofoil shape

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27
Q

What are the equations for the Coefficient of lift and drag

A

1/2pv^2 x S x C (L/D)

28
Q

What is the most effective AoA in straight and level flight

A

4 degrees

29
Q

What are the 3 aerofoil classes

A

High lift
High speed
General purpose

30
Q

What are the 4 leading edge lift augmentation devices

A

Slots
Slats
Krueger flaps
Droop nose

31
Q

What are the 3 trailing edge lift augmentation devices

A

Single, double or triple slotted fowler flaps
Plain flaps
Split flaps

32
Q

What 2 sections make up total drag

A

Lift dependant
Non lift dependant (parasite)

33
Q

What 3 sections make up lift dependant drag

A

Form Drag
Skin friction
Induced drag

34
Q

What 3 sections make up non lift dependant drag

A

Form drag
Skin friction
Interference drag

35
Q

What 3 methods are used to control the boundary layer

A

Vortex Generators
Blowing
Suction

36
Q

What are the effects of ice forming on aircraft

A

Aerodynamics will be affected
Weight increase
Vibration on moving parts
Controls stiff
Pressure instruments incorrect
Comms degraded
Vision impaired
Undercarriage locked
Engine intakes blocked or restricted

37
Q

What parts are most vulnerable to ice formation

A

Areas with a thin cross section

38
Q

Where and how does packed snow form

A

Leading edges, nose and air intakes
Forms on non streamlined sections below 0 degrees when flying in or underneath snow clouds

39
Q

What is hoar frost and how does it form

A

Light icing
Forms on clear nights, rapid descent from cold air into moist air
Take off on a frosty morning climbing into moist air

40
Q

What is the basic stalling speed

A

The speed below which a clean aircraft with the engines throttled back cannot maintain straight and level flight

41
Q

What conditions must be met to perform a maximum radius turn and minimum radius turn

A

Wing load must be as low as possible
Air must be as dense as possible

42
Q

What does the manoeuvre envelope show

A

Comparisons of capabilities of aircraft
Performance of products
Design requirements for new aircraft

43
Q

What are the axis labelled on the manoeuvre envelope

A

Vertical axis - load factor
Horizontal axis - EAS

44
Q

What are the G limits for training, fighter and transport aircraft

A

Trainer and fighter - +7 -> -3.5
Transport - +2 -> -0.5

45
Q

What is the safety factor on velocity

A

5-10%

46
Q

What is the safety factor on load factor

A

50%

47
Q

What information can you gather from the manoeuvre envelope

A

Basic stalling speed
Load factor at any height and speed
Max EAS at any height
Stalling speed at any height and load factor

48
Q

What is positive stability (stable)

A

When an object will return to its original position

49
Q

What is negative stability (unstable)

A

When an object will never return to its original position

50
Q

What is neutrally stable

A

What an object will not return to, nor carry on away from its original position

51
Q

Around which axis is the rolling motion

A

Longitudinal axis

52
Q

Around which axis is the pitching movement

A

Lateral axis

53
Q

Around which axis is the yawing motion

A

Normal axis

54
Q

What methods can be used to increase lateral stability

A

Dihedral (upwards angled wings)
High fin
High wing
Sweep back

55
Q

What 3 devices give control of rolling pitching and yawing

A

Rolling - Ailerons
Pitching - Elevators
Yawing - Rudder

56
Q

What ways are there to overcome adverse aileron yaw

A

Coupled controls to the rudder
Differential ailerons
Frise ailerons

57
Q

What methods are there to overcome high speed ailerons reversal

A

Wing strengthening
Inner and outer wing aileron sets
Spoilers on down going wing

58
Q

What 4 methods are used to assist the pilot in moving the flight controls

A

Horn balance
Inset hinge
Balance tab
Spring tab

59
Q

What is flutter

A

The rapid violent oscillation of the aerofoil

60
Q

How can flutter be countered

A

Using weights to bring the CoG forward of the hinge line

61
Q

Air is deemed incompressible at what air speed

A

150m/s

62
Q

What is the total pressure

A

The dynamic and static pressure added together

63
Q

Where is spanwise drift the weakest

A

At the root of the wing

64
Q

The size of the vortex will depend on what

A

The size of the wing tips

65
Q

How do you increase directional stability

A

Make fuselage longer
Make the fin taller
Ventral fin
Dorsal fin

66
Q

How would you increase longitudinal stability

A

Make Horizontal stabilisers larger or love them rearward

67
Q

How would you increase lateral stability

A

High fin
High wing
Dihedral
Sweep back

Theory Of Flight (Fixed Wing) (1 decks)

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