Deck 1

Question 1

List the meninges

Answer 1

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Question 2

List the dural reflections

Answer 2

Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sellae.

Question 3

Name the two (histological) layers of the dura

Answer 3

Periosteal layer and meningeal layer.

Question 4

What effect can the trigeminal nerve provoke in the dura and what neurotransmitter is involved in this process?

Answer 4

The trigeminal nerve can provoke pain and inflammation in the dura via the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).

Question 5

What are the leptomeninges

Answer 5

The arachnoid mater and pia mater.

Question 6

List the items of the leptomeninges

Answer 6

Arachnoid mater, pia mater, and arachnoid trabeculae.

Question 7

Characterize the structure of the arachnoid

Answer 7

• thin,
• avascular membrane
  *with web-like structure connected to the pia mater by arachnoid trabeculae.

Question 8

What are the components of the arachnoid trabeculae?

Answer 8

Collagen fibers and fibroblasts

Question 9

Characterize the structure of the pia mater

Answer 9

• pia mater is a delicate
• vascularized membrane
• closely follows the contours of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 10

Characterize the structure of the liquor (cerebrospinal fluid) brain barrier

Answer 10

• ependymal cells lining the ventricles
• with tight junctions regulating the exchange between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain interstitial fluid.

Question 11

Characterize the structure of the blood-brain barrier

Answer 11

• Endothelial cells of capillaries
• tight junctions,
• a basal lamina
• astrocytic endfeet surrounding the vessels.

Question 12

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 12

• regulate movement of substances btw the bloodstream and brain
• protecting the brain from toxins and pathogens
• maintains a stable environment

Question 13

What is the function of the liquor brain barrier

Answer 13

• regulate the exchange of molecules btw the CSF and brain interstitial fluid
• maintains ionic balance
• removes waste.

Question 14

How do the layers of the meninges form the wall of a dural sinus

Answer 14

• periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater separate
• to form the walls of dural venous sinuses, which collect venous blood.

Question 15

Which filaments are in the astrocytes?

Answer 15

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) filaments.

Question 16

What space contains the cerebrospinal fluid (liquor)

Answer 16

The subarachnoid space.

Question 17

What is the function of the denticulate ligament?

Answer 17

• anchors the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater,
• providing stability.

Question 18

What are the components of the Virchow-Robin’s space?

Answer 18

• Extensions of the subarachnoid space surrounding blood vessels as they penetrate the brain
• containing interstitial fluid and immune cells.

Question 19

Where does the absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid occur?

Answer 19

In the arachnoid granulations (villi) of the dural venous sinuses.

Question 20

Which layers of the meninges are visible in the histological slide of the spinal cord?

Answer 20

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Question 21

What is the importance of the transition zone of the motor fibers leaving the spinal cord?

Answer 21

site of transitions from central oligodendrocyte-derived myelin to peripheral Schwann cell-derived myelin.

Question 22

What cells can be found inside the vagus nerve?

Answer 22

• Sensory neurons
• motor neurons
• parasympathetic preganglionic neurons,
• Schwann cells.

Question 23

Where is the carotid body (glomus caroticum) located

Answer 23

At the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

Question 24

What is the function of the carotid body (glomus caroticum)?

Answer 24

• To detect changes in blood oxygen,
• carbon dioxide,
• pH levels,
• aiding in respiratory regulation.

Question 25

Which cells are in the carotid body (glomus caroticum)

Answer 25

• Glomus (type I) cells
• sustentacular (type II) cells.