Deck 1 Flashcards
Nerve etiology for bloat:
N. vagus damage
Vagal indigestion bloat etiology:
Nervus vagus damage
Interference with esophageal groove function in vagal indigestion and diaphragmatic hernia may cause chronic ruminal tympany
Clinical picture with n. vagus/ vagal indigestion bloat etiology?
Can’t eructate
What is the clinical picture with n. vagus / vagal indigestion bloat etiology?
Can’t eructate
Treatment for RAD and LAD?
RAD: right displacement, surgical dirrection
LAD: roll the cow, toggle, surgical correction, cull
Treatment for RAD and LAD?
RAD: right displacement, surgical correction
LAD: roll the cow, toggle, surgical correction, dull
Digital dermatitis is located on front or hind limbs?
Hind limbs
Characteristic lesions for digital dermatitis:
Strawberry form, circumscribed area above interdigital cleft on plantar side, pain, lameness, hairs at periphery are erected, focal hypertrophy, wet grey
Interdigital dermatitis (SF) characteristic lesion:
Heelside junction (cracks, strawberry rot)
Where does most commonly does interdigital dermatitis (SF) occur:
On plantar side of pastern (above cleft)
Intertrigo is:
Udder cleft dermatitis
Max. height of foot bath for cattle:
15 cm
Max. height of foot bath for sheep:
6 cm
Concentration of formaline for foot bath:
3-5% max
Claw trimming of sheep:
Minimum 2x a year
Foot rot is:
Phlegmona interdigitalis (infectious pododermatitis) - grade 5 of lameness
Most common bacteria causing foot rot:
1st stage: fusobacterium necrophorum
2nd stage: dicelobacter nodosus
Common site for foot rot:
Hind limbs
What is the treatment for foot rot?
Topical and systemic
Topical: foot bath - iodid or Cu/Zn sol, ATB powder
Systemic: ATB
Hoof trimming and removal of necrotic areas - NO BANDAGE, need O2 to kill anaerobic bacteria
Vaccines
NSAID (flunixin and metamizole)
What is more common in lameness?
Supportive damage
If grade 3 lameness, does cow bear weight when standing?
Yes
Grade 3 of lameness in a standing cow:
Pronounced stage, standing fully, lameness seen while walking
Auscultation of murmurs in pericarditis:
Rubbing/splaching sound, bilateral.
Muffled heart sounds; squeaky and rubbing murmur and splashing/tinkling murmur
Type of murmurs in endocarditis - diastolic/systolic/both?
Both - can hear in diastole and systole
Site of trauma in traumatic pericarditis:
Reticulum (puncture of pericardium by metallic linear body)
Most commonly affected in hardware disease?
Reticulum
Per oral rehydration is only for calf that has:
strong suckling reflex
Length of dorsal aspect of the claw in functional claw trimming:
7.5 cm
Thickness at the front of the claw in functional claw trimming:
5-7mm, for every 100 kg over 500 kg at 1 mm to tip. Sjekk
Best time of the year for first calving in heifer?
2 years (min 60% eller 90%????? of mature body weight)
General health is affected in:
permanent prolapse
Peroneal nerve (fibular nerve) paralysis, what is affected?
Hind limb
Syndrome of polio-encephalomalitis in standing cow:
Opisthotomus(?), blindness, ataxia
Main reason for polio-encephalomalitis?
Thiamine deficiency (B1)
Which type of BPV most commonly cause papilloma (skin warts)?
BPV 1/2
How long is course of ringworm?
3 months
Non-contagious bacteria for mastitis:
Streptococcus uberis
Which mastitis is not contagious?
Str. uberis
Pseudomonas spp.
Candida spp.
Coliform bac.
Which mastitis is congaious?
Str. agalactia, str. dysgalactia, st. aureus, mycoplasma bovis
What is the most common cause of endometritis?
Pieces of retrained placenta
Partial prolapse is seen in?
Lying cow
Most common bacteria in endocarditis?
Pyogenes (Truperla pyogenes/ Arcanobacter pyogenes, rarely Str and St)
Tx: PCN/Ampicilline 3 weeks + Furosemide
Most common bacteria endometritis?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Treatment for urticaria with dyspnoe:
NSAID/SAID (FLumidin, Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone)
Antihistamine
Epinephrine (vasoconstriction)
Furosemide (if pulmonary oedema)
Tracostomy in severe cases
Treatment for urticaria without dyspnoe:
NSAID/SAID (Flumidine, Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone)
Antihistamine
Tbc in milk:
max 100 000
Scc in milk:
max 400 000
Udder - mastitis etiology:
Genetic, nutritional, bad management
Clenbuterol in C-section:
Tokolysis - also called anti-contraction medications or labor representants, used to suppress premature labor
Nervous disease we are able to treat?
Listeriosis
Reasons for laminitis:
Higher concentration of histamine in blood
Second stage of parturition:
Appearance of membranes (water bag) at the vulva
3-6 hours heifers, 2-4 cows
Intense contractions
When is expulsion of calf?
2nd stage
3rd stage of parturition:
expulsion of fetal membranes 8-12 hours
What is happening in the first phase of parturition?
Calf rotates
Dilation of the cervix
May take days to complete
Cervix softens
Pelvic ligaments relax
Clear mucus ‘‘string’’ hang from the vagina
Cow’s appetite decrease
Uterine contractions begin
2-3 hours in cows and longer in heifers
What happens in the last 6-8 weeks of the pregnancy:
Migration of immune cells to udder to form colostrum
Movement of nutrients into uterus to form strong healthy calf
Maternal signal to deliver:
Increase in estrogens
What is the abortion:
Premature expulsion of the fetus (between day 45 and day 265 of pregnancy)
Early embryonic death:
less than 2 months (usually absorbed)
Rate of abortion in normal herd:
1-2% (also 2-5% is ok)
When to do further diagnosis?
When over 3% or a high number of animals abort over a short period of time
Typical bacteria responsible for abortion:
Brucella
Leptospira
Listeria
Campylobacter
Typical virus responsible for abortions?
BVD (bovine viral diarrhoea)
Reasons for thrombosis of vena cava caudalis?
Septicaemia
Rupture of artery in lung
Rupture of abscesses near hilus of liver
Thromboemboli transverse the right heart
Bacteria
Do we administer NSAIDs when we have udder haematoma?
no NSAIDs - will cause bleeding
Best time for treatment against warbles:
fall
Hormones during pregnancy and their changing of delivery?
Progesterone - decrease
Estrogen - increase (prepare uterus for delivery)
Fetal cortisole - start delivery
Most common bacteria in diarrhoeic syndrome of calves?
E. coli
Most common virus in diarrhoeic syndrome of calves?
Rotavirus and coronavirus
Crytosporidium in diarrhoeic syndrome causes:
subclinical disease
Maximum fluid for severe dehydration in diarrhoeic syndrome?
10L
Minimum fluid for diarrhoeic syndrome:
6L
In fluid therapy, can it be mixed with milk?
No
Maximum amount of bicarbonate which can be given in diarrhoeic syndrome?
40g
Where do you perform fluid therapy for diarrhoeic syndrome?
vein
When do you use ATB in diarrhoeic syndrome?
Severe sickness, recumbency
Secondary infection
Sepsis
Causal therapy
What happens to value of blood urea in diarrhoeic syndrome?
increases
When can you give per os rehydration to calf?
when suckling reflex is present
Lab findings in diarrhoeic syndrome?
metabolic acidosis
Treatment for diarrhoeic syndrome?
Symptomatic
How many types of BVDV are internationally recognised?
2
When do we treat all animals for BRD?
When 10% of calves have been treated for more than 3 consecutive days and 25% of calves require treatment in a single day
Prophylaxis definition, when?
Measure taken to maintain health, prevent disease and protect against infection
Given when atb are administered to a herd at risk of disease outbreak
Metaphylaxis definition, when?
When anti-microbials are administered to clinically healthy animals belonging to same group of animals with clinical signs. Infections treated before clinical appearance.
3 common bacteria of BRD:
M. haemolytica
P. multocida
H. somni
Main predisposing factors to BRD:
Age
Health status
Immunity
Nutritional status
Stress
Environment
Epidemiological factors
Dehydration
Why must treatment be prompt in BRD?
Prevent chronically affected, deaths etc.
Predisposing factors of lung anatomy to BRD development?
Small lungs
Large volume of dead space
Increased resistance
Thick, poorly elastic pleura
3 goals of BRD treatment:
Inhibit bacterial growth
Modulate inflammatory response
Alter mechanical and functional disorders
Rapid alleviation of symptoms
Aid tepair of damages lung
Prevent further damage to lung tissue
Improve lung function
Improve immune
Stimulate feed intake
Regulate body temp
When do teratogenes cause the most severe effect?
Before implantation, first few weeks, more than 20 days
Topical treatment for endometritis is about?
structure of ATB, status of endometrial wall, applied topically are irritants
Common bacteria in first stage pregnancy:
E. coli
What methods do we use to determine endometritis?
External exam, rectal palpation, vaginoscopy, USG, histology, cytology, bacteriology - different combinations
What does interferon tau release from foetus do in pregnancy?
signals mother is pregnant, prevents luteolysis
What layers are affected by acute puerperal metritis?
Endometrium, endometrium to stratum spongiosum, myometrium
Treatment of cysts:
Follicular - GnRH
Where is the most common location of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
Reticulum
What does Hoflund syndrome cause?
Abomasal displacement
Leptin, IL-1 are increased in:
positive energy balance
Treatment of esophageal obstruction:
Gastric tube, endoscopy etc.
Treatment of abomasal displacement?
rumenotomy?
Rumination activity in Hoflund syndrome?
increased
Diagnosis of abomasal displacement:
Double auscultation
Predisposition for abomasal displacement:
ketosis
Tympany caused by inability to:
Swallow, eructate, increased salivation
Intertrigo is?
Inflammation of body folds - could be bacterial, viral, fungal
Most commonly affected in hardware disease?
Reticulum and pericardium - traumatic reticulopericarditis
Peroneal nerve, what is affected?
Animal stands on dorsal area of claw, claw is bent over like in n. ulnaris
Polioencephalomalacia in standing cow:
Opistotonus, star gazing, usually blind, shuffling gate, depression, muscle tremors and salivation, ataxia, disorientation, circling movements, mydriasis, stabism
Polioencephalomalacia etiology?
Degenerative lesion of grey matter.
Thiamine deficiency
Sulphur toxicity
Lead poisoning (no opistotonus just blindness)
Osmolarity
Aberrations (salt and water imbalances, hypoxia)
Which type of BPV most commonly causes papilloma?
Type I and type II cause cauliflower warts on head, neck, genitals and legs
Synergy effects of microbes?
F. necrophorum - leukotoxin
Bacteroides melaninogenicus + B. fragilis produce substantivion that avoid phagocytosis by leukocytes
A. pyogenes produces growth for F. necrophorum
Most common bacteria in endocarditis:
Acranobacterium pyogenes, Trupurella pyogenes and rarely steph and staph
Listeriosis treatment:
Penicillin i.m. and tetracyclines iv/sc, 7-21 days
Tetanus treatment:
Clean wound, tetanus antitoxin, penicillin, acepromazine, supportive treatment
Thrombolic meningoencephalitis treatment:
Penicillin, supportive, corticosteroids, dexamethasone, NSAID
Reasons for laminitis:
Inflammation of lamina corium due to increased histamine in the blood leading to pain
Predisposing factors: parturition, puerperal metritis, displaced abomasum, lactic acidosis, secondary endotoxaemia and mechanical factors
Impending parturition:
Increased size of vulva
Softening and sinking of the area between the tail and the pin bones and increased udder size
Reason for thrombosis in vena cava caudalis:
Rupture of artery in lung
Rupture of abscesses near hilus of liver
Thromboemboli transverse the right heart
Bacteria
Rate of abortion in normal herd:
1-2%
Rehydration fluid volume per day:
3x2L = 6 L per day
Predominant site of diarrhoea syndrome in calves?
Small intestine
Creatinine in diarrhoea:
Light diarrhoea = 95 µmol/L (norm = <106)
Severe diarrhoea = increased creatinine (224 µmol/L)
3 common pathogens of BRD:
Mannheimia haemolytica, P. multocida, Histophilus somni
Main predisposing factors to BRD:
Age
Nutrotional condition
Immune background
Stress
Environment
Epidemiological factors
Dehydration
What must be prompt in BRD?
Prevent chronically affected animals and deaths
Prevent extensive/irreversible lung damage
Better response to treatment
Mineral levels in acute gas tympany:
Decreased calcium and magnesium
Different kinds of bloat:
Frothy bloat
Free gas bloat
Fluid and gas bloat
Tympany cause inability to:
Eructate
Hypersalivation in tympany:
Oesophageal obstruction
Diagnosis of frothy bloat:
gastric tube, usg, auscultation
In which syndromes can paradoxal aciduria be seen?
Abomasal displacement, Hoflund syndrome, TRP
Pathogenesis in Pasteurellosis:
Ciliary epithelium
Follicular cyst is:
Thin walled, lutenized, estrogen production
Fertilization ability of oocytes is normally?
90%
Embryonic death is the loss of embryo at:
1-2 months of gestation (1st 42 days)
Embryo is most resistant to the action of teratogens:
in first few weeks
Ovarian cysts are:
Dynamic structures larger than 2.5 cm, persisting at least 20 days on ovary
Interferon produced in embryo stimulates:
production of proteins from endometrial glands
Acute puerperal metritis is:
Inflammation of uterine myometrium and perimetrium
Treatment of cysts:
FOllicular - GnRH
Luteal - PGF2^a
Puerperal cyst - > 20 d post partum
Etiology of endometritis during early postpartum period are also involved bacteria:
E. coli
Infusion of non-antibiotic, antiseptic solutions into the uterus after parturition:
Irritates the mucosa of endometrium
Follicular growth during pregnancy:
Continues - diameter of dominant follicles decreases, because LH pulsativity is decreased during late pregnancy
Extreme LH pulses and lack of LH release is associated with:
Development of functional ovarian disorders
Blood concentrations of IGF-1, insulin and leptin are:
Higher in cows with positive energy balance
Antiluteolytic strategy includes also:
Increased rate of growth of CL
Luteal phase progesterone
Antiluteolytic stimulation by germeline unit
Decreased luteolytic response by maternal unit
Which of ‘these’ agents cause abortion:
Aspergillus fumigatus
Phase of parturition with opening of cervix and swollen vulva:
phase 1
Phase of parturition with passage of fetus through the pelvic canal:
phase 2
Expulsion of placenta is phase:
3
What happens to the pin bone?
Loosing of ligaments
What happens if there is no good preparation for delivery?
Abnormal or problematic delivery
What hormones does fetus produce for parturition?
Cortisol
One shot/ intensive rehydration is given:
IV: vena auricularis, jugularis, NaCHO3 5 ml/kg
Site of infection in Pasteurellosis:
Ciliary epithelium
Metaphylaxis is given:
after aggression begins
3 common viruses of BRD:
BHV-1, BRSV, PI-3, BVDV 1 and 2, bovine corona virus, adenovirus, IBR, aspergillus
Diagnosis of frothy bloat:
gastric tube
ultrasound
auscultation
Embryo is most resistant to the action of teratogenes:
before implantation
Diarrhoea in calves cause:
hypoglycemia
What layers are affected by acute puerperal metritis:
Endometrium to stratum spongiosum, myometrium
What happens as the fetus approach full term?
Progesterone decline, estrogen increase
Metaphylaxis definition:
In control or treatment of diseased animals
Diagnosis of abomasal displacement:
Double auscultation
Blowing, liver percussion, puncture, rectal exam, sonography
In which syndromes can paradoxic aciduria be seen?
Abomasal displacement
Hoflund syndrome
Traumatic reticuloperonitis
Diagnosis of endometritis in cows:
in pyometra: Presence of persistent corpus luteum on the ovary
D: rectal palpation of uterus
USG
Therapy of endometritis:
Prostaglandin F2a
What is more common in lameness?
suspensory
Which mastitis is not contagious?
STr. uberis
Typical bacteria for footrot:
Dichelobacter nodosus
Bacteria for endocarditis.
Truperla pyogenes
Treatment for urticaria with dyspnoea:
epinephrine
dexamethasone
prednisolone
Clenbuterol in C-section cause:
tokolysis
Leptin, IL-1 are increased in:
positive energy balance
Determining different kinds of bloat/etiology of bloat?
Frothy bloat - ruminal drinking in calves
Free gas bloat - hypocalcaemia
FLuid and gas bloat - DA
